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ANPH & PATH > ANPH - Cardiovascular CH 22 > Flashcards

ANPH - Cardiovascular CH 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Hemodynamics

A

collection of mechanisms that influence the dynamic (active and changing) circulation of blood

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2
Q

Circulation of different volumes of blood per minute is essential for healthy survival T/F

A

True

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3
Q

Circulation control mechanisms must accomplish, which two functions?

A

Maintain circulation

Vary volume and distribution of the blood circulated

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4
Q

Conduction system of the heart is

Composed of, which four major structures?

A 
Sinoatrial node (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundle (bundle of His)
Subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers)
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5
Q

Conduction system structures are more highly specialized than ordinary cardiac muscle tissue and permit slow conduction of an action potential through the heart. T/F

A

False - Conduction system structures are more highly specialized than ordinary cardiac muscle tissue and permit RAPID conduction of an action potential through the heart

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6
Q

Initiates each heartbeat and sets its pace

Specialized pacemaker cells in the node possess an intrinsic rhythm

A

SA node (pacemaker)

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7
Q

Sequence of cardiac stimulation Starting from SA node (pacemaker) to AV Node

A

After being generated by the SA node, each impulse travels throughout the muscle fibers of both atria and the atria begin to contract
As the action potential enters the AV node from the right atrium, its conduction slows to allow complete contraction of both atrial chambers before the impulse reaches the ventricles

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8
Q

Sequence of cardiac stimulation Starting After AV Node to Purkinje fibers

A

After the AV node, conduction velocity increases as the impulse is relayed through the AV bundle into the ventricles
Right and left branches of the bundle fibers and subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers) conduct the impulses throughout the muscles of both ventricles, stimulating them to contract almost simultaneously

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9
Q

Graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity, its conduction of impulses; a record of the electrical events that precede the contractions of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

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10
Q

Production of an ECG

A

Electrodes are attached to the subject

Voltage changes that represent the heart’s electrical activity are sensed by electrodes and recorded on paper

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11
Q

Composition (ECG waves) of normal ECG recording is composed of?

A

P wave—represents depolarization of the atria
QRS complex—represents depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria
T wave—represents repolarization of the ventricles

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12
Q

represents depolarization of the atria

A

P wave

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13
Q

represents depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria

A

QRS complex

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14
Q

represents repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

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15
Q

ECG intervals between P, QRS, and T waves can provide information about….?

A

rate of conduction of an action potential through the heart

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16
Q

U wave

A

tiny “hump” at end of T wave—represents repolarization of the papillary muscle (or a two-part T wave) and may appear on ECG as well

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17
Q

Absent or small U waves usually considered normal T/F

A

True

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18
Q

U waves are never a sign of hypokalemia or too much digoxin T/F

A

False - U waves MAY BE a sign of hypokalemia or too much digoxin

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19
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

a complete heartbeat

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20
Q

Cardiac cycle consists of…..?

A

Consists of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of both atria and both ventricles

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21
Q

Cycle is often divided into depth intervals T/F

A

False - Cycle is often divided into TIME intervals

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22
Q

This cycle begins with the P wave of the ECG, which triggers atrial contraction
Contraction of atria creates a pressure gradient that pushes blood out of the atria into the relaxed ventricles
Due to pressure gradients, AV valves are open; SL valves are closed
Ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood from atria.

What Part of the Cardiac Cycle is this referred to as?

A

Atrial systole

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23
Q

Onset of ventricular systole coincides with the R wave of the ECG and the appearance of the first heart sound
Occurs between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the SL valves
Ventricular volume remains constant as the pressure increases rapidly

Which part of the Cardiac cycle is this referred to as?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

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24
Q

Why does the SL valves not open when AV valves do?

A

Intraventricular pressure rises enough to close AV valves, producing the first heart sound
Intraventricular pressure is not yet high enough to open the SL valves

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25
Q

When do the SL valves open? How?

A

SL valves open and blood is ejected from the ventricles when the intraventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta

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26
Q

What are the Two types of Ejection?

