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ANPH & PATH > PATH - Final > Flashcards

PATH - Final Flashcards

1
Q

When does Croup usually occur?

A

It usually appears after an episode of rhinorrhea, sore throat and fever

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2
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

A barrier formed by the skin and mucous membrane

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3
Q

What is the mechanical result of pleural effusion?

A

atelectasis

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4
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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5
Q

Which antibody class is synthesized by the B cells, and insert into their own plasma membranes?

A

IgM

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6
Q

What is the most important factor in the gravity of a disease?

A

The strength of the patient’s immune system

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7
Q

Why do we need buffers

A

To maintain a level of pH

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8
Q

What is serous exudate?

A

Water blister

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9
Q

What does FAS stand for?

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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10
Q

What do you call it whenComplement activation is caused by innate immunity?

A

alternate pathway

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11
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

The first WBC to arrive at a site of injury.

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12
Q

What primarily affects the nervous system, tissues that produces blood cells

A

Lead

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13
Q

What kind of pathogens arePseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium?

A

Opportunistic

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14
Q

What do we use to speed up the catabolism process?

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

What cells are part of adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

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16
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Immature cells that form in the blood

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17
Q

What do you call an acute airway obstruction caused by marked edema of the epiglottis and other supraglottic structures?

A

Epiglottitis

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18
Q

‘dysthesia’

A

no feeling

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19
Q

What isOrthopnoea?

A

Difficulty breathing while laying down

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20
Q

What level do Atoms interact to make compounds

A

Outer most orbit of the cloud

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21
Q

When does cancerous necrosis appear?

A

Tuberculosis

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22
Q

What is the process in which cells go to the harmed/ injured site?

A

Active migration

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23
Q

What are some examples ofpneumoconiosis?

A
  • CWP (coal workerspneumoconiosis)
  • Silicosis (inhalation of dust containing silica)
  • Asbestosis (Asymptomatic and doesn’t appear for years)
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24
Q

What does ‘xanthos’ mean?

A

yellow

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25
Q

What are people with chronic bronchitis called?

A

Blue bloaters

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26
Q

What is the name of the cow plathmentic prathedosis?

A

Tiniasaginata

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27
Q

What cells are infected by HIV?

A

T lymphocytes (helper cells)

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28
Q

What are the 4 infectious agents?

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungal
  • Parasite
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29
Q

What is Sarcoidosis?

A

Abnormal masses of consisting of inflamed tissue

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30
Q

How do pyrogens induce fever?

A
  • promote prostaglandin production- prostaglandins reset the hypothalamic temperature to a higher temp
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31
Q

What is the most basic definition of an ionic bond?

A

When one electron is donated

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32
Q

Name members of the granulocyte family..

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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33
Q

What does the parasite,Trypanosoma Cruzy, cause?

A

Chagas disease

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34
Q

If one tissue is lacking oxygen, what is that tissue called?

A

Hypoxic

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35
Q

What do you call ahigh-pitched sound caused by obstruction of the air passageway?

A

Stridor

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36
Q

What are the effects of serotonin and histamine?

A

They cause:- temporary, rapid constriction of the smooth muscles of large vessel walls- Dialation of postcapillary venules - Increased vascular permeability from retraction of epithelial cells

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37
Q

What is the tool used by complement to kill bacteria

A

Perforin

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38
Q

What does the parasite,Giardia Lamblia, cause?

A

Giardiasis (Beaver fever) - in the duodendum

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39
Q

What is the single most common reason for cellular damage?

A

Hypoxia, lack of proper oxygen

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40
Q

What is one example of ionic bond

A

Sodium chloride

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41
Q

What do you call asubstance that the body recognizes as foreign and that can evoke an immune response?

A

Antigen

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42
Q

What is the general shape of an antibody?

A

Y

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43
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

B cells and plasma cells

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44
Q

‘coprolaia’

A

talking bullshit

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45
Q

What is a hematoma

A

A collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space

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46
Q

What happens in apoptosis?

A

Necrosis of keratinocytes in which the nuclei of the necrotic cells dissolve and the cytoplasm shrinks, rounds up and is phagocytized by neighbouring healthy cells

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47
Q

What does the liver produce to help in the clotting system?

A

Prothrombin

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48
Q

What do you call aprotein produced by certain white blood cells (B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to an antigen

A

Antibody

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49
Q

When one epithelium is forced to change into another, what is the name of that change?

A

Metaplasia

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50
Q

DescribePseudomona

A

gram-negative rod

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51
Q

What do you call it when a cell loses its ability to change from one cell type to another/cellular differentiating

A

Anaplasia

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52
Q

What can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?

A

Aspirin and anti-inflammatories

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53
Q

What causes hypoxemia?

A

poor gas exchange

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54
Q

What doesEnterobius vermicularis or Oxyures (Pinworm) cause?

A

Enterobiasis (Deposit eggs on anal rim)

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55
Q

What is pathologic atrophy?

A

Occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation

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56
Q

What isCor Pulmonale?

A

enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of lung disease (aka, pulmonary heart disease)

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57
Q

What do you call long chains of sugar

A

Polysaccharides

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58
Q

What is Autolysis?

A

Self breakdown

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59
Q

What is the function of natural antioxidants?

A

To inactivate free radicals

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60
Q

What is the most common catabolic reaction during the digestive process?

A

Hydrolysis

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61
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of lead poisoning?

A 
high blood pressure
joint and muscle pain
headache
abdominal pain
memory & concentration
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62
Q

What is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?

A

The pressure, at the capillary level, in the lungs.

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63
Q

What is Anoxia?

A

Total lack of oxygen

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64
Q

What isErysipelas?

A

Skin infection of the deep epidermis

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65
Q

Where is the fungal infection called,Candidemia, most commonly contracted?

A

In hospitals - found in the bloodstream

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66
Q

What germ produces typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella

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67
Q

If one epithelium perforates, what is the name of that change?

A

Hyperplasia

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68
Q

What are Leukotrienes?

A

Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis [SRS-A] – acidic, sulfur-containing lipids that produce effects similar to those of histamine

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69
Q

What are the two types ofAtelectasis?

A
  • compression

* absorption

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70
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Changes in one or a few nucleotides

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71
Q

During sexual development, what is the name of that kind of change?

A

Hormonal hypertrophy

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72
Q

If a disease process rises the peripheral vascular resistance, what is the name of the results?

A

Secondary hypertension

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73
Q

What is the name of the limiting structure of a virus?

A

Capside

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74
Q

What isAtelectasis?

