Patho Exam 3_Rev Flashcards
How long can spinal shock last
7- to 20 days (or up to 3 months)
Spinal cord tumor that orginiated within the neural tissues?
intramedullary tumor
Where are subdural hematomas commonly found
in elderly perons who abuse alcohol
Symptoms of Autonomic Hyperreflexia
- bradycardia
- excessive sweating
- high BP
- muscle spasms
- Skin color changes.
- Headache/Nausea
This type of hepatitis is transmitted using shared needles, typically blood to blood contact?
Type C
Clinical manifestation you migh see with Stage 2 Intracranial HTN
- decrease level of arousal
- hyperventilation
- bradycardia
- small pupils
- widened pulse pressure
This part of the brain controls eye movement
superior collicules
elevation of hepatic venous pressure
portal hypertension
this type of seizure a person may have hallucination, see flashing lights, or smell a foul odor?
Simple-Partial/sensory
What is a bening tumor of the nerve sheath called?
neurofibroma
Epilepsy characteristics
- recurrent
- loss of afferent stimulation
- abnormal electrical discharge of neurons in the brain
- paroxysmal/convulsion
What does the medulla control
breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, autonomic functions
This type of seizure a person might have purposeless behavior and will have NO memory of it?
Complex Partial
This is bleeding between the dura mater and the skull
Extradural hematoma
This type of brain tumor is located extracerebral but intracranial
Meningioma
Why does noncommunicating hydrocephalus occur
an obstruction within the ventricular system. seen more in children
What percent of adult brain tumors are primary gliomas?
50-60%
Classic presentation of a epidural hematoma
a person hit in the temporal area with damage to the middle meningeal artery. Loses consciousness.
Where do metastic brain tumors commonly originate? x6
- lung
- breast
- skin
- kidney
- colorectal
where are contusions commonly found?
the frontal lobes
This type of hepatitis can be transmitted through breastmilk?
Hepatitis C
Intussuscpetion S/Sx
- telescoping causes strangulation of the blood supply
- colicky pain
- vomiting/nausea
- sweating
- irritability
- common in infants 10-15 mnths
This type of stroke acts as a warning sign that a real stroke may happen
Transient Ischemic Attack
lasta 12 to 24 hours
Malabsorption in the GI is associated with which 2 disease?
Cystic Fibrosis, Crohn’s Disease
What are causes of autonomic hyperreflexia? x5
- spinal cord injury
- distended bladder/rectum
- guillain barre syndrome
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Head trauma
A patient expereinced demyelination of the peripheral nerved with sparing of the axons. This is characteristic of:
Guillain Barre
What is the cause of esophageal varices
abnormal blood flow to the liver is obstructed by scar tissue in the liver or a clot.
a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst containing meninges, spinal fluid and a partion of the spinal cord throug a deficit in the spinal column. This is a condition called?
myelomenigocele (spina bifida)
What is hematemesis
vomiting of blood from bleeding esophageal varices- (portal htn)
What is happening in Stage 3 Intracranial HTN
- Approaches arterial pressure
- hypoxia/hypercapnia
Spinal cord tumor that orginiated from tissues outside the spinal cord?
Extramedullary Tumor
What is craniosyntostosis
premature closure of one or more of cranial sutures during the first 18-20 months of life
What happens to temperature regulation during REM sleep
loss of regulation
What are s/sx of reye’s syndrome?
- rash, vomiting, liver damage
- aspirin consumption by children with viral infection
- cerebral edema
- hypoglycemia
What happens to weight gain with a gastric ulcer?
loss due to anorexia
What is hepatitis?
inflammation of hepatic cells,
causes necrosis/scarring
This is thick sticky mucosa in an infants bowel
meconium ileus
What could be signs of a peptic ulcer? x4
- H. pylori in the duodenum
- old age
- alcohol abuse/cirrhosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
Where is a rare location to find a spinal cord tumor
CNS
This is a type of seizure where a child falls due to loss of postural tone?
akinetic seizure
What is cerebral edema?
accumulation of fluid in the extracellular spaces of the brain tissue
What is the most readily displaced content with an increase in intracranial pressure
CSF, which shifts OUT
Periumbilical pain, fever, and loss of appetitie are symptoms of:
appendicitis
Define a concussion
temporary unconsciousness caused by a blow to the head. The term is also used loosely of the aftereffects such as confusion or temporary incapacity.
What happens to cerebral blood flow during NON REM sleep?
it decreases
What is the most common cause of baterial meningitis
neisseria
Name some other manifestations of ulcerative colitis, outside of the intestines?
- polyarthritis
- cutaneous lesions
- liver disorders
What does the cerebellum control
- posture
- balance
- coordination
This is a disorder due to anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies?
Myasthenia Gravis
affects muscles in the face lips tongue neck and throat
presby- means…
old
Upper GI bleeding is associated with
esophageal varices
Common symptoms of Hiatal Hernia
- regurgitation
- dysphagia
- substernal discomfort
- heartburn after eating
Parkinsons Disease affects which system?
Extrapyramidal system
tremors, bradykinesia, insomnia, basal ganglia
What is meconium ileus associated with
cystic fibrosis- causes an obstruction and malabsorption
What can hypothermia do to the heart?
puts stress, leading to ventricular fibrillation
What can a fever lead to in small children
febrile seizure
What happens to cerebral blood flow during REM sleep?
it increases
This type of seziure caused involuntary muscular jerks of the body and loss of consciousness?