A

Rapid ejection

Reduced ejection

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27
Q

Rapid ejection

A

initial short phase characterized by a marked increase in ventricular and aortic pressure and in aortic blood flow

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28
Q

Reduced ejection

A

characterized by a less abrupt decrease in ventricular volume; coincides with the T wave of the ECG

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29
Q

Ventricular diastole begins with this phase
Occurs between closure of the SL valves and opening of the AV valves
A dramatic fall in intraventricular pressure but not enough to open the AV valves, thus no change in volume
Second heart sound is heard during this period

Which part of the cardiac cycle is this?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

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30
Q

Continued ventricular relaxation reduces intraventricular pressure and returning venous blood increases intraatrial pressure, producing enough of a pressure gradient to push open the AV valves
Blood rushes into the relaxing ventricles; influx lasts approximately 0.1 second and results in a dramatic increase in ventricular volume

Which part of the cardiac cycle is this?

A

Passive ventricular filling

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31
Q

first sound, believed to be caused primarily by contraction of the ventricles and by vibrations of the closing AV valves

This sound is called?

A

Systolic sound

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32
Q

Name 2 basic types of heart sounds

A

Systolic sound

Diastolic sound

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33
Q

short, sharp sound; thought to be caused by vibrations of the closing of SL valves

This sound is called?

A

Diastolic sound

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34
Q

Heart sounds have clinical significance because they provide information about the functioning of the valves of the heart
T/F

A

True

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35
Q

what factor allows blood to flow?

Also known as part of the Primary Principle of Circulation

A

Blood flows because a pressure gradient exists between different parts of its volume; this is based on Newton’s first and second laws of motion

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36
Q

blood circulates from the left ventricle to the right atrium of the heart because a blood pressure gradient exists between these two structures; likewise, a blood pressure gradient drives blood flow from the right ventricle to the left atrium
T/F

A

True

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37
Q

Perfusion pressure

A

the pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow through a local tissue

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38
Q

P1–P2 is the symbol used to represent

A

a pressure gradient, with P1 representing the higher pressure and P2 the lower pressure

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39
Q

Primary determinant of arterial blood pressure is

A

the volume of blood in the arteries; a direct relationship exists between arterial blood pressure and arterial blood volume

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40
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

volume of blood pumped out of the heart per unit of time (ml/min or L/min)

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41
Q

Cardiac output (CO)—determined by

A

stroke volume and heart rate

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42
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

volume pumped per heartbeat

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43
Q

SV (volume/beat) HR (beats/min)=?

A

CO (volume/min) = SV (volume/beat) HR (beats/min)

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44
Q

In practice, CO is computed by a formula called?

A

Fick’s formula

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45
Q

Heart rate and stroke volume determine CO, but does not tend to change CO, arterial blood volume, and blood pressure in the same direction
T/F

A

False - Heart rate and stroke volume determine CO, so ANYTHING that changes either ALSO tends to change CO, arterial blood volume, and blood pressure in the same direction

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46
Q

Starling’s law of the heart

A

Within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers at the beginning of contraction, the stronger the contraction

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47
Q

The amount of blood in the heart at the end of _______determines the amount of stretch placed on the heart fibers

A

diastole

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48
Q

The myocardium contracts with enough strength to match its pumping load (within certain limits) with each stroke—unlike……..?

A

mechanical pumps

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49
Q

Can contractility(strength of contraction) can also be influenced by chemical factors?

A

Yes

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50
Q

Two Contractility Chemicals? Type?

A

Neural—norepinephrine

endocrine—epinephrine

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51
Q

Neural—norepinephrine; endocrine—epinephrine

These are Triggered by?

A

stress, exercise

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52
Q

the ratio of stroke volume (SV) to end-diastolic volume (EDV) is known as?

A

Ejection fraction (EF)

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53
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)—Usually expressed as a

A

percentage: EF = 55%

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54
Q

Healthy adults have EFs of at least 65%

T/F

A

False - Healthy adults have EFs of at least 55%

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55
Q

EF goes down as the myocardium improves

T/F

A

False - EF goes down as the myocardium FAILS

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56
Q

Are there more Factors that affect heart rate than the SA Nose?

A

Yes - SA node normally initiates each heartbeat; however, various factors can and do change the rate of the heartbeat

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57
Q

Two Cardiac pressoreflexes

A

Aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors

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58
Q

Where Are the Aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors

A

located in the aorta and carotid sinus

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59
Q

Why are Aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors (Cardiac pressoreflexes) so important?

A

Extremely important because they affect the autonomic cardiac control center, and therefore parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow, to aid in control of blood pressure

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60
Q

Where is the Carotid sinus reflex?

A

Located at the beginning of the internal carotid artery

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61
Q

Sensory fibers from carotid sinus baroreceptors run through the carotid sinus nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve to the cardiac control center
Parasympathetic impulses leave the cardiac control center, travel through the vagus nerve to reach the SA node
T/F

A

True

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62
Q

Other reflexes that influence heart rate

Full list

A

Anxiety, fear, and anger often increase heart rate
Grief tends to decrease heart rate
Emotions produce changes in heart rate through the influence of impulses from the cerebrum by way of the hypothalamus
Exercise normally increases heart rate
Increased blood temperature or stimulation of skin heat receptors increases heart rate
Decreased blood temperature or stimulation of skin cold receptors decreases heart rate

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63
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

resistance to blood flow imposed by the force of friction between blood and the walls of its vessels

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64
Q

the thickness of blood as a fluid is called?

A

Blood viscosity

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65
Q

Factors that affect blood viscosity?

A

High plasma protein concentration can slightly increase blood viscosity
High hematocrit (% RBC) can increase blood viscosity
Anemia, hemorrhage, or other abnormal conditions may also affect blood viscosity

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66
Q

muscles in walls of arteriole may constrict vessel (vasoconstriction) or dilate vessel (vasodilation), thus changing diameter of arteriole- name this mechanism

A

Vasomotor mechanism

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67
Q

Small changes in blood vessel diameter cause small changes in resistance, making the vasomotor mechanism ideal for regulating blood pressure and blood flow
T/F

A

False - Small changes in blood vessel diameter cause LARGE changes in resistance, making the vasomotor mechanism ideal for regulating blood pressure and blood flow

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68
Q

How resistance influences blood pressure

A

Arterial blood pressure tends to vary directly with peripheral resistance
Friction caused by viscosity and small diameter of arterioles and capillaries
Muscular coat of arterioles allows them to constrict or dilate and change the amount of resistance to blood flow

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69
Q

_______ helps determine arterial pressure by controlling the amount of blood that runs from the arteries to the arterioles

A

Peripheral resistance

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70
Q

Increased resistance and decreased arteriole runoff lead to

A

to higher arterial pressure

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71
Q

Does Peripheral resistance occur locally (in one organ), or does the total peripheral resistance (TPR) increase, thus generally raising systemic arterial pressure?

A

Either -
Can occur locally (in one organ), or the total peripheral resistance (TPR) may increase, thus generally raising systemic arterial pressure

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72
Q

Vasomotor control mechanism—controls changes in the….?

A

diameter of arterioles; plays role in maintenance of the general blood pressure and in distribution of blood to areas of special need

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73
Q

Sudden increase in arterial blood pressure stimulates…?

A

aortic and carotid baroreceptors; results in arterioles and venules of the blood reservoirs dilating

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74
Q

Decrease in arterial blood pressure results in stimulation of…?

A

vasoconstrictor centers, causing vascular smooth muscle to constrict

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75
Q

Medullary ischemic reflex acts during?

A

acts during emergency situation when there is decreased blood flow to the medulla; causes marked arteriole and venous constriction

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76
Q

Are Vasomotors controlled by higher brain centers?

A

Yes -
impulses from centers in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus are transmitted to vasomotor centers in medulla to help control vasoconstriction and dilation

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77
Q

Vasomotor chemoreflexes —chemoreceptors located in aortic and carotid bodies are sensitive to ?