A

collapsed alveoli

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75
Q

What do you call a bacteria’s ability to strongly attack?

A

Virulence

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76
Q

What immune mechanism is inflammation part of?

A

innate immunity

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77
Q

What is a coup pattern?

A

contusion is underlying the area struck on the head

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78
Q

What isChylothorax?

A

Collection of milky, straw colored lymphatic liquid in pleural space

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79
Q

What kind of physical changes occur after one myocardium infarction?

A

Structural and functional

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80
Q

What does ‘erythoros’ mean?

A

Red

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81
Q

What is the name of the pleural effusion made of blood?

A

Hemothorax

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82
Q

If someone has an open pneumothorax of one lung, is that a critical injury?

A

no - because the person can still breathe with the other lung.

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83
Q

What iscryptogenic organizing pneumonia?

A

rare lung condition in which the bronchioles, alveoli and the walls of small bronchi become inflamed and plugged with connective tissue.

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84
Q

What is the name for a reduced blood supply

A

Ischemia

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85
Q

What is the name for an extreme laceration, often with a flap

A

Avulsion

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86
Q

what is the sinoquinone condition for bacteria to replicate?

A

Plasmatic iron

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87
Q

What is ‘Exudate’?

A

substances that defend the host against infection and facilitate tissue repair and healing

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88
Q

What is the classification of helminth?

A

Platyhelminths

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89
Q

What is atomic mass

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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90
Q

What are some reasons for someone to develop DVT?

A

Trauma
venous stasis
damage
too many free radicals

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91
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated or poly unsaturated?

A

Long chains of carbons have for valances of hydrogen – saturated, not filled with hydrogen is poly unsaturated

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92
Q

What do you callprotein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria?

A

Exotoxins

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93
Q

What does ‘neoplasm’ mean?

A

New growth

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94
Q

What is coagulative necrosis caused from?

A

hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury

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95
Q

What do you call asubstance that the body recognizes as foreign and that can evoke an immune response?

A

Antigen

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96
Q

What happens when the administered oxygen you are giving to a patient is an inspired oxygen of about 50% for 48 hours?

A

The patient will die because you are oxidizing the patient

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97
Q

Define flail chest

A

Consecutive multiple fractures of the ribs

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98
Q

A chemical injury begins with what?

A

A biochemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cell’s plasma membrane; leading to increased permeability

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99
Q

What family do you borillia and micro plasm come from?

A

Bacteria

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100
Q

If bacteria affecting your releases exotoxins, what happens?

A

Cellular immune system
Humoral immune system
We produce antitoxins

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101
Q

What germ produces tuberculosis?

A

microbacteria

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102
Q

What is bleb?

A

Blister filled with serous fluid (in lung)

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103
Q

What does resolution mean, as it relates to tissue?

A

tissue repair and regeneration

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104
Q

What isCompression Atelectasis?

A

collapsed alveoli due to external pressure (ex, tumor)

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105
Q

When a bleb ruptures, in lungs what is it called?

A

Pneumothorax

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106
Q

When is one element in it

A

When it is following the rule of octet

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107
Q

What are three types of reactions

A

Synthesis reaction
Decomposition reaction
Exchange reaction

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108
Q

What cells become infected in HIV?

A

helper T cells

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109
Q

What are the 2 triggers for hypertrophy?

A

Mechanical signals - Ex: expansion due to weightlifting.Trophic signals - growth factors, hormones and vasoactive agents (Ex, if you remove 1 kidney, the other would increase in size)

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110
Q

What are the 4 phases of tumor spread?

A
  • tranformation
  • growth
  • local invasion
  • distant metastasis
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111
Q

What does ‘penia’ mean?

A

lack of sufficient amount

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112
Q

What do you call it when cells change from one cell to another?

A

Metaplasia

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113
Q

What is adipocyte?

A

Fat cell

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114
Q

What does ‘In situ’ mean?

A

in that place/position

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115
Q

What is the name of the process of breaking down to make something different?

A

Lysis (Catabolism)

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116
Q

What is helminth?

A

parasite

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117
Q

What is caseous necrosis caused from?

A

Caused by tuberculosis pulmonary infection - The dead cells disintegrate but the debris is not completely digested by the hydrolases

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118
Q

How long does chronic inflammation last?

A

Longer than 2 weeks

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119
Q

What do you call it when cells increase in number

A

Hyperplasia

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120
Q

What do you call it when cells are marked for destruction by phagocytes?

A

Opsonization

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121
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Tumor

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122
Q

What do you call it when the HIV virus becomes active and begins to spread,destroying the helper Tcellsin the process?

A

lysogenic cycle

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123
Q

Which antibody is found at heightened levels in someone with asthma?

A

IgE

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124
Q

True or False: Acute alcoholism induces reversible gastric and hepatic changes?

A

TRUE

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125
Q

What are Interferons?

A

One of the body’s defenses against viral infection

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126
Q

What is Adipocerae?

A

a grayish waxy substance formed by the decomposition of soft tissue in dead bodies subjected to moisture

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127
Q

Give an example of physiologic atrophy

A

As a fetus grows in utero, the tail eventually disappears.

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128
Q

What is balano?

A

tip of penis

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129
Q

What is the definition of pneumoconiosis?

A

result of chronic inhalation of nanoparticulate

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130
Q

What is the clotting system?

A

aka - coagulationPlasma protein system that forms a fibrous meshwork at the inflamed site to trap exudates, microorganisms and foreign bodies

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131
Q

What does ‘plathos’ mean?

A

flat

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132
Q

True or False: Platelets do not have a nucleus?

A

TRUE

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133
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A

Skin infection involving inflammation of the connective tissue, and severe inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous layer of skin.

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134
Q

What is the structure of Prostaglandins?

A

Long chain unsaturated fatty acids

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135
Q

What is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?

A

Pathologic hyperplasia of the endometrium which causes excessive menstrual bleeding

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136
Q

What isDyspnea?

A

shortness of breath

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137
Q

What isCarcinoma in situ?

A

Preinvasive cancer of the epithelial or glandular tissue that hasn’t broken through the basement membrane or invaded surrounding area

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138
Q

What kind of cancer is most commonly a result of asbestos exposure?

A

mesothelioma

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139
Q

What are the possible outcomes of developing a lung abscess

A

Plural infusion; pyothorax; leaking of pus that goes to the lumen

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140
Q

What are phagocytes called in the nervous system?

A

microglia

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141
Q

What is prinzmental angina?

A

Coronary vasospasm

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142
Q

If someone has one abscess in one lung, where did that problem come from?