Generalized partial/Myoclonic Seizure
What is autonomic hyperreflexia
- overreaction of inovluntary nervous system to stimulation
- occurs after spinal shock resolves
You may hear a loud cry from air rushing from the lungs through the vocal cords. the patient will fall to the ground and lose consciousness.
Generalized Tonic clonic Seizure lasts 2-5 minutes
ususally epileptic
This type of hepatitis is caused by somone who has visitied an endemic area like Africa, India, Asia
Hepatitis E
This is a result of neuronal proteins becoming distorted and tangled
alzheimer’s disease
What leads to intracranial pressure x4
- CSF excess
- Hemorrhage
- Brain Tumor
- Edema
Why do children have a hard time regulating their temperature?
they do not shiver or sweat
thin skin
minor infections cause spiked fever
This type of stroke causes slight neurlogic deficit and worsens in a day or 2
progressive stroke (thrombus in evolution)
If a bat strikes the front of the head. What is the injury at the site called?
coup head injury
kinetic response of cerebral palsy
- spasticity
- ataxia (loss of control of movements)
- dystonia
This type of hepatitis is commonly transmitted from mother to fetus through bodily fluids?
Type B
What happens to temperature during NON rem sleep
decreases
This type of hepatitis is common among daycare?
A
This is blood leaking from injured blood vessels.
Contusion
What are primary brain tumors called?
Gliomas
This occurs in adults and is due to defective resoprtion of CSF
Communicating Hydrocephalus
This part of the brain regulates arousal, level of awareness and activity
thalamus
what type of encephalopathy is reye’s syndrome?
hepatic
This is an infectious process that may cause profound damage to cranial nervies?
meningitis
What are some clinical manifestation of a brain tumor x3
- seizures
- visual distrubances
- unstable gait
beta cells of the islets secrete
insulin
What does prolonged shivering do to the liver?
exhausts glycogen stores
This type of seizure happens in children most and can be associated with bliking or rolling of the eyes?
Gen Partial/Absence Seizure
1-10 seconds long
What may be causes of hydrocephalus x4
- overproduction of CSF
- defecation asbroption of CSF
- Obstruction within the ventricular system
- excessive fluid in cerebral ventricles
What is spinal shock
- transection of the spinal cord that
- muscular flaccidity and loss of motor reflexes in all parts of the body below the point of transection.
-
disruption of efferent pathways
*
what is the difference between somatic and autonomic
somatic is voluntary, autonomic is involuntary
What causes hepatocellular damage in cirrhosis
acetaldehyde accumulation
What might you see in stage 4 intracranial HTN
- Brain tissue herniates
- Blood supply is compromised
- ischemia/hypoxia
- travels from greatest pressure to lower pressure (spreads)
- cheyne stokes
This disease occurs in older individula and they usually have crampy pain in the lefto lower quadrant
Diverticulitis
This type of hepatitis is transmitted both blood to blood and fecal oral route
type D
Hallmark signs of cystic fibrois x3
- overproduction of mucous in the respiratory tract
- pancreatic enzyme deficiency
- sweat containing elevated sodium concentrations
incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process on an infant in the womb
cleft lip
What does alcohol do to the liver
transforms to acetaldehyde which active hepatic stellate cells involved in liver fibrosis
What does transection of the spinal cord mean?
severing of the the spinal cord may lead to permanent loss of function
What is the role of the ventricles in the brain?
- protect the brain from trauma
- a pathway for circulation of CSF fluid
What does cerebral death mean x3
- death of the cerebellum, & brain stem
- norma internal homeostasis
- respiratory and CV are maintained
-listhesis- is a compound word meaning
when the vertebrae slips backward- scoliosis
What are clinical manifestation of Stag 2 Intracranial HTN
confusion, resltess, drowsiness, pupil changes
GERD is caused by..
loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter
What pediatric population is GERD highest in?
premature infants
A patient who experiencing difficulty in recognizing a pattern form and the nature of objects is exhibiting characteristcs of:
agnosia
Alpha cells of the islets secrete
glucagon
3 Major causes of stroke?
thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage
This is bleeding between the dura mater and the brain
Subdural Hematoma
This type of stroke causes maximum neurologic deficits at onset
complete stroke
Characteristics of Pancreatic Insufficency
- tissue destruction
- high cholesterol
- petic ulcer
- trauma
- edema
- diabetes
This part of the brain links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
What type of diarrhea is osmotic?
lactose intolerance
What happens to peptic ulcer weight gain?
gain, eating reduces the pain
What does the vagus nerve do?
- slowing of the heart,
- increasing peristalsis
- contracting muscles for voice production
- aiding in the swallowing process
Appendicitis
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
Diverticular disase
bulging out pouches in the GI wall push mucosal lining through surrounding muscle
Hiatal Hernia
defect in the diaphragm that permits a portion of the stomach to pass through the diphragmatic openiiing into the chest cavity
Peptic Ulcer
circumsribed lesion in the mucosal membrane of the upper GI tract
Alzheimers disasea
degenerative disorder of the cerbral cortex
MS
progressive demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord (CNS) oligodendroglia leading to widespread neurologic dysfunction
Meningitis
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord meninges
Myasthenia gravis
sporadic progressive weaknesa and abnormal fatigue of the skeletal muscles
parkinsons disease
produces prgoressive muscle rigidity, loss of muscle movment and involuntary tremors