A

hypercapnia, hypoxia, and decreased arterial blood pH

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78
Q

Local control of arterioles—several local mechanisms produce vasodilation in localized areas; referred to as

A

reactive hyperemia

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79
Q

Venous pumps

A

blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions facilitate venous return by increasing pressure gradient between peripheral veins and venae cavae

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80
Q

Respirations—inspiration increases the pressure gradient between peripheral and central veins by decreasing central venous pressure and also by increasing peripheral venous pressure T/F

A

True

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81
Q

Skeletal muscle contractions—promote arteriole return by squeezing veins through a contracting muscle and milking the blood toward the heart T/F

A

False - Skeletal muscle contractions—promote VENOUS return by squeezing veins through a contracting muscle and milking the blood toward the heart

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82
Q

One-way ______ in veins prevent backflow

A

Valves

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83
Q

Changes in total blood volume change the amount of blood returned to the heart T/F

A

True

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84
Q

Capillary exchange—governed by ______of the capillaries

A

Starling’s law

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85
Q

At arterial end of capillary, outward hydrostatic pressure is the strongest or weakest force?

A

Strongest - moves fluid out of plasma and into IF

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86
Q

At venous end of capillary, inward osmotic pressure is strongest force; moves fluid into plasma from IF. What % of fluid is lost by plasma at arterial end is recovered

A

90%

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87
Q

Lymphatic system recovers fluid not recovered by capillary and returns it to the ________ before it is returned to the _________

A

venous blood

heart

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88
Q

mechanisms that change total blood volume most quickly are

A

those that cause water to quickly move into or out of the plasma

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89
Q

decreases the amount of water lost by the body by increasing the amount of water that kidneys resorb from urine before the urine is excreted from the body; triggered by input from baroreceptors and osmoreceptors

A

ADH mechanism

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90
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ________water loss

91
Q

Renin

A

released when blood pressure in kidney is low; leads to increased secretion of aldosterone, which stimulates retention of sodium, causing increased retention of water and an increase in blood volume

92
Q

Angiotensin II

A

intermediate compound that causes vasoconstriction, which complements the volume-increasing effects of renin and promotes an increase in overall blood flow

93
Q

ANH mechanism

A

adjusts venous return from an abnormally high level by promoting the loss of water from plasma, causing a decrease in blood volume; increases urine sodium loss, which causes water to follow osmotically

94
Q

A variety of __________restore normal blood pressure after a sudden change in pressure

A

feedback responses

95
Q

Arterial blood pressure is Measured with the aid of

A

a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

96
Q

as the pressure in the sphygmomanometer cuff is gradually decreased what is the name of the sound you are listening for?

A

Korotkoff sounds

97
Q

force of the blood pushing against the artery walls while ventricles are contracting

A

Systolic blood pressure

98
Q

force of the blood pushing against the artery walls when ventricles are relaxe

A

Diastolic blood pressure

99
Q

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

Pulse pressure

100
Q

Describe Arterial bleeding and why it bleeds in that way

A

blood escapes from artery in spurts because of alternating increase and decrease of arterial blood pressure

101
Q

Describe Venous bleeding and why it bleeds in that way

A

blood flows slowly and steadily because of low, practically constant pressure

102
Q

How is Minute volume determined?

A

determined by the magnitude of the blood pressure gradient and peripheral resistance

103
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

Minute volume = Pressure gradient / Resistance

104
Q

The velocity of Blood Flow is governed by what physical principle?

A

by the physical principle that when a liquid flows from an area of one cross-sectional size to an area of larger size, its velocity decreases in the area with the larger cross section

105
Q

Why does Blood flows more slowly through arterioles than arteries?

A

because total cross-sectional area of arterioles is greater than that of arteries, and capillary blood flow is slower than arteriole blood flow

106
Q

Venule cross-sectional area is smaller than capillary cross-sectional area, causing blood velocity to _____ in venules and then veins with a still smaller cross-sectional area

107
Q

alternate expansion and recoil of an artery

108
Q

Clinical significance of Pulse

A

reveals important information regarding the cardiovascular system, blood vessels, and circulation

109
Q

Physiological significance of Pulse

A

expansion stores energy released during recoil, conserving energy generated by the heart and maintaining relatively constant blood flow

110
Q

Existence of pulse is due to two factors

A

Alternating increase and decrease of pressure in the vessel

Elasticity of arterial walls allows walls to expand with increased pressure and recoil with decreased pressure

111
Q

Pulse wave

A

Each pulse starts with ventricular contraction and proceeds as a wave of expansion throughout the arteries
Gradually dissipates as it travels, disappearing in the capillaries