A

Bacterial pneumonia

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143
Q

What are 3 examples of Acute lung injury?

A
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • acute interstitial pneumonia
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144
Q

What are 3 types ofemphysema?

A
  • Centriacinaremphysema
  • Panacinaremphysema
  • Paraseptalemphysema
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145
Q

What is the name of community-acquired pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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146
Q

What would cause progressive fever, and worsening harshness of the voice, with increasing dyspnea (difficulty to breathe)?

A

diphtheria

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147
Q

How does a natural killer cell kill?

A

Lyses

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148
Q

What is an example of hormonal hyperplasia?

A

When breasts grow due to pregnancy

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149
Q

Where are lymphocytes made?

A
  • bone marrow- thymus- lymph nodes- spleen
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150
Q

What is Löffler’ssyndrome?

A

larvae in the lungs from parasite

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151
Q

What are the 3 factors of thevirchow triad?

A
  • stasis (stability)
  • vessel wall injury
  • hypercoagulability
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152
Q

What isAngiogenesis?

A

formation of new blood vessels

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153
Q

What do you do to resynthesized a molecule that has been broken apart using hydrolases?

A

DeHydro synthesis

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154
Q

What isAbsorption Atelectasis?

A

collapsed alveoli - caused by continued absorption of remaining O2 in alveoli while the bronchi is blocked

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155
Q

What is the name of bacteria that develops into colonies that look like Indian rows?

A

Streptococcus

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156
Q

Name the bacteria, when taken from cultureand placed under the microscope, look like coffee seeds?

A
  • Diplococcis
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157
Q

What is vomica?

A

coughing up the contents of a perforated abscess

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158
Q

What isParoxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

A

Sudden difficulty breathing at night

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159
Q

Why is sudden hypoxia worse than gradual hypoxia?

A

Gradual allows for adaptation

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160
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis?

A

A group of vaginal diseases caused by an imbalance of natural bacterial flora.

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161
Q

Where oxures lay their eggs?

A

Anal rim

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162
Q

What is bacterial pneumonia?

A

infection of the lungs

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163
Q

What is an Epidural Hematoma?

A

blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura

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164
Q

What is one example of nontraditional risk of pulmonary artery disease

A

Chronic infection

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165
Q

What is the name of the negative poll?

A

Ano, catho

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166
Q

Definition of compound

A

Combination of two or more atoms that are different

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167
Q

What isDysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing

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168
Q

How does hypercapnic respiratory failure happen?

A

Inadequate ventilation

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169
Q

What is the name of the acute infection of the lower respiratory tract with parenchyma and bronchus?

A

pneumonia

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170
Q

What happens when a muscle increases its workload?

A

Hypertrophy

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171
Q

What is the general name of infectious organisms?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi

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172
Q

What are mast cells?

A

They activate the inflammation response through degranulation and synthesis

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173
Q

What is the result of collapse bronchi?

A

They do not collapse

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174
Q

What is radiation pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lungs from radiation therapy of the chest

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175
Q

What does Metastasis mean?

A

Spreading / traveling

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176
Q

What is converted into t cells in the thymus?

A

Lymphocytes

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177
Q

What is pathologic hyperplasia?

A

Abnormally fast increase of normal cells.

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178
Q

What is the name of a malignancy of the peritoneum?

A

Mesothelioma

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179
Q

True or False: Ischemia is the most common cause of hypoxia?

A

TRUE

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180
Q

The parasite,Plasmodium spp. (Hematic), can cause what?

A

malaria

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181
Q

Where do mast cells come from?

A

bone marrow

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182
Q

What is another name for a scrape

A

Abrasion

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183
Q

What istuberculosis?

A

An infection that can destroy the lung tissue

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184
Q

What condition ischaracterized by exudativepharyngitis, fever, and bright-red exanthema?

A

Scarlette fever

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185
Q

What is the body’s third line of defense?

A

adaptive immunity

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186
Q

What are 3 types of hyperplasia?

A

compensatoryhormonalpathologic

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187
Q

What is Hypoxemia?

A

Low oxygen in the blood

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188
Q

What substances produce pain?

A

Kinase and prostaglandins

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189
Q

What isHyperpnoea?

A
  • increased respiratory rate

* abnormal breathing pattern

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190
Q

What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?

A

If you remove part of the liver, more liver cells will regenerate

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191
Q

What is the replacement of 1 mature cell type by another less mature cell type?

A

Metaplasia

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192
Q

From the hydrogen point of you, what are acids

A

Hydrogen ion donor’s

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193
Q

what are phagocytes called in the liver?

A

kupffer

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194
Q

What is another name for ASA?

A

Aspirin

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195
Q

What is more dangerous, sudden or progressive hypoxia

A

Sudden, because your body does not have time to adapt

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196
Q

What do pyrogens released from damaged tissue, or introduced into the body trigger?

A

fever

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197
Q

What is the rule for something to be organic or inorganic

A

Organic is carbon to carbon, or carbon to hydrogen

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198
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Reduced white blood cells

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199
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Cancer of the lymphatic tissue

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200
Q

What is the average amount of water in a human body?

A

55%

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201
Q

Why is the hydrogen Atom so reactive

A

It is seeking

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202
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

What one mature cell is replaced by a less mature cell

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203
Q

What doesIdiopathic mean?

A

No known cause

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204
Q

What are the six types of necrosis

A 
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous
 - Dry gangrene
 - Wet gangrene
 - gas gangrene
Apoptosis
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205
Q

What is the name of the biochemical and cellular changes that occur in an attacked tissue?

A

Inflammation

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206
Q

What is the name for the breaking of blood vessels

A

Contusion

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207
Q

What is the name for total lack of O2

A

Anoxia

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208
Q

What isHemothorax?

A

Blood in pleural space

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209
Q

How does carbon monoxide affect the body?

A

Binds to hemoglobin and takes the place of the oxygen moleculeDirectly interfere with cellular respiration

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210
Q

What isleukemia?

A

Cancer of the blood-forming cells

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211
Q

How do mast cells work?

A

They move through the bloodstream and mature in tissue.

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212
Q

What isDiffuse alveolar damage (DAD)?

A

Injury to the gas exchange surfaces

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213
Q

What is an abscess of the lung?

A

A condition caused after pulmonary disease/injury

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214
Q

What isEmpyema?

A

Infected pleural effusion; pus

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215
Q

What does a Eosinophile chemotactic factor do?

A

attracts eosinophils to the inflamed site

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216
Q

‘stetho’

A

chest

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217
Q

What isOdynophagia?

