PATHO - MIDTERM L2 (Skeletal System) Flashcards
A hard, dense, connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton
Bone Tissue / Osseous Tissue
The body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform essential functions for the
human body
Skeletal System
The number of individual bones an adult body skeletal system have
206
Runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of 80 bones
Axial Skeleton
Two major divisions of bones
- Axial Skeleton
- Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of 126 bones in the following regions
Appendicular Skeleton
Auditory Ossicles belongs to which bone division ?
Axial Skeleton
The skeletal system’s primary
function is to form a _______ that supports and protects the body’s organs and anchors the skeletal muscles.
Solid Framework
The bones of the axial skeleton
act as a hard shell to protect the internal organs such as the _____ and the ______ from damage
- Brain
- Heart
Give the Functions of the Skeletal System:
- Support and Protection
- Movement
- Hematopoiesis
- Storage
- Growth and Development
A serious dominant, congenital disease that affects the newborn skeletal system
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Most common inherited disorder that results in malformation and dwarfism
Achondroplasia
Patients with Achondroplasia manifest a _______ - sized trunk but ______ extremities.
- Normal
- Shortened
Involves increase in bone density and defective bone contour
Osteopetrosis
A common form of
osteosclerotic
osteoporosis that is
considered a benign skeletal anomaly involving bone density.
Albers - Schonberg
Osteopetrosis is also known as
Marble Bone
Failure of the fingers and toes to separate that gives a physical appearance of a webbed digit
Syndactyly
The presence of extra digits
Polydactyly
Malformation of the acetabulum due to incomplete formation resulting in displacement of the head of the femur.
Congenital Dislocation of the Hip
Soft brace that helps hold the baby’s legs to allow hip joint alignment and stability for correct development
Pavlik Harness
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine that tends to
affect female more frequently
Scoliosis
Scoliosis may be convex to the right in the ______ or left in the ______
Right = Thoracic Region
Left = Lumbar Region
An incomplete closure of the vertebral canal particularly
in the lumbosacral area which results in failure of bony fusion of the two
laminae that is visible radiographically
Spina Bifida
Premature or early
closure of any of the cranial suture, causing overgrowth in the fused sutures and allows the brain to grow
Craniosynostosis
Results in no formation if the brain and
cranial vault leaving only the facial bones to be formed
Anencephaly
Infection of the
bone and bone marrow resulting from a direct infection such as an
open fracture.
Osteomyelitis
A chronic inflammatory
disease affecting the ends of
long bones or of the spine
Tuberculosis
Also known as the tuberculosis of the spine
Pott’s Disease
Inflammation of the joints
Arthritis
Acute Arthritis is commonly caused by pyogenic arthritis, brought upon by mainly (3):
- Staphylocci
- Streptococci
- Gonococci
Chronic
inflammatory disorder affecting the synovial joints; common in
women aged 20 to 50
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A progressive form of arthritis that is a chronic condition affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints
of males aged 10 to 30 years.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Other term for bone fusion
Ankylosis
Most common type of arthritis known for as degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of the tendons
Tendonitis
Inflammation of the bursa which is surrounded with synovial membrane
Bursitis
A metabolic disorder common in women post
menopause in which there is an abnormal decrease in bone density
Osteoporosis
Severe osteoporosis may lead to a _____
Compression Fracture
Metabolic condition due to lack of calcium in the
tissues and a failure of bone to calcify.
Osteomalacia
Under Osteomalacia which is caused by Vitamin D deficiency in children
Rickets
It is the most common in
elderly of unknown etiology that may lead to hearing and vision disturbances and even to malignant neoplastic disease of the skeletal system, osteogenic sarcoma
Paget’s Disease
Endocrine disorder due to disturbance of the pituitary gland characterized by slowly progressive increase in growth of the hormone that will thicken and make the bone coarse
Acromegaly
A discontinuity of bone caused by mechanical forces either applied to the bone or transmitted directly along the line of a bone.
Fractures
Fractures wherein the bone penetrates the skin
Open / Compound Fractures
A fracture in which the skin is not penetrated, thus reducing
the chance of infection.
Closed Fracture
Fractures indicating the bone’s separation into two fragments
Complete, Non-comminuted Fracture
Only part of the bony structure gives way, with little or no displacement
Incomplete Fracture
Complete fractures that are at right angles to the long axis of the bone
Transverse Fracture
A type of incomplete fracture that extends from the surface into but not all the way
through a long bone
Fissure Fracture
The axis of the fracture is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the bone with the length and angle of the fracture depending on the rotational stress
Oblique Fracture
The bone appears to be twisted apart; this is very common in the humerus, and especially the tibia of skiers
Spiral Fracture
A lengthwise break in the bone
Longitudinal Fracture
One bone fragment is driven into another
Impacted Fracture
Type of impacted fracture especially common in the distal radius of children
Torus Fracture
The bone is separated into two or more and often numerous fragments
Comminuted Fracture
Fracture of a bone in two district places
Double Fracture
Fragment of bone is pulled away from the shaft
Avulsion
Fractures that usually occur as a result of a strong, violent force at sites of maximal strain on a bone, usually in connection with unaccustomed
activity
Stress / Fatigue Fracture
Commonly a transverse fracture occurring in abnormal bone that is
weakened by various disease
Pathologic Fracture
A fracture of the base of the first metacarpal with involvement of the first carpometacarpal joint
Bennett’s Fracture
A fracture through the distal one-inch of the radius
Colle’s Fracture
A reverse Colle’s fracture with displacement toward the palmar aspect of the hand
Smith’s Fracture
A common pediatric fracture in which there is an alteration in the alignment of
the condyles may come to lie directly under the shaft of the humerus
Supracondylar Fracture
Usually caused by falling on one’s hand
Carpal-Navicular Fracture
Fracture that involves both malleoli, with dislocations of the ankle joint
Pott’s Fracture
The exact location and severity of a hip fracture depend on the direction of the
forces involved.