112
Q

Where the pulse can be felt - Summary for all

A

wherever an artery lies near the surface and over a bone or other firm background

113
Q

Venous pulse

A

detectable pulse exists only in large veins; most prominent near the heart; not of clinical importance

114
Q

Blood flow shifts materials from place to place and redistributes heat and WBC’s
T/F

A

False - Blood flow shifts materials from place to place and redistributes heat and PRESSURE

115
Q

Blood Flow Is Vital to maintaining homeostasis of internal environment
T/F

116
Q

Location of the heart

A

Lies in the mediastinum, behind the body of the sternum between the points of attachment of ribs two through six

117
Q

Approximately two thirds of the hearts mass is to the right of the midline of the body, and one third is to the left
T/F

A

False - approximately two thirds of its mass is to the LEFT of the midline of the body, and one third is to the RIGHT

118
Q

Posteriorly the heart rests on the bodies of thoracic vertebrae ______________

A

five through eight

119
Q

lies on the diaphragm, pointing to the left

A

Apex of the heart

120
Q

lies just below the second rib

A

Base of the heart

121
Q

Boundaries of the heart are clinically important as an aid in diagnosing heart disorders
T/F

122
Q

What age is the heart transverse and appears large in proportion to the diameter of the chest cavity?

123
Q

When does the heart attains its adult shape and weight?

A

Between puberty and 25 years of age

124
Q

In adults, the shape of the heart tends to resemble that of the…?

125
Q

3 Structures of the heart coverings

Pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Pericardial space

126
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

tough, loose-fitting inextensible sac

127
Q

Serous pericardium

A

parietal layer lies inside the fibrous pericardium, and visceral layer (epicardium) adheres to the outside of the heart

128
Q

Pericardial space

A

lies between visceral and parietal layers and contains 10 to 15 ml of pericardial fluid

129
Q

Function of the heart coverings

A

provides protection against friction

130
Q

Wall of the heart is made up of which three distinct layers ?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

131
Q

delicate inner layer of endothelial tissue

A

Endocardium

132
Q

thick, contractile middle layer of heart wall; compresses the heart cavities, and the blood within them, with great force

A

Myocardium

133
Q

outer layer of heart wall

A

Epicardium

134
Q

four cavities with the right and left chambers separated by

A

the septum

135
Q

Two superior chambers known as “receiving chambers” because they receive blood from veins

136
Q

earlike flap protruding from each atrium

137
Q

Why is the Myocardial wall of each atrium is not very thick?

A

because little pressure is needed to move blood such a small distance

138
Q

Two lower chambers known as “pumping chambers” because they push blood into the large network of vessels

A

Ventricles

139
Q

Why is the Ventricular myocardium is thicker than the myocardium of the atria?

A

because great force must be generated to pump the blood a large distance

140
Q

mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only

A

Valves of the heart

141
Q

prevent blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles when the ventricles contract

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

142
Q

2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A 
Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
Bicuspid, or mitral, valve (left AV valve)
143
Q

Bicuspid, or mitral, valve (left AV valve)

A

similar in structure to tricuspid valve except has only two flaps

144
Q

Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)

A

guards the right atrioventricular orifice; free edges of three flaps of endocardium are attached to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae

145
Q

half-moon–shaped flaps growing out from the lining of the pulmonary trunk and aorta; prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Semilunar (SL) valves

146
Q

2 Semilunar (SL) valves

A

Pulmonary valve—at entrance of the pulmonary trunk

Aortic valve—at entrance of the aorta

147
Q

Set of connected rings that serve as a semirigid support for the heart valves and for the attachment of cardiac muscle of the myocardium

A

Skeleton of the heart

148
Q

what Serves as an electrical barrier between the myocardium of the atria and that of the ventricles?

A

Skeleton of the heart

149
Q

blood supply of heart tissue

A

Coronary circulation

150
Q

First branches to come off the aorta

A

Coronary arteries—myocardial cells receive blood from the right and left coronary arteries

151
Q

Ventricles receive blood from

A

branches of both right and left coronary arteries

152
Q

Most abundant blood supply from the Coronary arteries goes?

