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Pathophysiology 1 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasia

A

New growth

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2
Q

What cellular components is cancer associated with?

A

Abnormal cellular gene expression

Cellular proliferation and differentiation

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3
Q

Is a benign tumor still cancer?

A

Yes- because it is an abnormality of cell growth

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4
Q

What determines if a cancer is benign or malignant?

A

Histology

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5
Q

What type cancer normally invades adjacent tissues?

A

Malignant

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6
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

A lack of differentiated features

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7
Q

The more anaplastic a cell is the more….

A

Malignant

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8
Q

Why does tumor necrosis happen in malignant cancers?

A

Cell divisions happen so fast that the new cells surrond the old cells and block O2 and nutrients

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9
Q

-oma means

A

benign tumor

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10
Q

what are two names for malignant tumors?

A

Carcinoma and sarcoma

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11
Q

What type of malignant tumor has an epithelial origin?

A

Carcinoma

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12
Q

What type malignant tumor has a mesenchymal origin?

A

Sarcoma

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13
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

Benign tumor of glandular tissue

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14
Q

90% of cancer are what type of origin?

A

Epithelial (carcinoma)

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15
Q

Why can tumor cells divide so fast and keep dividing?

A 
Proliferate despite lack of growth signals
Ignore death signals
Have telomerase
Lose anchorage dependence
Don't have density dependent inhibition
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16
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

Component of cell growth activating pathways

Normal functioning gene form

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17
Q

What is the cancer-associated form of an proto-oncogene?

A

Oncogene

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18
Q

What are the 4 categories of oncogenes?

A

Growth factors
Receptors
Cytoplasmic signaling molecules
Nuclear transcription factors

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19
Q

What is a small peptide secreted into extracellular space?

A

Growth factor

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20
Q

What does an oncogene do to growth factors?

A

Secrete more growth factors

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21
Q

What do growth factor receptors do?

A

Transmit growth factor into target

22
Q

What does an oncogene do to a growth factor receptor?

A

Allow for expression of absent receptors

Allows receptors to respond w/o growth factor

23
Q

What does an oncogene do to a cytoplasmic signaling pathway?

A

Manufactures excess or abnormal components of growth cascades
may signal the cascade w/o receptor input

24
Q

What is Ras?

A

A G protein involving in cytoplasmic signaling pathways.

Mutations to this cause persistent activity

25
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

Something that triggers the cell to go to S phase

26
Q

What does an oncogene do to transcription factors?

A

Overproduces them, or losses the regulation

27
Q

What are some common proto-oncogenes involved with transcription factors ?

A

Myc, jun, fos

28
Q

What are four basic ways a protooncogene turns into an oncogene?

A
  1. Retrovirus introduces oncogene
  2. Proto-oncogene suffers mutation
  3. DNA sequence that regulates proto-oncogene expression is damaged/ lost
  4. Error in chromosome replication- extra copies of proto-oncogene
29
Q

What do tumor suppressor genes do?

A

Inhibit tumor proliferation; loss of function may lead to tumor development

30
Q

What does Rb gene do?

A

Codes for nuclear pRB protein

31
Q

what does the nuclear pRB protein do?

A

Blocks cell division by binding Transcription factors to inhibit transcription of genes that initate cell cycles

32
Q

When will the nuclear pRB protein release Tfs?

A

When it is highly posphorylated

33
Q

What does the P53 gene do?

A

Inhibits cell cycle (at G1) by binding to damaged DNA and preventing replication; can trigger apoptosis

34
Q

What happens when there is a lack of or abnormal p53 gene?

A

genetically damaged cells divide–> tumors

35
Q

A mutation in what gene causes an 85x high risk of cancer?

A

BRCA1

36
Q

What are the three steps of carcinogenesis?

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

37
Q

What does Ras do?

A

Makes it so cancer cells aren’t anchorage dependent

38
Q

What does Myc do?

A

Causes immortality by turning on telomerase

39
Q

Is one genetic mistake enough to cause carcinogeneiss?

A

No- multiple are usually needed along with Ras and Myc

40
Q

WHat happens in initiation?

A

Mutations activate proto-oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor

41
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Agents that promote initiation

42
Q

What is promotion?

A

Where mutant cell proliferates

Transition due to another mutation (hormones can help)

43
Q

What is progression?

A

When proliferating cells begin to exhibit malignant behavior

44
Q

What is metastasis?

A

When cancer cells escape tissue of origin and initiate new colonies in distant tissues

45
Q

How do cancer cells metastasize?

A

Move through basement membrane of blood of lymph vessel and through extracellular space and repeat this pattern in a new tissue

46
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of blood vessels, allows tumor to grow >2 mm, later stage of metastasis

47
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor, produced in response to hypoxia by tumor cells

48
Q

What tells you the histology and degree of anaplasia?

A

Grading

49
Q

What tells you the location and pattern of spread of the tumor?

A

Staging

50
Q

What is the TNM system?

A

Tumor, node, metastasis

51
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Wasting within the body, effect of cancer

overall weight loss and generalized weakness

52
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Symptom complexes not explained by tumor properties; ex- cushing syndrome and hyponatremia caused by small cell carcinomas

Pathophysiology 1 (11 decks)

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