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ANPH & PATH > PATH - Of Cells > Flashcards

PATH - Of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells try to avoid harm?

A

Adaptation

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2
Q

When tissue is unused it goes through?

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

What happens when tissue grows because of hormonal action?

A

Hyperplasia

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4
Q

When cells transform into different types of cells?

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

Deranged cell growth? Pre-malignant lesion, Not true adaptation.

A

Dysplasia

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6
Q

Example of pathological muscle atrophy?

A

Paralysis

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7
Q

Example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

Chronic hypertension

Hypertrophies heart muscles

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8
Q

Healing vs repair?

A

Heal - regeneration of cells

Repair - scar tissue exists

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9
Q

Most common cause of cellular injury ?

A

Hypoxia

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10
Q

Example of genetic cell injury?

A

Genetic problem damaging brain cells, can cause mental retardation.

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11
Q

Hypoxia vs hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia- lack of oxygen in cells

Hypoxemia - lack of oxygen in the blood

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12
Q

Function of bradykinins and prostaglandins?

What produces these substances?

A

Inflammation mediators and work on pain

Mast cells

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13
Q

What are clots made of?

What does fibrinolysin do?

Another name for it?

A

Fibrin

Fibrinolysin breaks down clots

Palsimin

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14
Q

What element is required for proper clotting?

What vitamin?

A

Calcium

Vitamin K

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15
Q

What is a compliment?

A

Kills foreign cells by pu cturing them
Active when 10 serum protiens polymerize
Activates all the chemistry of immune system, chemoattractants, pro inflammatories

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16
Q

What is inhibited by aspirin?

A

PG2alpha

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17
Q

What do protoglandins do to blood vessels?

To white blood cells - WBCs?

A

Increase vascular permeability

Theh attract WBCs through chemotaxis

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18
Q

Leukotrines?

A

Chronic or long lasting inflammation.

Acts like histamines but longer acting

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19
Q

Debridement?

What cause it naturally?

A

To clean wounds for healing

Macrophages

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20
Q

Process by which WBCs exit vascular walls?

A

Diapedesis

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21
Q

What controls inflammation?

A

Eosinophils by releasing histamines (enzyme)

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22
Q

What do serotonin and histamine both do?

A

Both increase vascular permeability through vasodilation

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23
Q

What happens when too much histamine is released?

A

Blood pressure will drop too low

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24
Q

Process for cells to release substances(e.g. mast cells releasing histamine)