A

goes to the myocardium of the left ventricle

153
Q

Right coronary artery is dominant in approximately _____ of all hearts and the left in about _____; in approximately ______ , neither coronary artery is dominant

154
Q

Few anastomoses exist between the larger branches of the coronary arteries
T/F

155
Q

After going through cardiac veins, blood enters the coronary sinus to drain into

A

the right atrium

Several veins drain directly into the right atrium

156
Q

made up of modified cardiac muscle, it generates and distributes the heart’s own rhythmic contractions; can be regulated by afferent nerves

A

Conduction system of the heart

157
Q

located near the arch of the aorta, made up of the combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

Cardiac plexuses

158
Q

Fibers from the cardiac plexus accompany the _________ to enter the heart

A

right and left coronary arteries

159
Q

Most fibers end in the _____, but some end in the _______ and in the atrial myocardium; the SA node acts as the heart’s pacemaker

A

SA node

AV node

160
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

accelerator nerves

161
Q

Vagus fibers

A

inhibitory, or depressor, nerves

162
Q

formation of new blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

163
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart—all arteries except pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood

164
Q

arteries—largest type in body

A

Elastic (conducting) arteries

Examples: aorta and its major branches

165
Q

Able to stretch without injury

Accommodate surge of blood when heart contracts and able to recoil when ventricles relax

A

Elastic (conducting) arteries—largest in body
Examples: aorta and its major branches
Able to stretch without injury
Accommodate surge of blood when heart contracts and able to recoil when ventricles relax

166
Q

Smaller in diameter than elastic arteries

Examples: brachial, gastric, superior mesenteric

A

Muscular (distributing) arteries

167
Q

Muscular layer is thin

T/F

A

False - THICK

168
Q

Smallest arteries

Important in regulating blood flow to end organs

169
Q

Short connecting vessel between true arteriole and 20 to 100 capill

A

Metarterioles

170
Q

Metarterioles are Encircled by

A

precapillary sphincters

171
Q

what part of the metarterioles is free of precapillary sphincters?

A

Distal end called thoroughfare channel, which is free of precapillary sphincters

172
Q

primary exchange vessels

A

Capillaries = Microscopic vessels

173
Q

Carry blood from arterioles to venules

A

Capillaries

174
Q

together, arterioles, capillaries, and venules constitute the….?

A

microcirculation

175
Q

Capillaries are Not evenly distributed—highest numbers in tissues with high metabolic rate; may be absent in some “avascular” tissues, such as cartilage
T/F

176
Q

4 Types of capillaries

A

True capillaries
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoids

177
Q

True capillaries

A

receive blood flowing from metarteriole with input regulated by precapillary sphincters

178
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Continuous lining of endothelial cells

Openings called intercellular clefts exist between adjacent endothelial cells

179
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Have both intercellular clefts and “holes,” or fenestrations, through plasma membrane to facilitate exchange functions

180
Q

Sinusoids

A

Large lumen and tortuous course
Absent or incomplete basement membrane
Very porous—permit migration of cells into or out of vessel lumen

181
Q

Carry blood toward the heart

182
Q

Act as collectors and as reservoir vessels; called capacitance vessels

183
Q

Structure of blood vessels

Components or “building blocks” commonly present

A

Lining endothelial tissue
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Smooth muscle tissue

184
Q

Lining endothelial tissue

A

one layer of squamous endothelial cells

185
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Exhibit woven appearance
Formed from protein molecules that aggregate into fibers
Visible with light microscope
Have only a limited ability to stretch (2% to 3%) under physiological conditions
Function to strengthen and keep lumen of vessel open

186
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Composed of insoluble protein called elastin
Form highly elastic networks
Wavy fibers can stretch more than 100% under physiological conditions
Play important role in creating passive tension to help regulate blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

187
Q

Only lining found in capillary

Lines entire vascular tree

A

Lining endothelial tissue

188
Q

Lining endothelial tissue
Provides a smooth luminal surface—protects against intravascular coagulation
Intercellular clefts, cytoplasmic pores, and fenestrations in cells allow exchange to occur between blood and tissue fluid
Capable of secreting a number of substances
Capable of reproduction
T/F

189
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Present in all segments of vascular system except capillaries
Most abundant in elastic and muscular arteries
Exerts active tension in vessels when contracting

