PATHO - MIDTERM L3 (Respiratory System) Flashcards
A respiratory distress syndrome serving as a disorder of prematurity that affects infants due to incomplete maturation of the surfactant-producing system
Hyaline Membrane Disease
Two treatments for Hyaline Membrane Disease
- Proper Thermal Environment
- Satisfactory Levels of Tissue Oxygenation
Affects exocrine gland function with respiratory effects including excessive secretions, obstruction of bronchial system, infection, and tissue damage
Cystic Fibrosis
Most frequent type of lung infection resulting in the inflammation of the lung
Pneumonia
Main causes of pneumonia include (3):
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Mycoplasm
Most common bacterial pneumonia affecting the alveoli of the lobes of the lungs
Pneumoccocal Lobar Pneumonia
Treatment for Pneumoccocal Lobar Pneumonia include:
- Antibiotics
- Bedrest
Through a common community pathogen, it is found twice as frequently in pneumonias in hospitalized patients
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
More rare pneumonia appearing localized around the bronchi in the lower lobes
Streptococcal Pneumonia
Severe bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria
Legionnaire’s Disease
Legionnaire’s Disease is also known as ________
Legionellosis
Legionnaire’s Disease often begins _______ after exposure
2-10
A type of “atypical” bacteria that commonly causes mild infections of the respiratory system; with milder symptoms than pneumonia caused by other germs
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Mycoplasma Pneumonia is also known as _______
Walking Pneumonia
Caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract
Aspiration Pneumonia
Permanent, abnormal dilatation of one or more large bronchi due to the destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall.
Bronchiectasis
Infection caused by inhalation wherein lesions are more commonly seen in the apical region of the chest
Tuberculosis
Bacteria responsible for TB
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis / Mycobacterium Tuberculae
Group of disorders that cause chronic airways obstruction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Enumerate the common forms of COPD (2):
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Emphysema
Arises from long term, heavy smoking, which irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree, increasing susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections
Chronic Bronchitis
Pertains to expulsion of mucus or phlegm from the throat that serves as one of the primary symptoms of chronic bronchitis
Expectoration
The lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration.
Emphysema
Result of emphysema progression appearing radiographically as a depressed or flattened diaphragm with abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increase retrosternal air space.
Hyperinflation
A group of occupational disease on which inhalation of foreign inorganic dust materials result in pulmonary fibrosis
Pneumoconioses
Three primary types of Pneumonoconiosis include:
- Silicosis
- Anthracosis
- Asbestosis
Inhalation of silica (quartz) common among miners, grinders and sandblasters, sometimes radiographically referred to as “Eggshell Calcifications”
Silicosis
Results from inhaling of coal dust and associated
with coal workers
Anthracosis
Anthracosis is otherwise known as __________
Black Lung Disease
Result from inhalation of asbestos dust and radiographically demonstrated as a diaphragmatic pleural calcification
Asbestosis
Localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris.
Lung Abscess
Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
Empyema
Inflammation of the pleura indicating inconsequential thoracic pain varying in intensity
Pleurisy
Excess fluid collection in the pleural cavity
Pleural Effusion
Pleural Effusion containing blood is called _________
Hemothorax
Radiographically visualized as blunting of the costophrenic angle seen in an erect lateral projection of the chest / lateral decubitus
Pleural Effusion
Infection and inflammation of paranasal sinuses
Sinusitis
Complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or lobe of the lung
Atelectasis
Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and compresses lung tissue
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is best seen on an ________ chest radiograph
Erect
Wrinkle on patients that produce artifacts that may be mistaken as pneumothorax
Pseudopneumothorax
Usually benign but classified by the WHO as under the lung cancer classification due to its tendencies to invade local tissues
Bronchial Adenoma
Most common fatal primary malignancy of the lung
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Bronchial Adenoma may be classified into two, namely:
- Carcinoid Tumor
- Mucous Gland Adenoma
Group of organs that facilitate the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
Filters, warms, and humidifies air
Nasal Cavity
Passageway for air and food connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx
Pharynx
Houses the vocal chords and plays a role in sound production along with protection of trachea against food aspiration
Larynx
Conducts air to the bronchi lined with cilia and mucus to trap particles
Trachea
Two main branches from the trachea that lead to each lung; further dividing into smaller branches
Bronchi
Contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs
Lungs
Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood
Alveoli
How many lobes does the right lung have ?
Three (3)
Enumerate the functions of the Respiratory System (4):
- Gas Exchange
- Regulation of Blood pH
- Protection
- Sound Production
Oxygen from inhaled air passes through the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide is expelled from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
Gas Exchange
By controlling the levels of
carbon dioxide in the blood, the respiratory system helps maintain acid-base balance
Regulation of Blood pH
The respiratory system helps filter out pathogens and irritants through mucus and cilia
Protection
The larynx facilitates vocalization and communication
Sound Production
Bacteria responsible for Staphylococcocal Pneumonia
Staphylococcus Aureus
Primary symptom of emphysema
Dyspnea
