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Pathophysiology 1 > Intro to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Intro to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways that cells respond to injury

A

(1) Reversible cell injury: mild or short lived change (ride it out)
(2) Cellular adaption: persistent sub-lethal (adapt)
(3) Necrosis/Apoptosis: severe or prolonged (cell death)

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2
Q

What are 2 of the characteristics of Reversible Cell Injury

A

(1) Hydropic swelling
(2) Intracellular accumulations

*Cell returns to normal following removal of stress

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3
Q

Characteristics of Hydropic Swelling

A
  • Large pale cytoplasm
  • Dilated ER
  • Swollen mitochondria
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4
Q

Causes of Hydropic Swelling

A
  • Malfunction of Na+/K+ pump
  • Lack of ATP
  • Water accumulation
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5
Q

Define Intracellular Accumulations

A

Accumulations of materials that cells cannot immediately use or dispose of

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6
Q

In what part of the cell does Intracellular Accumulation occur?

A

Accumulates in cytoplasm (lysosomes) or nucleus

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7
Q

3 categories of Substances in Intracellular Accumulations

A

(1) Normal body substances in abnormally large amounts
(2) Abnormal endogenous products
(3) Exogenous products

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8
Q

Define Accumulation of Normal Components

A

Substance produced at a rate exceeding metabolism or removal

Example: Fatty liver due to intracellular accumulation of triglycerides

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9
Q

Causes of Accumulation of Normal Components

A
  • Starvation
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Disruption of hepatic metabolism of lipids (eg. alcoholism)
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10
Q

Causes of Genetic Disorders of Metabolism

A
  • Normal enzyme replaced with abnormal enzyme
  • Substance formed can’t be used or eliminated
  • Enzyme may be missing (intermediate accumulates)
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11
Q

Endogenous Pigment Accumlation

A
  • Icterus (Jaundice): accumulation of bilirubin

- Lipofuscin: indigestible residues during normal turnover of cellular structures

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12
Q

Substances of Exogenous Pigment Accumulation

A
  • Carbon
  • Lead
  • Tattoos
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13
Q

Characteristics of Cellular Adaptation

A
  • Adapt to changes in internal environment
  • Change in Size, Number, and Type of Cell
  • Singly & Combination
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14
Q

Cellular Adaption can lead to…

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dyplasia
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15
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size

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16
Q

Causes of Atrophy

A
  • Disuse
  • Denervation
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Ischemia
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17
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size and functional mass

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18
Q

Causes of Hypertrophy

A

Due to normal physiology (eg. exercise) or abnormal pathology

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19
Q

Pathologic causes of Hypertrophy

A
  • Adaptive: thickening (changes) to maintain function

- Compensatory: after removal of portion (kidney donor; remaining kidney will increase in size)

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20
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells

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21
Q

What are they only cells that are capable of Hyperplasia

A

Only cells capable of mitosis

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22
Q

2 types of stimuli that can cause Hyperplasia

A

(1) Physiological stimuli: hormonal or compensatory

(2) Non-physiologic stimuli: excess hormonal or growth factor stimulation

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23
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

Conversion of one cell type to another

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24
Q

Metaplasia is normally due to…

A

Normally due to chronic irritation and inflammation

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25
Q

True or False: In Metaplasia, conversion of the cell can occur outside the primary group

A

False: Conversion of a cell is never outside the primary group

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26
Q

Define Dyplasia

A

Deranged (disorderly) cell growth

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27
Q

Characteristics (symptoms) of minor Dysplasia

A

Minor chronic irritation and inflammation

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28
Q

Where/What cells is Dysplasia most frequently seen?

A

Frequent in metaplastic squamous epithelium or the respiratory tract and cervix

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29
Q

What is an implication of Dysplasia

A

Implicated as a precursor to Cancer (not always)

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30
Q

Causes of Necrosis

A

Ischemia or Toxic inury

31
Q

Characteristics of Necrosis

A

Cell rupture (spilling of contents), which leads to Inflammation

  • Unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components, loss of membrane integrity
32
Q

4 Types of Necrosis

A

(1) Coagulative necrosis
(2) Liquefactive necrosis
(3) Fat necrosis
(4) Caseous necrosis

33
Q

What is the most common of Necrosis

A

Coagulative necrosis

34
Q

Coagulative necrosis leads to…

A
  • Loss of plasma membrane integrity
  • Influx of calcium, mitochondrial dysfunction
  • Degradation of plasma membrane and nucleus (creates dry and hard tissue)
35
Q

Define Liquefactive necrosis

A

Quick dissolution of dead cells

  • Liquefied area of lysosomal enzymes and dissolved tissue
36
Q

Where does Liquefactive necrosis mainly occur?