A

Painful swallowing

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218
Q

What factor favors disassociation of oxygen?

A
  • Increased temperature
  • reduce pH
  • presence of a fetus
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219
Q

What binds to hemoglobin and takes the place of the oxygen molecule

A

Carbon monoxide

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220
Q

DefineFlail chest

A

Floating piece of chest wall due to multiple consecutive rib double fractures

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221
Q

What is a counter coup?

A

cerebral contusion is seen in the area opposite the location of the injury

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222
Q

What is an element made of?

A

same atoms

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223
Q

What would be the purpose of the mutation of tumor-suppressor genes?

A

allows unregulated cellular growth (aka, cancer)

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224
Q

How can acute alcoholism affect the body?

A

Can cause reversible changes to the stomach:- inflammation- deposit fat- liver enlargement- interruption of microtubular transport of proteins and their secretion- increased intracellular water- depression of fatty acid oxidation in the mitochondria- increased reactive oxygen species and acute liver cell necrosis

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225
Q

What has decreased the incidence rate of Epiglottitis?

A

HIB vaccine

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226
Q

How do you know, during an asthmatic crisis, that respiratory failure is imminent?

A

When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is continuously rising

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227
Q

When B cells differentiate, what types of cells do they clone?

A

plasmic cells and memory cells

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228
Q

What are 3 Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation?

A

1) Fever – beneficial to kill bacteria2) Increase in circulating WBC’s3) Increase in circulating plasma proteins

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229
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

atypical cells - Often encountered in epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract and often are found adjacent to cancerous cells

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230
Q

What does ‘plathominth’ mean?

A

flat worm

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231
Q

What happens if the number of electrons in the shell is less than that of the number of protons?

A

Unstable

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232
Q

‘cephalea’

A

headache

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233
Q

What does rubor mean?

A

redness

234
Q

True or False: Someone who has pulmonary fibrosis that leads to chronic hypoxia has a good prognosis.

A

False

235
Q

What is an isotope?

A

When two molecules of the same Atom have different number of neutrons

236
Q

What is an atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atoms nucleus

237
Q

True or False: Elevate pulmonary capillary wedge pressure can cause lung edema?

A

true

238
Q

What do you call germs living with us?

A

Normal flora

239
Q

If someone has a thoracic wound that allows the air to get in during inhalation, and out during exhalation, what is the name of that condition?

A

open pneumothorax

240
Q

What does necrosis mean

A

Cell death

241
Q

What cells counteract the action of mastocytes?

A

Eosinophils

242
Q

What is the name of the bacteria‘s ability to strongly attack?

A

Virulence

243
Q

What process do both Neutrophil chemotactic factor and Eosinophile chemotactic factor carry out?

A

Phagocytosis

244
Q

Define a chemical bond

A

Attractions between atoms

245
Q

What is the meaning of the word bursa?

A

Sac, or bag

246
Q

What isPleural effusion?

A

Pleural abnormality that leads to fluid collection in between them

247
Q

Which of the antibody classes are first initiated?

A

IgM

248
Q

Give examples of gases that block the production of energy

A
  • carbon monoxide
  • hydrogen cyanide
  • Hydrogen sulfide
249
Q

What causes no water to get to the lungs during dry drowning?

A

vagal nerve mediated laryngospasms

250
Q

What are tumor markers used for?

A
  • Screen to identify people at high risk for cancer
  • diagnose specific types of tumors
  • observe course of cancer
251
Q

‘scopos’

A

observe

252
Q

What is physiologic atrophy?

A

When the shrinking of the cell is a natural part of our growth / evolution.

253
Q

True or False: Chronic alcoholism causes structural alterations in all organs and tissues in the body, especially the liver and stomach?

A

TRUE

254
Q

What kind of parasites are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

255
Q

what does tumor mean?

A

swelling

256
Q

Where do mast cells release granular contents?

A

Into the extracellular matrix

257
Q

What does ‘nemaminth’ mean?

A

round worm

258
Q

If someone tells you hypertension is classified as essential and idiopathic?

A

False; because essential and idiopathic are synonyms

259
Q

How many electrons are in an Atom?

A

Same number of protons

260
Q

What are 2 examples of physiological exposures that do not produce an inflammatory response?

A

Eating and drinking

261
Q

What isHyperventilation?

A

Increased respiratory rate. Causing decreased CO2 (Hypocapnia)

262
Q

What are the characteristics of a ruboron tumor?

A

Swelling and redness

263
Q

What happens if one bacteria attacks or passes our defense system

A

Sepsis

264
Q

Which of the antibody classes are initiated second?

A

IgG

265
Q

What isOrgan tropism?

A

It is when certain cancers have a preference for certain organs

266
Q

How many electrons in hydrogen?

A

1

267
Q

What kind of pneumothorax is developed with Bullae?

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

268
Q

What are some characteristics of Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)?

A
  • rare disorder that affects the tissue that surrounds and separates the alveoli.
  • cough
  • shortness of breath
  • clubbing of finger tips
269
Q

How does wet gangrene affect the body?

A

Develops when neutrophils invade the site causing liquefactive necrosis

270
Q

Kinds of injurious stimuli?

A

~Chemical agents, hypoxia, free radicals, infectious agents~Physical factors, mechanical factors, immunologic reactions, genetic factors, nutritional imbalances

271
Q

What is the name of the pleural effusion made of blood and air?

A

hemopneumothorax

272
Q

WhatViral infection causes necrosis of the bronchial epithelium and ciliated cells?

A

Bronchiolitis

273
Q

What is the definition of a flail chest?

A

a floating piece of the chest, resulting from a double consecutive rib fractures

274
Q

When an atom is inert…

A

The outer shell is full (8)

275
Q

True or False: Prostaglandins are created by the mast cells

A

TRUE

276
Q

What is the most abundant substance in a cell?

A

water

277
Q

How do you characterizeCystic Fibrosis?

A

over production of mucous

278
Q

What isBronchiolitis?

A

Inflammatory obstruction of small airways (common in children)

279
Q

What areTelomeres?

A

Protective caps on the end of each chromosome.

280
Q

Which class of antibodies is the major class in themucous membranes, in saliva and tears (also found in plasma)?

A

IgA

281
Q

What is aPlathelminths?

A

Parasitic worm

282
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Blood clot or other plug in the circulation

283
Q

What is the morphologic difference between bacillus and bacteria?

A

Blacillus are rods, coccis are hairy balls

284
Q

What do you call it when bacteria can grow inside some cells?