Hip Fractures
Most common types of Hip Fractures:
- Subcapital Hip Fracture
- Transcervical Hip Fracture
- Interthrocanteric Hip Fracture
Fracture of the lateral and medial malleolus
Bimalleolar Fracture
Fracture encompassing the medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, and the posterior distal tibia
Trimalleolar Fracture
A common transverse fracture that occurs when the foot is
suddenly twisted when the ankle pronates
Fracture of the Base of the Fifth Metatarsal
Occurs when a person falls directly on the patellae, shattering it
Stellate Fracture
A comminuted fracture in which there are one or more butterfly wing or wedge shaped
fragments split off from the main fragments
Butterfly Fracture
The cortex breaks on one side without separation or breaking of the opposing
cortex
Greenstick Fracture
Type of complete, non-comminuted fracture in which two or more complete
fractures occur involving the shaft of a single bone
Multiple Fractures
An avulsion fracture of a small fragment or chip of bone from the cornet of a phalanx or other
long bone
Chip Fracture
Type of incomplete fracture resulting from penetration by a sharp object such a bullet or a
knife
Penetrating Fracture
Occurs when the fifth metacarpal fractures as a result of a blow to or with the hand
Boxer’s Fracture
Fracture in one of the proximal third of the ulna shift, with anterior dislocation of the radial head
Monteggia Fracture
Appear as straight sharply defined, non-branching
lines and are intensely radiolucent
Linear Fracture
Appears as curvilinear density because the
fracture edges are overlapped.
Depressed Fracture
Very difficult to demonstrate
radiographically.
Basilar Skull Fractures
Generally result from a blow to
the face
Facial Bone Fracture
Maybe difficult
to recognize initially because of the edema
Zygomatic Arch Fracture
Generally detected by the patients inability to open the mouth and pain
when moving the mandible.
Mandibular Fracture
Serious because
of the adjacent nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses,
orbit and close proximity of the brain
Fractures of the Maxila
Results from a direct blow to the front of the orbit,
thus transferring the force to the orbital walls and floor.
Blow-out Fracture
Occurs when the zygomatic or malar bone is fractured
at all three sutures: frontal, temporal and maxillary
Tripod Fracture
May be accompanied by a fracture of the ascending process of the maxillae and/or the nasal
septum, which is composed of the vomer and the perpendicular
plate of the ethmoid bone
Nasal Bone Fracture
A bone out of its joint and not in contact with its normal articulation
Dislocation
Partial dislocation often occurring with a fracture
Subluxation
The most common condition of the vertebral column
Generalized Back Pain
Are the most frequent type of injury involving a
vertebral body.
Compression Fractures
A fracture of the arch of the second cervical vertebrae
and is usually accompanied by anterior subluxation of the second cervical
vertebrae or the third cervical vertebrae.
Hangman’s Fracture
Exists when there is a cleft or breaking down, of the body of the vertebral between the superior and inferior articular processes
Spondylolysis
The most common benign bone
tumor, which arises from the growth
zone between the epiphysis and
diaphysis of long bones
Osteochondroma
A fairly rare lesion
growth most commonly located in the skull in the form of very dense, well-circumscribed, normal bone tissue that usually projects into the orbits or paranasal sinuses
Osteoma
Osteoma may be also referred to as
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
A slow-growing benign tumor composed of
cartilage found in the marrow space and most commonly affects the small bones of the hands and the feet in individuals between the ages of 10 and 30 years
Enchondroma
Multiple benign tumor growth in the marrow space
Enchondromatosis
Common benign tumor in the skeletal system that occur twice as often in males compared with females typically found in the femur, tibia, or spine of young adults
Osteoid Osteoma
A group of tumors
characterized by the presence of
numerous, multinucleated,
osteoclastic giant cells.
Osteoclastoma (Giant Cell Tumor)
Most common primary malignancy of the skeleton most frequently found in the metaphysis of long bones
Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma)
Approximately ____ of the knee is affected by Osteosarcoma
50 %
Also a primary malignancy of the skeletal system occurring at a younger age that arises from the medullary canal and involves the bone more diffusely
Ewing’s Sarcoma
A malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin and is composed of a typical cartilage that is about as half as common as osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
The bones of the skeletal system that contains ___________ are the major bones affected by metastatic diseases because of their good vascularization
Red Bone Marrow
Fractures belong to which classification of disease
Traumatic Diseases
Pavlik Harness is renowned as a ______ brace, meaning that it is not rigid and allows babies to move their legs
Dynamic
Polydactyly occurring on the first digit
Preaxial / Radial Polydactyly
Polydactyly between the second and third digits
Central Polydactyly
Excess digits near the fifth digit
Postaxial / Ulnar Polydactyly
Partial webbing of digits leaving minimal space between conjoined digits
Incomplete Syndactyly
Fingers are joined all the way to the tip
Complete Syndactyly
____ bones comprise the Axial Skeleton, with _____ bones oppositely covering the Appendicular Skeleton
Axial = 80 Bones
Appendicular = 126 Bones
