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RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY > PATHO - FINALS L1 (Neurologic Disorders) > Flashcards

PATHO - FINALS L1 (Neurologic Disorders) Flashcards

1
Q

Conditions that affect the nervous system

A

Neurologic Disorders

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2
Q

A medical assessment to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including: Motor Skills, Reflexes and Sensory Function

A

Neurologic Examination

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3
Q

Signs or complaints related to nerve function, such as headaches, dizziness, weakness, or numbness

A

Neurologic Symptoms

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4
Q

Characterized by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain; leading to increased intracranial pressure resulting to brain swelling, damage, and developmental delays

A

Hydrocephalus

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5
Q

Hydrocephalus treatment usually comes in the form of the insertion of a _____ to drain excess CSF

A

Shunt

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6
Q

A structural defect wherein the cerebellum extends/descends into the spinal canal, therefore obstructing CSF flow

A

Chiari Malformation

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7
Q

A rare congenital brain malformation characterized as the cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle and the absence/underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis

A

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

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8
Q

The brain fails to develop the normal folds and grooves, usually caused by abnormal neuronal migration during early fetal development

A

Lissencephaly

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9
Q

Lissencephaly is also called as ______

A

Smooth Brain

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10
Q

A neural tube defect where the spinal cord and surrounding vertebrae fail to develop or close properly during early pregnancy

A

Spina Bifida

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11
Q

Enumerate the types of Spina Bifida (3):

A
  1. Spina Bifida Occulta
  2. Meningocele
  3. Myelomeningocele
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12
Q

Mildest form of Spina Bifida often with no symptoms

A

Spina Bifida Occulta

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13
Q

Protrusion of meninges but spinal cord is intact

A

Meningocele

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14
Q

Most severe form of Spina Bifida where spinal cord and meninges protrude

A

Myelomeningocele

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15
Q

A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, leading to the growth of neurofibromas along the nerves and skin

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)

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16
Q

The following are symptoms of NF1 EXCEPT:

A. Learning Disabilities
B. Skin Changes
C. Skeletal Abnormalities
D. NOTA

A

D. NOTA

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17
Q

A rare genetic disorder that causes the growth of non-cancerous tumours in multiple organs including the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

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18
Q

Non-cancerous tumours by Tuberous Sclerosis are called ____

A

Hamartomas

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19
Q

Group of inherited disorders that affect the white matter of the brain

A

Leukodystrophies

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20
Q

What is the protective covering of nerve fibers that are deteriorated by Leukodystrophies ?

A

Myelin

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21
Q

An inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the FXN gene, leading to degeneration of the spinal cord and cerebellum

A

Friedreich’s Ataxia

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22
Q

This stands for loss of coordination

A

Ataxia

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23
Q

A group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive ataxia due to degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord.

A

Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)

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24
Q

A chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the CNS where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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25
Q

An autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord

A

Neuromyelitis Optica

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26
Q

Neuromyelitis Optica is also known as _______

A

Devic’s Disease

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27
Q

A rare, inflammatory condition that involves widespread inflammation and demyelination in the CNS, typically affecting the brain and spinal cord.

A

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

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28
Q

Another alternative treatment for ADEM is in the form of _______ to treat severe cases.

A

Intravenous Immunoglobulin

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29
Q

Inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

A

Meningitis

30
Q

Inflammation of the brain caused by infection, often by viruses

A

Encephalitis

31
Q

Enumerate the three (3) viruses that may cause Encephalitis:

A
  1. Herpes Simplex Virus
  2. West Nile Virus
  3. Japanese Encephalitis Virus
32
Q

A localized collection of pus in the brain tissue due to infection due to sinusitis, otitis media, and other bacterial spread from other parts of the body via the bloodstream

A

Brain Abscess

33
Q

Form of meningitis that serves as a rare but serious complication of TB.

A

Tuberculous Meningitis

34
Q

Bacteria responsible for Tuberculous Meningitis

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

35
Q

A severe complication infecting the red blood cells and can lead to cerebral involvement

A

Cerebral Malaria

36
Q

Parasite responsible for Cerebral Malaria

A

Plasmodium Falciparum

37
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior, serving as the most common cause of dementia in older adults

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

38
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that occurs due to loss of dopamine-producing neurons

A

Parkinson’s Disease

39
Q

Region of the brain that controls movement

A

Substantia Nigra

40
Q

A genetic, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that comes on in mid-life and characterized by the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain

A

Huntington’s Disease

41
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventual paralysis

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

42
Q

ALS is also known as _________

A

Lou Gehrig’s Disease

43
Q

A group of neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, serving as one of the leading causes of dementia in people under 65

A

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

44
Q

A group of brain tumors that originate from glial cells, developing in the brain or spinal cord and vary widely in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis.

A

Gliomas

45
Q

Enumerate the three (3) types of Gliomas:

A
  1. Astrocytomas
  2. Oligodendrogliomas
  3. Ependymomas
46
Q

Tumors that arise from the meninges that are typically benign but can be malignant in rare cases

A

Meningiomas

47
Q

Tumors that arise from the pituitary gland that can be benign or malignant and affect the production of various hormones

A

Pituitary Tumors

48
Q

The most common type of Pituitary Tumors

A

Pituitary Adenomas

49
Q

Benign tumors that arise near the pituitary glands

A

Craniopharyngiomas

50
Q

Malignant brain tumors which typically arise in the brain cerebellum most common in children but can also occur in adults

A

Medulloblastomas

51
Q

Benign tumors that develop from Schwann Cells, typically occurring on cranial or spinal nerves

A

Schwannomas

52
Q

Spinal cord tumors that develop within the spinal cord itself, typically arising from glial cells or neurons.

A

Intramedullary Tumors

53
Q

IT from ependymal cells lining the spinal cord’s central canal

A

Ependymomas

54
Q

IT from astrocytes

A

Astrocytomas

55
Q

Two (2) types of Intramedullary Tumors:

A
  1. Ependymomas
  2. Astrocytomas
56
Q

Spinal tumors that develop outside the spinal cord, typically in the meninges or from nerve roots, often benign but can cause significant symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord or nerves

A

Extramedullary Tumors

57
Q

Benign tumors of the meninges

A

Meningiomas

58
Q

Benign tumors of nerve tissue

A

Neurofibromas

59
Q

Tumors from Schwann Cells of peripheral nerves

A

Schawannomas

60
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance ?

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

Refers to anything related to the nervous system

A

Neurologic / Neurological

62
Q

Responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions, from basic reflexes to complex cognitive processes.

A

Nervous System

63
Q

What are the two divisions of the Nervous System ?

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
64
Q

Division of the Nervous System covering only the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ALS can cause paralysis

A

TRUE

66
Q

These are the supportive cells of the nervous system

A

Glial Cells

67
Q

Protective layers that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Steroids may not be used for treatment and symptom management for some neurologic disorders

A

FALSE

Pwede Steroids

69
Q

A child with a family history of HD has a _____ % chance to inherit the said pathology under an autosomal dominant pattern

A

50

70
Q

Spaces that are fluid-filled within the brain

A

Ventricles / Cavities of the Brain

RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY (8 decks)

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