A

Intracellular growth

285
Q

Where do antibodies come from?

A

Activated B cells

286
Q

What does ‘edema’ mean?

A

swelling

287
Q

What happens if a bacteria gets passed ourdefense systems?

A

We get sepsis

288
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes

289
Q

What do you calliron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron?

A

Siderophores

290
Q

What is the difference between a compound and a molecule?

A

Compound is a mixture of different molecules, molecule is a mixture of different atoms

291
Q

What isHypoxia?

A

Decreased O2 in tissue

292
Q

Name two kinds of myocardium infarction

A

Subendocardium

Transmural

293
Q

When are chemotactic factors released?

A

during mast cell degranulation

294
Q

What do you call a wreck or a tear of the skin

A

Laceration

295
Q

What isSpontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Sudden onset of a collapsed lung

296
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

Reduced blood supply

297
Q

What areMola hydatiphormis?

A

“green grapes” embryo turns into

298
Q

What is bilivirdin?

A

Green bile

299
Q

What is the backbone of triglycerides?

A

Glycerol

300
Q

What do you call “programmed” cell death?

A

Apoptosis

301
Q

What is fat necrosis caused from?

A

caused by powerful enzymes called lypases which break down triglycerides releasing fatty acids which combine with calcium, mg, and Na ions

302
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Malignant tumors that haven’t passed the base membrane

303
Q

How do you create electrolytes?

A

Dissolve acid or alkali

304
Q

True or False: Radiation creates inflammation

A

TRUE

305
Q

What cell produces surfactant?

A

Type II

306
Q

How does coagulative necrosis happen

A

Results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia

307
Q

Can spontaneous pneumothorax happen?

A

Yes

308
Q

If an infection of the pleura finally healed after many treatments but healed leaving fibrosis in the pleura (scar tissue), what is the name of the condition?

A

Pakipleuritis

309
Q

What is Liquefactive necrosis caused from?

A

From ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain

310
Q

What is the morphologic difference between blacillas and bacteria?

A

Bacillas are rods, coccis are hairy balls

311
Q

What does prenatal alcohol exposure

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

312
Q

What indicates chronicbronchitis?

A

Cough on most days, for 3 consecutive months, for 2 consecutive years

313
Q

What is the oxygen disassociation curve for?

A

ability for hemoglobin to release oxygen into the cells

314
Q

What is the body’s third line of defense?

A

lymphocytes

315
Q

What kind ofpleural effusion is caused by cardiac failure?

A

Transudate

316
Q

What kind of people are born with blebs?

A

Leptosomatic individuals; these individuals look like malnourished basketball players

317
Q

Neisseria meningitides, Salmonella, some strains of E.coli, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomona Aeruginosa are examples of what?

A

Bacterial infections

318
Q

what tool is used by the complement system to kill bacteria?

A

Perforin

319
Q

What represents gold?

A

AU

320
Q

What is the process called in which platelets release serotonin?

A

Degranulation

321
Q

What is the primary purpose of debridement?

A

to clean up the lesion

322
Q

What is the sinequanon condition for protein to be active?

A

Proper folding

323
Q

What is the difference between one protozol and one helminth?

A

Unicellular vs Multicellular

324
Q

What isAscaris Lumbricoides?

A

Worm butt pic

325
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

326
Q

What activates polymerization of prothombin, to thrombin?

A

Seratonin

327
Q

In clinical acidosis, what is the lowest acceptable pHlevel?

A

7.25

328
Q

What are keloids?

A

Dysfunctional collagen formation causing excessive collagen production

329
Q

When is an atom chemically inert

A

Atom has four pairs of electrons,

330
Q

What is acute interstitial pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the walls of the alveoli

331
Q

What is hypersensitivity pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lungs from inhalation of dust, fungus, molds, or chemicals

332
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

mature cells in the tissues

333
Q

What are the 2 kinds of gangrenous necrosis called?

A

Dry and wet

334
Q

What does the parasite,Trypanosoma brucei (Hematic), cause?

A

African sleeping sickness

335
Q

What are the most important elements in the body?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

336
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When a person’s own internal defenses protect them.

337
Q

What triggers the T cell to divide repeatedly when activated?

A

When an antigen binds to its receptors

338
Q

What substance can produce alterations and liver damage?

A

Alcohol

339
Q

What is the difference between effector T cells and memory T cells?

A

Effector T cells go to the site of origin and attack. The memory T cells remain in bone marrow until needed later to produce more effector T cells.

340
Q

What do you call it when cells become atypical

A

Dysplasia

341
Q

Why can you not have an infraction and heart valves

A

Because it is connective tissue

342
Q

True or False: Decreased plasma oncotic pressure could produce lung edema.

A

True

343
Q

Why do people with septic shock develop hypertension

A

Widespread inflammationhorrific vasodilationbody full of histamine

344
Q

What enzymes are responsible for the dissolution of scabs?

A

fibrinolytic enzymes

345
Q

What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate has been there from birth. Adaptive is built from exposure

346
Q

What isChorio epthelioma?

A

An aggressive cancer formed by an embryo

347
Q

What are the 5 Tumor cell markers (biologic markers)

A
  • hormones
  • enzymes
  • genes
  • antigens
  • antibodies
348
Q

What is the function of the Prostaglandins?

A

They cause increased vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis and induce pain

349
Q

True or false: An allergic phenomenon that increases the pulmonary vascular permeability could produce lung edema.

A

True

350
Q

What ispneumoconiosis?

A

A disease of the lungs from inhalation of dust

351
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down fat

A

Lipase

352
Q

What happens with the respiratory epithelium with people that have chronic bronchitis?

A

Hyperplasia of goblet cells… Called blue bloater’s

353
Q

What does systemic mean?

A

whole body

354
Q

‘vermiform’

A

worm shaped

355
Q

When are naive b cells activated?

A

When they bind to a specificantigen, and then produce memory cells

356
Q

What are the functions of exudate?

A

1) Dilute toxins produced by bacteria and dying cells2) To carry plasma proteins and leukocytes to the site3) To carry away bacterial toxins, dead cells, debris and other products of inflammation

357
Q

What is the enzyme missing in patients with primary emphysema?

A

Alpha 1 antitripsomine

358
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in the number of cells

359
Q

What do you call lymphocytes that kill tumors and cells infected by viruses?

A

natural killer cells

360
Q

Why do you contusions break the skin

A

They don’t!

361
Q

Where does bacteria mostly multiply?

A

Tissue fluids

362
Q

What isExudative effusion?

