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ANPH & PATH > PATH - Of Cells > Flashcards

PATH - Of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells try to avoid harm?

A

Adaptation

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2
Q

When tissue is unused it goes through?

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

What happens when tissue grows because of hormonal action?

A

Hyperplasia

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4
Q

When cells transform into different types of cells?

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

Deranged cell growth? Pre-malignant lesion, Not true adaptation.

A

Dysplasia

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6
Q

Example of pathological muscle atrophy?

A

Paralysis

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7
Q

Example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

Chronic hypertension

Hypertrophies heart muscles

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8
Q

Healing vs repair?

A

Heal - regeneration of cells

Repair - scar tissue exists

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9
Q

Most common cause of cellular injury ?

A

Hypoxia

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10
Q

Example of genetic cell injury?

A

Genetic problem damaging brain cells, can cause mental retardation.

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11
Q

Hypoxia vs hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia- lack of oxygen in cells

Hypoxemia - lack of oxygen in the blood

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12
Q

Function of bradykinins and prostaglandins?

What produces these substances?

A

Inflammation mediators and work on pain

Mast cells

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13
Q

What are clots made of?

What does fibrinolysin do?

Another name for it?

A

Fibrin

Fibrinolysin breaks down clots

Palsimin

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14
Q

What element is required for proper clotting?

What vitamin?

A

Calcium

Vitamin K

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15
Q

What is a compliment?

A

Kills foreign cells by pu cturing them
Active when 10 serum protiens polymerize
Activates all the chemistry of immune system, chemoattractants, pro inflammatories

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16
Q

What is inhibited by aspirin?

A

PG2alpha

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17
Q

What do protoglandins do to blood vessels?

To white blood cells - WBCs?

A

Increase vascular permeability

Theh attract WBCs through chemotaxis

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18
Q

Leukotrines?

A

Chronic or long lasting inflammation.

Acts like histamines but longer acting

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19
Q

Debridement?

What cause it naturally?

A

To clean wounds for healing

Macrophages

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20
Q

Process by which WBCs exit vascular walls?

A

Diapedesis

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21
Q

What controls inflammation?

A

Eosinophils by releasing histamines (enzyme)

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22
Q

What do serotonin and histamine both do?

A

Both increase vascular permeability through vasodilation

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23
Q

What happens when too much histamine is released?

A

Blood pressure will drop too low

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24
Q

Process for cells to release substances(e.g. mast cells releasing histamine)

A

Degranulation

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25
Q

Factors leading to release of histamine?

A 
Chemical agents
Venoms
Toxins
Poisons
Trauma
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26
Q

4 elements that make up 96% of human bodies?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen

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27
Q

When do the number of protons equal the number of electrons?

A

When the element is Inert/balanced

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28
Q

Define radioactivity

A

Released energy that held atomic mass of nucleus together

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29
Q

Ionic bond?

A

Link of positively and negatively charged atoms together

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30
Q

Why is water molecules polar?

A

One side positive charge, other side negative. O is positive side

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31
Q

Weakest type of bond?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

Most abundant substance in the cell

A

Water

Average weight of person is 55% water

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33
Q

How does detergent help to clean?

What substance does the same things?

A

Reduces surface tension

Surfactant

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34
Q

pH of detergents are?

A

Alkaline - >7

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35
Q

CO2 is a ______________byproduct

A

Catabolic

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36
Q

CO2 and water =

A

Carbonic acid - H2CO3

Removing 1 H ion it becomes HCO3 - bicarbonate

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37
Q

Carbonic anhydrase?

A

Removes Hydrogen ion from carbonic acid to make bicaronate

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38
Q

More oxygen ions mean weaker or stronger acid?

A

Weaker

More hydrogen ions make it a stronger acid.

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39
Q

Higher the negative logarithm ?

A

The more alkaline the solution

40
Q

All protiens have to have which 4 elements?

A

Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

41
Q

Pathophysiology?

A

Study of changes of normal mechanical, physical and biochemical functions, either caused by disease or abnormal function

42
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in size due to reductions In load

43
Q

What is the necessary condition of tissue to develop inflammation?

A

Being vascularized

44
Q

Metaplasia?

A

Mature cells are replaced by different type of cells

45
Q

Trasudate vs exudate?

A

Trasudate - clear liquids

Exudate - lots of content I.e. dead cells

46
Q

When your immune system mistakenly targets your own tissues?