A

Degranulation

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25
Factors leading to release of histamine?
``` Chemical agents Venoms Toxins Poisons Trauma ```
26
4 elements that make up 96% of human bodies?
Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen
27
When do the number of protons equal the number of electrons?
When the element is Inert/balanced
28
Define radioactivity
Released energy that held atomic mass of nucleus together
29
Ionic bond?
Link of positively and negatively charged atoms together
30
Why is water molecules polar?
One side positive charge, other side negative. O is positive side
31
Weakest type of bond?
Hydrogen bonds
32
Most abundant substance in the cell
Water Average weight of person is 55% water
33
How does detergent help to clean? What substance does the same things?
Reduces surface tension Surfactant
34
pH of detergents are?
Alkaline - >7
35
CO2 is a ______________byproduct
Catabolic
36
CO2 and water =
Carbonic acid - H2CO3 Removing 1 H ion it becomes HCO3 - bicarbonate
37
Carbonic anhydrase?
Removes Hydrogen ion from carbonic acid to make bicaronate
38
More oxygen ions mean weaker or stronger acid?
Weaker | More hydrogen ions make it a stronger acid.
39
Higher the negative logarithm ?
The more alkaline the solution
40
All protiens have to have which 4 elements?
Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen
41
Pathophysiology?
Study of changes of normal mechanical, physical and biochemical functions, either caused by disease or abnormal function
42
Atrophy
Reduction in size due to reductions In load
43
What is the necessary condition of tissue to develop inflammation?
Being vascularized
44
Metaplasia?
Mature cells are replaced by different type of cells
45
Trasudate vs exudate?
Trasudate - clear liquids Exudate - lots of content I.e. dead cells
46
When your immune system mistakenly targets your own tissues?
Autoimmunity
47
Inflammation that can last indefinitely?
Chronic inflammation
48
Accute inflammation lasts?
10-12 days, upto 14
49
Another way to say tumor
Neoplasm - new growth
50
How many types of neoplasm? Names and types?
2 types Malignant - cancerous Benign - non-cancerous
51
Encapsulated tumors are?
Benign
52
Undifferentiated tumors? Differentiated tumors?
Undifferentiated malignant tumors Differentiated benign tumors
53
Type of mitotic index index in malignant tumors?
High mitotic index
54
Hepatoma
Malignant tumor (liver) Exception to naming rule Almost all tumors in liver are malignant
55
Chondroma?
Tumor of the cartilage - benign
56
What is a carcinoma?
Malignant epithelial tissue
57
The name of malignancy of the bone?
Osteosarcoma
58
Name of benign bone tumor?
Osteoma
59
Adenocarcinoma?
Malignant tumor of a gland
60
In malignant tumor what happens to tumor suppressor Gene's?
They are inhibited
61
What are substances produced by tumors to sustain themselves?
Growth factors | Vascular growth factors
62
Is cancer cells prone to apoptosis?
No, apoptosis is suppressed in cancer
63
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cellular death
64
Name of genes that promote cancer?
Oncogenes
65
How do we counteract oncogenes?
Anti-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
66
What are mutagenic substances? Examples of mutagenic substances?
Anything that causes mutation - a change in the DNA of the cell. DNA changes caused by mutagens may harm cells and can cause diseases like cancer. Nitrosamines Benzopyrenes
67
Examples of cancer causing bacteria
HPV - Human Papilloma Virus Hepitis B and C EBV - Epstein Barr Virus HTLV - Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus
68
HTLV - Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus(type 1), when does it occur?
When person is Infected by Human T-Cell Leukemia Retrovirus. | Spread by blood transfusions, sexual contact, needles, birth, breast- feeding
69
What cancers do HIV patients develop?
Kaposi's sarcoma
70
Most frequent source of metasticizing?
Local spread Hemotological spread (blood) Lymphatic system
71
How do cancer cells enter the blood?
Via diapedesis (using pseudopodia)
72
What is the name of bacteria that normally lives in the body?
Normal flora
73
If your immune system drops and bacteria attack is you, what is the name of the bacteria?
Opportunistic microorganisms
74
Capacity of bacteria to be aggressive?
Virulent
75
What is infectivity?
The capacity of producing infection
76
What is pathogenicity?
The capacity of damaging tissue or producing disease
77
What is immunogenicity?
Ability of an invader to stimulate the immune system to attack the invader Ability to provoke an immune response
78
What is toxigenicity?
Ability to generate toxins that cause harm
79
Protozoa - infection or infestation?
Infestation
80
What is a helminth? Most common helminth? Parts?
Parasitic worm Ascaris Lumbricoides Head - excolex Body - proglotides
81
What happens when complement polymerizes?
It punctures bacterial cell walls and activates other proinflammitory activity
82
Does fever drop the level of iron in the blood?
Yes
83
When bacteria in the body produces toxins, how does the body react?
Body produces anti-toxins (antibodies)
84
What substance triggers fever?
Pyrogenic substance
85
What kind of parasites are viruses?
Obligate intracellular parasites
86
The name of a fungal infection of the skin?
Dermatomycosis
87
Tinea capitis?
Fungal infection of the skull
88
Tinea cruris?
Fungal infection of the scrotum
89
Tinea manuum?
Fungal Infection of the palm
90
Tinea pedis
Fungal Infection of the foot
91
Depending on where parasites live, they can be divided into?
Endoparasites Ectoparasotes
92
How do you get I tested with Tenia solium?
Eating raw uncooked pork
93
Which tinia produces hydatitic cyst of brain?
Echinococcus granulosus
94
Name of parasite causing crabs?
Phithirus pubis
95
What flea transmits yersinia pestis?
Rat flea
96
What is loeffler syndrome?
Pulmonary larvae migrans of ascaris lumbricoides | Causes asthma crisis

ANPH & PATH (13 decks)

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