A

Increased WBC and protein concentration, in fluid collection between Pleuras.

363
Q

What is the most frequent cause of pyothorax?

A

drainage from an abscess caused by pneumonia

364
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Biochemical and cellular process that occurs in vascularized tissues

365
Q

What is the most frequent of all kinds of hypertension?

A

Idiopathic

366
Q

What areChlamidophila, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia?

A

Intracellular parasites

367
Q

What isHemoptysis?

A

Bloody sputum with coughing

368
Q

What do mast cells release?

A
  • histamine- Neutrophil chemotactic factor- Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
369
Q

What characterizes allergic phenomena?

A

Presence of IgE - immunoglobulin E

370
Q

What isImpetigo?

A

It is a contagious skin infection (hand, foot, and mouth disease)

371
Q

What does ‘verdin’ mean?

A

green

372
Q

What isClubbing?

A

Enlargement of fingernails, with dome-like shape

373
Q

What are signs of inflammation?

A

Redness (rubor)Swelling (tumor)Heat (calor)Pain (dolor)Loss of function (functio laesa)

374
Q

What isCheyne-stokes respirations?

A

Irregular breathing with long pauses

375
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

a family of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes; synthesized by mast cells

376
Q

What are some characteristics ofIdiopathicpulmonary fibrosis(IPF)?

A
  • scarring of the lungs (fibrosis)
  • eventual decrease in O2
  • “clubbing” of finger nails
377
Q

When someone is submitted to chronic low grade hypoxia, what happens to that person

A

Adaptation

378
Q

What 4 WBCs are involved when an injury occurs involving inflammation?

A

Neutrophilsmonocytes macrophages Eosinophils - with basophils and platelets

379
Q

What part of the lungs doesStreptococcus pneumoniae affect?

A

the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals and is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial infection in children

380
Q

Why Would a tumor secrete angiogenic factors (VEGF)?

A

Because the tumor would require blood supply once it reaches a certain size

381
Q

What is aMycotic infection?

A

fungal

382
Q

What is bacterial gastroenteritis?

A

caused by pathogenic enteric bacteria

383
Q

what does donor mean?

A

pain

384
Q

Why does bronchiolitis lead to alterations of the VQ?

A

It changes the ability to ventilate, the flow will also reduce. Arteries and capillaries contract, and then the long pressure is high and could cause right sided heart failure.

385
Q

What type of tumors are:•Lipoma•Glioma•Leiomyoma•Chondroma

A

Benign

386
Q

What are the 4 categories of Asphyxiation?

A

1) Suffocation2) Strangulation3) Chemical4) Drowning

387
Q

What area of the body does Lead primarily affect?

A

nervous system, tissues that produce blood cells and the kidneys

388
Q

What is an example ofHost-mediated Pathogenesis?

A

tuberculosis

389
Q

Name the bacteria, when taken from culture, and placed under the microscope, they look like coffee seeds

A

Diplococcus

390
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

lack of oxygen

391
Q

What is asthma?

A

chronic inflammation of the airways

392
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A gene that can transform a cell into a tumor

393
Q

How long does it take for inflammation to heal?

A

4 days

394
Q

What are the components of an antibody?

A
  • light chain of polypeptides- heavy chain of polypeptides- carbohydrate chain- antigen-binding site- complement binding sites
395
Q

Where is serotonin in the body?

A

GI tract, brain, platelets

396
Q

What is petechiae?

A

tiny purple, red, or brown spots on the skin

397
Q

True or False: Prostaglandins increase permeability?

A

TRUE

398
Q

What are 4 examples of obstructive pulmonary disease?

A
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Bronchiectasis
399
Q

What do you call a collection of blood between the inner surface of the Dura matter and the surface of the brain

A

Sub dural hematoma

400
Q

Creating something that didn’t exist is called what

A

Synthesize

401
Q

What is the name when air enters and leaves the thorax

A

Open pneumothorax

402
Q

What are people with lung emphysema called?

A

pink puffers

403
Q

What is Fibrin?

A

The meshwork of the clotting system

404
Q

What is the rate plasma cells produce antibodies?

A

2000 molecules per second - for 4 to 5 days

405
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

When there is the permanent enlargement of bronchi and bronchioles

406
Q

How are the fungal infectionsCoccidioidomycosis andHistoplasmosis most commonly contracted?

A

Through contact with soil and other parts of the natural environment.

407
Q

If a baby lacks surfactant factor what is the name of the condition?

A

Hyaline membrane disease

408
Q

What is an isotope

A

When an element contains a different number of neutrons

409
Q

What is the factors that characterizes all chronic obstructive respiratory diseases?

A

dyspnea and wheezes

410
Q

How does gangrene affect the body?

A

Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury commonly occurring because of atherosclerosis or blockage of major arteries

411
Q

If someone is referred to as a “pink puffer”, what condition do they have?

A

Emphysema

412
Q

What is the name of things charged with negative charge

A

Anions

413
Q

When breasts grow during puberty, what is the kind of change called

A

Hormonal hypertrophy

414
Q

What happens with an asphyxial injury

A

Partial loss of oxygen

415
Q

What kind of molecule is water

A

Polar, because charges on opposite ends (allows water to be solvent)

416
Q

What isBronchiolitis Obliterans?

A

Late-stage fibrotic disease of small airways

* stiff lungs that don’t move well or don’t recoil

417
Q

What conditions does Bronchiatastis happen most frequently?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

418
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of thelungs

419
Q

If someone is receiving treatment for intrapleural infection but it isn’t working and the space between the pleura is full of puss, what is the name of the condition?

A

Impiana (pyothorax)

420
Q

What dolarvae in the lungs activate that causes an asthmatic crisis?

A

Lung mastocytes

421
Q

What is the Sinequan and condition of bacteria taking over the body?

A

Iron

422
Q

What does the complement system have to do to attack?

A

Activate via polymerization

423
Q

What happens during a chemical injury?

A

A biochemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cell’s plasma membrane. It leads to increased permeability

424
Q

What do you call atrophy that happens on a monthly basis?

A

Physiologic atrophy

425
Q

Why does a bruise have different colors

A

The changing colors are due to changes of progression of tissue damage and healing

426
Q

Why is bradypsychia a risk factor?

A

It’s not a risk

427
Q

What does something need to be organic?

A

Carbon to carbon and carbon to hydrogen

428
Q

What do you call Atoms of two or more elements join to form chemical combinations?

A

Compound

429
Q

What happens if the bacteria affecting you release exotoxins?

A
  • Cellular immune system
  • Humoral immune system
  • We produce antitoxins
430
Q

What isparenchyma in the lungs?