190
Q

Structure of blood vessels

3 Layers

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima

191
Q

Tunica externa

A

found in arteries and veins (tunica adventitia)

192
Q

Tunica media

A

found in arteries and veins

193
Q

Tunica intima

A

found in all blood vessels; only layer present in capillaries

194
Q

blood flows from the left ventricle of the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body (except gas exchange tissues of lungs) and back to the right atrium

A

Systemic circulation

195
Q

venous blood moves from right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery to lung arterioles and capillaries, where gases are exchanged; oxygenated blood returns to left atrium by way of pulmonary veins; from left atrium, blood enters the left ventricle

A

Pulmonary circulation

196
Q

End-arteries

A

arteries that eventually diverge into capillaries

197
Q

Name of Main arteries that give off branches, which continue to rebranch, forming arterioles and then capillaries

A

Systemic arteries

198
Q

Arterial anastomosis

A

arteries that open into other branches of the same or other arteries; incidence of arterial anastomoses increases as distance from the heart increases

199
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses or shunts occur when blood flows from an viein directly into a artery.
T/F

A

False - Arteriovenous anastomoses or shunts occur when blood flows from an ARTERY directly into a VEIN

200
Q

_______are the ultimate extensions of capillaries; unite into vessels of increasing size to form venules and then veins

A

Systemic veins

201
Q

Large veins of the cranial cavity are called

A

dural sinuses

202
Q

Veins anastomose the same as arteries

T/F

203
Q

Venous blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and thoracic cavity (except lungs) drains into ……?

A

superior vena cava

204
Q

Venous blood from thoracic organs drains directly into ….?

A

superior vena cava or azygos vein

205
Q

Veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines send their blood to the liver by way of the ….?

A

hepatic portal vein

206
Q

In the liver the venous blood mingles with arterial blood in the sinusoids and is eventually drained from the liver by hepatic veins that join the inferior vena cava . This type of Circulation is called?

A

Hepatic portal circulation

207
Q

Venous blood from the lower extremities and abdomen drains into the inferior vena cava
T/F

208
Q

Basic plan of fetal circulation

A

additional vessels needed to allow fetal blood to secure oxygen and nutrients from maternal blood at the placenta

209
Q

Two umbilical arteries

A

extensions of the internal iliac arteries; carry fetal blood to the placenta

210
Q

Placenta

A

where exchange of oxygen and other substances between the separated maternal and fetal blood occurs

211
Q

Where is Placenta

A

attached to uterine wall

212
Q

returns oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus; enters body through the umbilicus and goes to the undersurface of the liver where it gives off two or three branches and then continues as the ductus venosus

A

Umbilical vein

213
Q

continuation of the umbilical vein and drains into inferior vena cava

A

Ductus venosus

214
Q

opening in septum between the right and left atria

A

Foramen ovale

215
Q

small vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk with the aortic arch

A

Ductus arteriosus

216
Q

Umbilical vein within the baby’s body becomes

A

the round ligament of the liver

217
Q

When umbilical cord is cut, the two umbilical arteries, the placenta and umbilical vein, no longer function
T/F

218
Q

Changes in circulation at birth -

Ductus venosus becomes the…?

A

the ligamentum venosum of the liver

219
Q

Changes in circulation at birth -

Foramen ovale…?

A

functionally closed shortly after a newborn’s first breath and pulmonary circulation is established; structural closure takes approximately 9 months

220
Q

Changes in circulation at birth -

Ductus arteriosus…?

A

contracts with establishment of respiration, becomes ligamentum arteriosum

221
Q

Birth—change from placenta to ________?

A

-dependent system

222
Q

Heart and blood vessels maintain basic structure and function from Childhood through…..?

A

childhood through adulthood

223
Q

Only apparent normal changes occur as a result of exercise

A

Exercise thickens myocardium

Exercise increases the supply of blood vessels in skeletal muscle tissue

224
Q

Adulthood through later adulthood—degenerative changes

A

Atherosclerosis—blockage or weakening of critical arteries

Heart valves and myocardial tissue degenerate—reduces pumping efficiency

ANPH & PATH (13 decks)

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