A

Autoimmunity

47
Q

Inflammation that can last indefinitely?

A

Chronic inflammation

48
Q

Accute inflammation lasts?

A

10-12 days, upto 14

49
Q

Another way to say tumor

A

Neoplasm - new growth

50
Q

How many types of neoplasm?

Names and types?

A

2 types

Malignant - cancerous

Benign - non-cancerous

51
Q

Encapsulated tumors are?

52
Q

Undifferentiated tumors?

Differentiated tumors?

A

Undifferentiated malignant tumors

Differentiated benign tumors

53
Q

Type of mitotic index index in malignant tumors?

A

High mitotic index

54
Q

Hepatoma

A

Malignant tumor (liver)
Exception to naming rule
Almost all tumors in liver are malignant

55
Q

Chondroma?

A

Tumor of the cartilage - benign

56
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Malignant epithelial tissue

57
Q

The name of malignancy of the bone?

A

Osteosarcoma

58
Q

Name of benign bone tumor?

59
Q

Adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant tumor of a gland

60
Q

In malignant tumor what happens to tumor suppressor Gene’s?

A

They are inhibited

61
Q

What are substances produced by tumors to sustain themselves?

A

Growth factors

Vascular growth factors

62
Q

Is cancer cells prone to apoptosis?

A

No, apoptosis is suppressed in cancer

63
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cellular death

64
Q

Name of genes that promote cancer?

65
Q

How do we counteract oncogenes?

A

Anti-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes

66
Q

What are mutagenic substances?

Examples of mutagenic substances?

A

Anything that causes mutation - a change in the DNA of the cell.
DNA changes caused by mutagens may harm cells and can cause diseases like cancer.

Nitrosamines
Benzopyrenes

67
Q

Examples of cancer causing bacteria

A

HPV - Human Papilloma Virus
Hepitis B and C
EBV - Epstein Barr Virus
HTLV - Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus

68
Q

HTLV - Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus(type 1), when does it occur?

A

When person is Infected by Human T-Cell Leukemia Retrovirus.

Spread by blood transfusions, sexual contact, needles, birth, breast- feeding

69
Q

What cancers do HIV patients develop?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

70
Q

Most frequent source of metasticizing?

A

Local spread
Hemotological spread (blood)
Lymphatic system

71
Q

How do cancer cells enter the blood?

A

Via diapedesis (using pseudopodia)

72
Q

What is the name of bacteria that normally lives in the body?

A

Normal flora

73
Q

If your immune system drops and bacteria attack is you, what is the name of the bacteria?

A

Opportunistic microorganisms

74
Q

Capacity of bacteria to be aggressive?

75
Q

What is infectivity?

A

The capacity of producing infection

76
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The capacity of damaging tissue or producing disease

77
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

Ability of an invader to stimulate the immune system to attack the invader

Ability to provoke an immune response

78
Q

What is toxigenicity?

A

Ability to generate toxins that cause harm

79
Q

Protozoa - infection or infestation?

A

Infestation

80
Q

What is a helminth?

Most common helminth?

Parts?

A

Parasitic worm

Ascaris Lumbricoides

Head - excolex
Body - proglotides

81
Q

What happens when complement polymerizes?

A

It punctures bacterial cell walls and activates other proinflammitory activity

82
Q

Does fever drop the level of iron in the blood?

83
Q

When bacteria in the body produces toxins, how does the body react?

A

Body produces anti-toxins (antibodies)

84
Q

What substance triggers fever?

A

Pyrogenic substance

85
Q

What kind of parasites are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

86
Q

The name of a fungal infection of the skin?

A

Dermatomycosis

87
Q

Tinea capitis?

A

Fungal infection of the skull

88
Q

Tinea cruris?

A

Fungal infection of the scrotum

89
Q

Tinea manuum?

A

Fungal Infection of the palm

90
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Fungal Infection of the foot

91
Q

Depending on where parasites live, they can be divided into?

A

Endoparasites

Ectoparasotes

92
Q

How do you get I tested with Tenia solium?

A

Eating raw uncooked pork

93
Q

Which tinia produces hydatitic cyst of brain?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

94
Q

Name of parasite causing crabs?

A

Phithirus pubis

95
Q

What flea transmits yersinia pestis?

96
Q

What is loeffler syndrome?

A

Pulmonary larvae migrans of ascaris lumbricoides

Causes asthma crisis

ANPH & PATH (13 decks)

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