A

The portion of the lung involved in gas exchange

  • Alveoli
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Bronchioles
431
Q

What characterizes one element

A

The number of electrons

432
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

When a baby doesn’t make enough surfactant (Hyaline Membrane Disease)

433
Q

What is the function of the suppressor T cells?

A

Suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance

434
Q

What stimulates mast cell degranulation?

A

NAME?

435
Q

Why can dead cells lead to acute inflammation?

A

Because the cells are full of digestive enzymes

436
Q

What is the average Oxygen saturation in blood?

A

95% - 100%

437
Q

What isRhabdomyosarcomas?

A

cancer formed in the skeletal muscles

438
Q

What does the parasite,Toxoplasma gondii, cause?

A

Toxoplasmosis

439
Q

What basic element characterizes proteins?

A

Nitrogen

440
Q

What aresarcomas?

A

Malignant connective tissue

441
Q

Which antibody class does the blood contain a small amount of, but the function is unknown?

A

IgD

442
Q

What kind of vascular effect is triggered in the lungs when there is hypoxia?

A

vasospasm

443
Q

What is bacterial meningitis?

A

bacterial inflammation of the meninges, which are, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

444
Q

What is the definition of pH?

A

Hydrogen ion concentration

445
Q

what does calor mean?

A

heat

446
Q

What does ‘nema’ mean?

A

round

447
Q

What does it mean if stem cells are pluripotent?

A

They have the ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types

448
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

The transfer of balance electrons between atoms

449
Q

What are the hallmarks of inflammation?

A

Redness (rubor)Swelling (tumor)Heat (calor)Pain (dolor) Loss of function (functio laesa)

450
Q

What is a Subdural Hematoma?

A

blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain

451
Q

What does ‘chromos’ mean?

A

color

452
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Malignant epithelial tissue

453
Q

What does ‘Virulence’ mean?

A

The severity of disease or poison

454
Q

What kind of bond is formed when electrons are unequally shared

A

Hydrogen bond

455
Q

What are phagocytes called in connective tissue?

A

histiocytes

456
Q

What isHypoxemia?

A

Decreased O2 in blood

457
Q

What happens when the complement system is activated?

A

kills foreign cells by puncturing them – water then enters the organisms, causing them to burst or prevent reproduction.If invaded by bacteria, bacteria gets into blood, we do not get sepsis because we are able to remove them, those bacteria produce toxinsThese toxins activate catalyzation of these 10 proteins, which activate, polymerize into a long chain

458
Q

What doesexophytic mean?

A

Grows to the outside

459
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

scar tissue built up into the lungs

460
Q

What effects do endotoxins have on the body?

A
  • cause fever
  • changes in blood pressure
  • inflammation
  • lethal shock
  • and other toxic events
461
Q

What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?

A

Malignant is cancerous, benign isn’t

462
Q

What is the complement system made up of?

A

10 proteins dissolved in plasma

463
Q

When bacteria is trying to survive from our tax, how do they defend themselves from their attacks?

A

They cover themselves with proteoglycans

464
Q

What is the worst scenario in asthma?

A

status asthmaticis

465
Q

What does ‘orthostatic’ mean?

A

correct position

466
Q

What is the name of the infections of the terminal bronchi that may alter the VQ?

A

Bronchiolitis

467
Q

When bacteria is trying to survive from our attacks, how do they defend themselves from their attacks?

A

cover themselves with proteoglycans

468
Q

what does functio laesa mean?

A

loss of function

469
Q

What is an

A

A substance that cannot be broken anymore

Simplest form of matter

470
Q

What are different possibilities that can happen to the valves of the heart

A
  • prolapses
  • stenosis
  • Ruptures of the Cortondentina
  • Fibrosis
471
Q

What isatelectasis?

A

collapse of alveoli

472
Q

What does a Neutrophil chemotactic factor do?

A

attracts neutrophils to the site of inflammation

473
Q

What does ‘melano’ mean?

A

black

474
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Permanent inflation of the alveolars, causing destruction of the walls

475
Q

Where are viruses replicated in the body?

A

Inside the cells

476
Q

Do you think in one myocardium infarction, all the cells die?

A

No

477
Q

What is the name of hospital-acquired pneumonia?

A

Nosocomial pneumonia

478
Q

What happens with inflammation?

A

The tissue surrounding the injury is flooded with plasma and blood cells

479
Q

What is the solution forAcute respiratory failure?

A

Put on ventilator; can’t breathe independently

480
Q

When is an atom chemically active

A

When the atom isn’t full

481
Q

What represents silver?

A

AG

482
Q

What causesTuberculosis?

A

mycobacterium

483
Q

What isAutopoiesis?

A

Self maintaining

484
Q

Which antibody class is released in small amounts, butproduces harmful effects such as allergies?

A

IgE

485
Q

What do platelets release?

A

Serotonin

486
Q

What is the most common germ producing community-acquired pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumonia

487
Q

What isthrombosis?

A

Formation of a bloodclot

488
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The directional movement of cells along a chemical gradient formed by a chemotactic factor

489
Q

What is the possible outcome after one prolonged Pyro thorax, When it is treated or controlled?

A

Pakidoritis

490
Q

Can one acute respiratory distress syndrome leade to lung edema?

A

yes

491
Q

What kind of tumor is a hepatoma?

A

Malignant tumor of the liver

492
Q

What kind of problem happens when a baby is shaking too hard

A

Sub dural hematoma

493
Q

‘pedalic’

A

feet first

494
Q

True or False: We need CO2 in our bodies to regulate pH balance?

A

TRUE

495
Q

What is the meaning of the word electrolyte?

A

Stones for electricity

496
Q

What produces the acute pulmonary injury that leads to inflammation of the alveoli capillary membrane and causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

ARDS - Acute respiratory distress syndrome

497
Q

What is a malignant hypertension

A

High blood pressure, pressure around 180

498
Q

When does inflammation become chronic?

A

When it takes longer than 2 weeks to heal

499
Q

‘coprology’

A

study of poop

500
Q

How do you define matter?

A

Anything that has mass and volume

501
Q

What is compensatory hyperplasia?

A

Adaptive, it allows certain organs to regenerate to compensate

502
Q

What are the chemicals used in innate immunity?

A
  • complement- interferon
503
Q

What is the body’s second line of defense?

A

Innate immunity(non-specific)

504
Q

What are the three kinds of hyperplasia?

A

Compensatory, hormonal, pathologic

505
Q

What are the primary cells of adaptive immunity?