A

Occurs in areas with very little connective tissue (eg. Brain)

37
Q

Define Fat necrosis

A

Death of adipose tissue

  • Releases fat into the body
38
Q

Define Caseous necrosis

A

Lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis

39
Q

What does Caseous necrosis looks like?

A

Looks like curdled milk (cottage cheese)

40
Q

3 Types of Gangrene

A

(1) Dry Gangrene
(2) Moist Gangrene
(3) Gas Gangrene

41
Q

Characteristics of Dry Gangrene

A
  • Affected area becomes dry and shrinks
  • Color change to dark brown/black
  • Slow spread
  • Line of demarcation
42
Q

Characteristics of Moist Gangrene

A
  • Area is cold, swollen, and pulseless
  • Skin is moist, black and under tension
  • Blebs (large flaccid vesicle) on surface - liquefaction
  • Foul odor
  • No line of demarcation
43
Q

Gas Gangrene is caused by what bacteria?

A

Clostridium bacterium

44
Q

How does Clostridium bacterium cause Gas Gangrene?

A
  • Bacterial toxins dissolve membranes; as a result hydrogen sulfide gas is produced
45
Q

Where can Clostridium bacterium be found

A

Normally found in soil

46
Q

Define Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide; a response to injury that triggers intracellular signaling cascades

47
Q

True or False: In Apoptosis cellular rupture occurs?

A

False: No cellular rupture occurs. Instead cell shrinks and is then carried away by phagocytosis.

48
Q

True or False: Apoptosis is not always pathologic

A

True: Apoptosis if not always pathogenic. Apoptosis is part of normal development

49
Q

Apoptosis is activated by…

A

Activated by Endogenous enzymes

50
Q

Characteristics of Apoptosis

A
  • Cell shrinkage: causing condensation of organelles
  • DNA disruption: cleavage between nucleosomes
  • Nucleus and fragment into membrane covered apoptotic bodies
  • Changes to membrane signal phagocytes
51
Q

Causes of cell injury and death

A

(1) Lack of oxygen and nutrients
(2) Infection and immune responses
(3) Chemicals
(4) Physical and mechanical factors

52
Q

Define Hypoxia

A
  • Lack of Oxygen

- Inability to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

Define Ischemia

A

Interruption of blood flow to an area (lack of nutrients, oxygen, immune cells)

54
Q

True or False: Ischemia is the most common cause of Hypoxia

A

True

55
Q

Causes of Hypoxia

A
  • Ischemia
  • Inadequate oxygen in air
  • Respiratory disease
  • Anemia
  • Edema
  • Inability of cells to use oxygen
56
Q

Hypoxia causes…

A
  • Causes oxidative metablosim to cease
  • Causes cell to begin anaerobic metabolism
  • Causes Na/K and Ca pump to stop
  • Causes cellular power failure
  • Causes cellular pH to fall; resulting in an alteration in chromatin structure and cytoskeleton
57
Q

Nutritional Injury

A
  • Caused by excess or deficienty in nutrients (minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids)
  • Body required 60+ organic and inorganic substances
  • Total deficit (starvation) or a single item
58
Q

Infectious and Immunologic injury is due to…

A

Due to biologic agents

  • Diverse injury mechanisms
59
Q

Why are biologic agents “worse”? (Infectious & Immunologic injury)

A

Biologic agents are worse because they are able to replicate and continue producting injurois effects

60
Q

Examples of Chemical Injury

A
  • Air, Water pollutants, Gases, Insecticides, Trace metals

- Drugs: alcohol, recreational adn therapeutic drigs

61
Q

Causes of Physical and Mechanical Injury

A
  • Mechanical force
  • Temperature extremes
  • Electrical injuries
  • Radiation injury
62
Q

Define Mechanical Force

A

body impact with another object

63
Q

Temperature extremes

A
  • Elevated: coaglulation of blood and tissue proteins
  • Depressed: increases blood viscosity and induced vasoconstriction
  • Freezing: ice crystals and vasoconstriction
64
Q

Electrical injuries

A
  • Disruption of neural and cardiac impulses

- Hyperthermic tissue destruction

65
Q

Radiation injury

A

Gamma to Radio waves

66
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Hits target molecules or creates free radicals

  • Above UV
67
Q

Non-Ionizing radiation

A

Vibration and rotation of atoms and molecules; heat production

  • Below UV
68
Q

UV radiation

A

Creates ROS (reactive oxygen species) to damage skin and T-T dimers

69
Q

Electrical injuries

A
  • Disruption of neural and cardiac impulses

- Hyperthermic tissue destruction

70
Q

Radiation injury

A

Gamma to Radio waves

71
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Hits target molecules or creates free radicals

- Above UV

72
Q

Non-Ionizing radiation

A

Vibration and rotation of atoms and molecules; heat production

  • Below UV
73
Q

UV radiation

A

creates ROS (reactive oxygen species) to damage skin and T-T dimers

Pathophysiology 1 (11 decks)

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