PATHO - FINALS L1 (Neurologic Disorders) Flashcards
Conditions that affect the nervous system
Neurologic Disorders
A medical assessment to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including: Motor Skills, Reflexes and Sensory Function
Neurologic Examination
Signs or complaints related to nerve function, such as headaches, dizziness, weakness, or numbness
Neurologic Symptoms
Characterized by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain; leading to increased intracranial pressure resulting to brain swelling, damage, and developmental delays
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus treatment usually comes in the form of the insertion of a _____ to drain excess CSF
Shunt
A structural defect wherein the cerebellum extends/descends into the spinal canal, therefore obstructing CSF flow
Chiari Malformation
A rare congenital brain malformation characterized as the cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle and the absence/underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
The brain fails to develop the normal folds and grooves, usually caused by abnormal neuronal migration during early fetal development
Lissencephaly
Lissencephaly is also called as ______
Smooth Brain
A neural tube defect where the spinal cord and surrounding vertebrae fail to develop or close properly during early pregnancy
Spina Bifida
Enumerate the types of Spina Bifida (3):
- Spina Bifida Occulta
- Meningocele
- Myelomeningocele
Mildest form of Spina Bifida often with no symptoms
Spina Bifida Occulta
Protrusion of meninges but spinal cord is intact
Meningocele
Most severe form of Spina Bifida where spinal cord and meninges protrude
Myelomeningocele
A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, leading to the growth of neurofibromas along the nerves and skin
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
The following are symptoms of NF1 EXCEPT:
A. Learning Disabilities
B. Skin Changes
C. Skeletal Abnormalities
D. NOTA
D. NOTA
A rare genetic disorder that causes the growth of non-cancerous tumours in multiple organs including the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin
Tuberous Sclerosis
Non-cancerous tumours by Tuberous Sclerosis are called ____
Hamartomas
Group of inherited disorders that affect the white matter of the brain
Leukodystrophies
What is the protective covering of nerve fibers that are deteriorated by Leukodystrophies ?
Myelin
An inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the FXN gene, leading to degeneration of the spinal cord and cerebellum
Friedreich’s Ataxia
This stands for loss of coordination
Ataxia
A group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive ataxia due to degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord.
Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)
A chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the CNS where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord
Neuromyelitis Optica
Neuromyelitis Optica is also known as _______
Devic’s Disease
A rare, inflammatory condition that involves widespread inflammation and demyelination in the CNS, typically affecting the brain and spinal cord.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Another alternative treatment for ADEM is in the form of _______ to treat severe cases.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the brain caused by infection, often by viruses
Encephalitis
Enumerate the three (3) viruses that may cause Encephalitis:
- Herpes Simplex Virus
- West Nile Virus
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus
A localized collection of pus in the brain tissue due to infection due to sinusitis, otitis media, and other bacterial spread from other parts of the body via the bloodstream
Brain Abscess
Form of meningitis that serves as a rare but serious complication of TB.
Tuberculous Meningitis
Bacteria responsible for Tuberculous Meningitis
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
A severe complication infecting the red blood cells and can lead to cerebral involvement
Cerebral Malaria
Parasite responsible for Cerebral Malaria
Plasmodium Falciparum
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior, serving as the most common cause of dementia in older adults
Alzheimer’s Disease
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that occurs due to loss of dopamine-producing neurons
Parkinson’s Disease
Region of the brain that controls movement
Substantia Nigra
A genetic, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that comes on in mid-life and characterized by the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain
Huntington’s Disease
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventual paralysis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
ALS is also known as _________
Lou Gehrig’s Disease
A group of neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, serving as one of the leading causes of dementia in people under 65
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
A group of brain tumors that originate from glial cells, developing in the brain or spinal cord and vary widely in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis.
Gliomas
Enumerate the three (3) types of Gliomas:
- Astrocytomas
- Oligodendrogliomas
- Ependymomas
Tumors that arise from the meninges that are typically benign but can be malignant in rare cases
Meningiomas
Tumors that arise from the pituitary gland that can be benign or malignant and affect the production of various hormones
Pituitary Tumors
The most common type of Pituitary Tumors
Pituitary Adenomas
Benign tumors that arise near the pituitary glands
Craniopharyngiomas
Malignant brain tumors which typically arise in the brain cerebellum most common in children but can also occur in adults
Medulloblastomas
Benign tumors that develop from Schwann Cells, typically occurring on cranial or spinal nerves
Schwannomas
Spinal cord tumors that develop within the spinal cord itself, typically arising from glial cells or neurons.
Intramedullary Tumors
IT from ependymal cells lining the spinal cord’s central canal
Ependymomas
IT from astrocytes
Astrocytomas
Two (2) types of Intramedullary Tumors:
- Ependymomas
- Astrocytomas
Spinal tumors that develop outside the spinal cord, typically in the meninges or from nerve roots, often benign but can cause significant symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord or nerves
Extramedullary Tumors
Benign tumors of the meninges
Meningiomas
Benign tumors of nerve tissue
Neurofibromas
Tumors from Schwann Cells of peripheral nerves
Schawannomas
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance ?
Cerebellum
Refers to anything related to the nervous system
Neurologic / Neurological
Responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions, from basic reflexes to complex cognitive processes.
Nervous System
What are the two divisions of the Nervous System ?
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
Division of the Nervous System covering only the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
TRUE OR FALSE
ALS can cause paralysis
TRUE
These are the supportive cells of the nervous system
Glial Cells
Protective layers that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
TRUE OR FALSE
Steroids may not be used for treatment and symptom management for some neurologic disorders
FALSE
Pwede Steroids
A child with a family history of HD has a _____ % chance to inherit the said pathology under an autosomal dominant pattern
50
Spaces that are fluid-filled within the brain
Ventricles / Cavities of the Brain