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Pathophysiology 1 > Heart Contraction > Flashcards

Heart Contraction Flashcards

1
Q

4 Valves

A
  1. Tricuspid (right AV)
  2. Bicuspid (mitral valve)
  3. Aortic semilunar valve
  4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
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2
Q

What helps the direct the flow of blood?

A
  • valves
  • if the cuspids are closed then the semilunar will be open
  • they work opposite of each other
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3
Q

What supports the tricuspid (right AV)?

A
  • -papillary muscle

- chordae tendineae

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4
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

-connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve

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5
Q

Systole

A
  • ventricular contraction
  • blood ejection
  • lasts about 0.3 sec
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6
Q

Diastole

A
  • rest of chamber
  • period of relaxation
  • ventricular filling
  • lasts about 0.5 sec
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7
Q

tricuspid valve

A

-directs blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle

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8
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

-directs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

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9
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

-between the left ventricle and aortic artery

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10
Q

pulmonic semilunar valve

A

-between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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11
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • are thicker

- not supported by fibrous cords

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12
Q

Function of Valves

A
  • open and close according to pressure gradients

- pressure stops the blood from flowing back through the vena cava’s

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13
Q

Blood Return to the Heart (2 ways)

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
    - both go to the right atrium
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14
Q

Blood Flow through Heart

A
  • right atrium through tricuspid valve
  • into right ventricle through pulmonary valve
  • ejected to pulmonary arteries passes through lungs = oxygenated
  • returns to left atrium through mitral valve
  • left ventricle through aortic valve to aorta
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15
Q

Preload

A
  • blood in atria moving to ventricles
  • stretches ventricles
  • related to sarcomere length
  • this is the beginning stretch and only force that can stretch the sarcomeres of the heart
  • affected by venous blood pressuer
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16
Q

Afterload

A
  • tension or stress on ventricles to push blood out to lungs or the aorta
  • aortic pressure
17
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A
  • any events related to the flow or blood pressure from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
  • both systole and diastole
  • lasts about 0.8 sec
18
Q

Why is there a slight delay at the AV node?

A

-so the after and preload can fill up!

19
Q

When HR increases

A
  • the time in diastolic phase decreases
  • fast beating heart my not remain relaxed long enough for adequate filling
  • stroke volume will be decreased
20
Q

Mechanically systole

A

-defined as the interval between the closing of the AV valves and the opening of the semilunar vales

21
Q

Electrically Systole

A

-defined as the time between Q-T interval

22
Q

Isovolumetric Contraction

A

-systole
atrioventricular valves: closed
semilunar vales: closed
-the sarcomeres shorten but the intraventricular pressure has not exceeded arterial pressure

23
Q

Rapid Ventricular Ejection

A
  • pulmonic
  • semilunar valve is forced open, AV valve closed
  • left ventricular pressure exceeds 80mmHg
  • blood is rapidly ejected as sarcomeres shorten
24
Q

Reduced Ventricular Ejection

A
  • aortic pressure rises and ventricular pressure and volumes fall
  • ventricules are full contracted - force blood to flow out!
  • semilunar and AV valves are closed
25
Q

Cardiac or Ventricular Systole

A
  • electrical impulses spread through the myocardium across intercalated discs
  • action potentials result in excitation-contraction coupling and ventricular sarcomere shortening
  • ejection of blood from the ventricles occurs
26
Q

Ventricular Diastole (4)

A
  1. Isovolumetric Relaxation
  2. Rapid Ventricular Filling
  3. Reduced Ventricular Filling
  4. Atrial systole - end of diastole
27
Q

Phases of Diastole

A
  1. Passive Filling - blood enters ventricle due to pressure gradient
  2. Active filling phase - atrial systole, blood forced into ventricle by atrial contraction
28
Q

Pressure Changes

A

-reflect the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart

29
Q

Which pressure is larger?

A

Atrial pressure slightly exceeds ventricular pressure even when both chambers are relaxed

30
Q

When does myocardial excitation occur?

A
  • during diastole
  • the SA node is the pacemaker (by right atrium)
  • the impulse emitted from the SA node travels to the AV node by the intranodal pathway
31
Q

Lubb

A
  • 1st sound is low pitched, soft, long

- closure of the AV valves (onset of systole)

32
Q

Dub

A
  • 2nd sound is higher pitched, shorter, and sharper

- closure of semilunar valves (onset of diastole)

33
Q

Opening of AV Valve

A

-diastole

34
Q

Closing of AV Valve

A

-onset of isovolumic contraction

35
Q

Opening of semilunar valve

A

-onset of ejection

36
Q

Closing of semilunar valve

A

-end of systole

37
Q

How is ECG composed?

A
  • einthoven triangle
  • heart is the center of this triangle
  • gives 3 leads
  • combining these gives us a normal tracing

Pathophysiology 1 (11 decks)

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