A
  • T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)
506
Q

What chemicals are released to trigger innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

cytokines(eg, interferon, leukotrienes)

507
Q

What is the name of bacteria that develops into colonies that look like Indian rose?

A

Streptococcus

508
Q

What is an example of a virus that can turn into cancer?

A

HPV

509
Q

What is the name of the condition when air can go into the lung through a wound, but cannot go out?

A

tension pneumothorax

510
Q

How do you notice the hypertrophy of the muscle?

A

It will increase in size

511
Q

What isTransudative effusion?

A

Watery fluid collection in pleura

512
Q

What are the4 Phases of asthma?

A
  • Mild intermittent asthma,
  • Mild persistent asthma,
  • Moderate persistent asthma,
  • Severe persistent asthma.
513
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cellular death

514
Q

What isCyanosis?

A
  • bluish skin from decreased O2
515
Q

What are the biochemical agents contained in mucous membranes that can destroy cell walls and cause cell lysis?

A

Lysozyme

516
Q

What are anti-oncogenes?

A

A gene that regulates a cell during cell division.

517
Q

What isHypoventilation?

A

Decreased respiratory rate, increasing C02 levels

518
Q

What is the most frequent trigger of chronic bronchitis

A

Smoking

519
Q

What does autolysis mean

A

Self break down

520
Q

What is the main difference between Neutrophils and Macrophages?

A

Neutrophils arrive on scene first, but macrophages stay longer

521
Q

‘parasthysia’

A

distorted feeling

522
Q

What isChromosome amplification?

A

Duplication of a small piece of chromosome over and over

523
Q

What cells are antigen-presenting cells?

A
  • neutrophils- macrophages- dendritic
524
Q

Where are B cells activated?

A

Spleenlymph nodes

525
Q

How is a cell ruptured from the complement system?

A

cytolysis

526
Q

What isPulmonary edema?

A

Excess fluid/water in interstitial tissues of the lung

527
Q

Chondroitin Sulfate, heparin, hyaluronic acid are what?

A

Proteoglycans

528
Q

What is the function of the helper T cells?

A

regulate the function of B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes

529
Q

What are the three subatomic particles that make up the nuclei of an atom?

A

Proton, neutron, bosons

530
Q

From the molecular point of you, how are proteins classified?

A

Macromolecules

531
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cytoplasmic fragments

532
Q

What is the end product of catabolism?

A

Energy, carbon dioxide, water

533
Q

What is the function of the neutrophil?

A

It ingests bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris. Then it dies, and are removed as puss epithelium or lymphatic system (Phagocytosis)

534
Q

What isAdenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant tumor of a gland

535
Q

What substances work the same as histamine?

A

Leukotrienes

536
Q

Which antibody class makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood?

A

IgG

537
Q

What is atrophy?

A

When cells decrease in size

538
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

When pairs of electrons are shared between Atoms

539
Q

What is the biggest advantage of water being bipolar?

A

It can dissolve things

540
Q

What are 3 major categories of exotoxins?

A
  • cytotoxins
  • neurotoxins
  • enterotoxins
541
Q

What are the 2 main leukocytes that carry out the inflammatory process?

A

1) Granulocytes2) Monocytes/macrophages

542
Q

A cellular injury is when…

A

Cells cannot maintain homeostasis; most diseases begin here

543
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

A temporary source of defense that comes from another individual who has developed an immunity.

544
Q

How do you define a stable atom

A

The number of electrons equals the number of protons

545
Q

What is the normal pH for humans?

A

7.35

546
Q

What does ‘cyanos’ mean?

A

blue

547
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic asthma?

A

extrinsic is caused by particles

548
Q

What is˜Chromosome translocation?

A

When a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another

549
Q

What isHypercapnia?

A

Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2)

550
Q

What is cellular adaptation?

A

When cells adapt to their environment to escape and protect themselves from injury.

551
Q

What is an excoriation?

A

Losing a layer of skin… Like a road rash

552
Q

Why is pulmonary fibrosis bad?

A

Because it affects the alveoli and causes fibrosis of the alveolar-capillary membrane.And fibrosis of the interstitial tissue of the lungs

553
Q

Name 5 signs/symptoms of asthma

A
  • wheezing
  • breathlessness
  • chest tightness
  • cough
554
Q

What isVirchow triad?

A

describes the three categories of factors thatcontribute to thrombosis

555
Q

What do you call sugars that have short chains?

A

Monosaccharide

556
Q

How do you define the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid by layer – heads of the phospholipids are phosphorus, tales are lipids

557
Q

What do you call aprotein produced by certain white blood cells (B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to an antigen?

A

Antibodies

558
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High levels of carbon dioxide

559
Q

How many kinds of asthma are there?

A

2 - intrinsic and extrinsic

560
Q

What is an embolus

A

Blood clot

561
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Irreversible dysplasia

562
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

produce antibodies

563
Q

What are 4 examples of restrictive pulmonary disease?

A
  • Fibrosing
  • Granulomatous
  • Eosinophilic
  • Smoking related
564
Q

How does a chemical injury affect the plasma

A

Increases permeability

565
Q

What is the weakest of bonds

A

Hydrogen

566
Q

What is the name of the pleural effusion made of lymphatic fluid?

A

chylothorax

567
Q

What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number?

A

The atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons, whereas, the atomic number is the number of protons.

568
Q

‘cacophany’

A

confusion

569
Q

What injury begins with a bio chemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cells plasma membrane?

A

Chemical injury

570
Q

What do you call is when tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins?

A

Host-mediated Pathogenesis

571
Q

What is an avulsion?

A

An extreme laceration

572
Q

Difference between one protosol and one helminth

A

Unicellular vs multicellular

573
Q

When is one isotope radioactive?

A

By nature: when it doesn’t have nuclear stability

By creation: bombard one element with neutrons

574
Q

What do you call an acute, self-limiting Laringotracheobronchitis?

A

Croup

575
Q

What is aNemathelminths?

A

Parasitic worm

576
Q

What are the 3 plasma protein systems?

A

The Complement SystemThe Clotting systemThe Kinin System

577
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

A

release lymphotoxin to kill cells

578
Q

What are the characteristics of the chest of pink puffers?

A

barrel chest

579
Q

What does the parasite,Entamoeba histolytica, cause?

A

amoebic dysentery

580
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

Replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells that do not secrete mucus or have cilia – caused by a stimulus like smoking

581
Q

What isexophytic?

A

Most common form of lip cancer

ANPH & PATH (13 decks)

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