Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiotherapy > Patho 2 > Flashcards

Patho 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer definition

A

Highly invasive and destructive neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neoplasm
Tumour
Benign
Malignant

A

Cells formed from irreversible deviant cell division
Collection of cells that have lost genetic control of proliferation and differentiation
Localised and closely resembling cells of origin, lost control of proliferation
Invasive and destructive cells that dont resemble cell of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell proliferation

Cell differentiation

A

Normal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Over proliferation

Undifferentiated

A

Cancer cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Due to unrepaired gene malfunction, alters genes that control

A

Reproduction
Growth
Differentiation
Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Impact of cancer on tissues, organs, organ systems

A 
Loss of cell communication
Increased energy expenditure 
Increased mortality 
Rapid angiogenesis 
Substance secretion
Present foreign antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Categories of cancer genes

A

Mutator genes- repair mutated DNA, protect genome
Protooncogens- regulate cell function
Tumour suppressor cells- prohibit over proliferation, regulate apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

High energy ionizing radiation
Hormones
Chemicals
Viruses and bacteria

A

Carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spread of cancer

A

Local- proliferation of neoplasm in tissue of origin
Direct extension- tumour cells move into adjacent tissues and organs
Seeding- malignant tumours move along membranes of peritoneal and pleaural cavities
Metastases- neoplasms spread to distant sites by lymphatics or blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
Colon——> liver
Breast ——>  bone
Lung ——> brain
Prostate ——> bone
Malignant melatoma- lung, liver, brain, lymph nodes
A

Organ tropism of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Well differentiated

Resemble origin tissue

A

Grade 1-2 cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Highly differentiated

Little to no resemblence

A

Grade 3-4 cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cancer warning signs

A 
Unusual bleeding
Change bowl/bladder habits
Change in wart/mole
Sore that doesnt heal
Unexplained weight loss
Anaemia, low Hb, fatigue
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Solid lump
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

General manifestations of cancer

A

Systemic and Immune response- fever, anorexia, weight loss
Increase metabolic rate
Paraneoplastic symptoms
Local effects of tumour on neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diagnostic tests of cancer

A 
Complete history
Physical examination
Imaging studies
Biopsy and cytology 
Tumour markers
Blood, urine, tissues test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cancer treatment

A

Eradicate neoplasm
Control growth and spread
Reduce symptoms no cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of cancer treatment

A 
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Hormones 
Immunotherapy
Bone marrow transplant
Stem cell transplant
Adjuvant therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cancer Prevention

A 
Screening
Exercise
Balance healthy lifestyle
Maintain healthy weight
Vaccinations
Skin protection
Avoid tobacco 
Avoid heavy alcohol use
Protect against carcinogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diabetes definition

A

Metabolic disorder

The absence, deficit or resistance to insulin resulting in hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type 1

A

Insulin dependent

Family history or viral infection

21
Q

Type 2

A

Non insulin dependent

Obesity, HTN, poor lifestyle, diet

22
Q

Pancreatic cells roles

A

Alpha- secrete glucagon, utilise glycogen and suppresses insulin secretion
Beta- secrete insulin, promotes uptake of glucose in blood
Delta- somatostatin and gastrin- regulates A+B cells

23
Q

Type 1-IDDM process

A

Beta cell destruction by autoimmune process

24
Q

Type 2- NIDDM process

A

Genetic+environment affect B cell function and insulin tissue sensitivity

25
Q

Management of diabetes

A

Type 1- insulin injections
Type 2- insulin tablets
Life style changes- HITT + starvation diets

26
Q

Physio interventions of diabetes

A

Awareness of complications e.g. healing, hyperglycaemia
Education of lifestyle changes
High msk pain
Falls (peripheral neruopathies)

27
Q

Definition of obesity

A

Individual who is overweight with lots of body fat

28
Q

BMI

A

Measures if they are healthy weight for height

29
Q

Waist circumference

A

Measure for excess fat
Women >94cm (37inches)
Men > 80 (31.5inches)

30
Q

Obesity causes

A 
High calories intake
Poor diet
Decreased physical activity 
Genetics
Medical reasons
31
Q

Total energy expenditure

A

8% thermic effect
20-40% physical activity and recovery (EPOC)
55% basal energy expenditure

32
Q

Obesity health implications

A 
Hypertension
Stroke
Cataracts 
Pulmonary disease 
Coronary heart disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Gall bladder disease
33
Q

Physio implications of obesity

A

Staffing levels and manual handling
Bariatric equipment
Treatment reaction may be different

34
Q

Physio role with obese patient

A

Post bariatric surgery care
Safe physical activity
Life style advice and education
Emerging roles

35
Q

Definition of parkinsons disease

A

Chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder

Degeneration of dopamine producing neurones in the substantia nigra in basal ganglia

36
Q

Role of basal ganglia

A

Regulate planning, initiation and termination of movement
Regulate muscle tone required for body movements
Control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles
Act to inhibit antagonistic or unnecessary movements

37
Q

Pathophysiology of PD

A

Substantia nigra main source of dopamine
Basal ganglia series of parallel loops involving thalamus and cerebral cortex
Direct pathway- promotes movement
Indirect pathway- inhibits movement
Dopamine excites direct and inhibits indirect pathway

38
Q

What does lack of dopamine lead to

A

Lack of excitement of direct pathway
Lack of inhibition of indirect pathway
Lack of overall movement

39
Q

Cardinal signs of PD

A

Bradykinesia/ Akinesia
Resting tremor
Rigidity

40
Q

Bradykinesia/Akinesia

A

Paucity or slowness of movement

Slower initiation and progressive decrease in speed

41
Q

Resting tremor (pill rolling)

A

Relaxed muscle, shake when at rest

Tremor inhibited during movement

42
Q

Rigidity

A

Stiff or inflexible muscles
Resistance to passive movements
Lead pipe or cog wheel

43
Q

Secondary clinical features

A 
Difficulty initiating/terminating movement
Freezing when walking
Festinating gait pattern
Loss of stereotyped movements
Difficulty with motor tasks
Monotone speech
Micrographia 
Problems swallowing and drooling
Sleep disorders
Depression
44
Q

Postural instability of PD

A

Flexed posture- hips/knees

Unable to access balance reactions

45
Q

Medication for PD

A

Dopamine replacements- drugs that cross blood brain barrier e.g. sinemet
Dopamine copycats- dopamine agonists e.g. apomorphine
Dopamine protectors- block enzymes that break dopamine down
MAO-B inhibitors e.g. selegiline.
COMT inhibitors e.g. Entacapone
Anticholingergics- correct balance between dopamine and acetylcholine e.g. arpicoline

46
Q

Problems with dopamine drugs

A

Effect decreases over time
Increase dose needed- side effects
Problems with on/off

47
Q

PD surgery

A

Deep brain stimulation
Palidotomy
Stem cell research

48
Q

Principles or cueing in PD

A

Rely on external stimulus
Kinaesthetic- movement cues
Auditory
Visual

Physiotherapy (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions