PATH - Final Flashcards
1
Q
When does Croup usually occur?
A
It usually appears after an episode of rhinorrhea, sore throat and fever
2
Q
What is the body’s first line of defense?
A
A barrier formed by the skin and mucous membrane
3
Q
What is the mechanical result of pleural effusion?
A
atelectasis
4
Q
What is apoptosis?
A
Programmed cell death
5
Q
Which antibody class is synthesized by the B cells, and insert into their own plasma membranes?
A
IgM
6
Q
What is the most important factor in the gravity of a disease?
A
The strength of the patient’s immune system
7
Q
Why do we need buffers
A
To maintain a level of pH
8
Q
What is serous exudate?
A
Water blister
9
Q
What does FAS stand for?
A
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
10
Q
What do you call it whenComplement activation is caused by innate immunity?
A
alternate pathway
11
Q
What is a neutrophil?
A
The first WBC to arrive at a site of injury.
12
Q
What primarily affects the nervous system, tissues that produces blood cells
A
Lead
13
Q
What kind of pathogens arePseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium?
A
Opportunistic
14
Q
What do we use to speed up the catabolism process?
A
Enzymes
15
Q
What cells are part of adaptive immunity?
A
lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
16
Q
What are monocytes?
A
Immature cells that form in the blood
17
Q
What do you call an acute airway obstruction caused by marked edema of the epiglottis and other supraglottic structures?
A
Epiglottitis
18
Q
‘dysthesia’
A
no feeling
19
Q
What isOrthopnoea?
A
Difficulty breathing while laying down
20
Q
What level do Atoms interact to make compounds
A
Outer most orbit of the cloud
21
Q
When does cancerous necrosis appear?
A
Tuberculosis
22
Q
What is the process in which cells go to the harmed/ injured site?
A
Active migration
23
Q
What are some examples ofpneumoconiosis?
A
- CWP (coal workerspneumoconiosis)
- Silicosis (inhalation of dust containing silica)
- Asbestosis (Asymptomatic and doesn’t appear for years)
24
Q
What does ‘xanthos’ mean?
A
yellow
25
What are people with chronic bronchitis called?
Blue bloaters
26
What is the name of the cow plathmentic prathedosis?
Tiniasaginata
27
What cells are infected by HIV?
T lymphocytes (helper cells)
28
What are the 4 infectious agents?
* Virus
* Bacteria
* Fungal
* Parasite
29
What is Sarcoidosis?
Abnormal masses of consisting of inflamed tissue
30
How do pyrogens induce fever?
- promote prostaglandin production- prostaglandins reset the hypothalamic temperature to a higher temp
31
What is the most basic definition of an ionic bond?
When one electron is donated
32
Name members of the granulocyte family..
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
33
What does the parasite, Trypanosoma Cruzy, cause?
Chagas disease
34
If one tissue is lacking oxygen, what is that tissue called?
Hypoxic
35
What do you call a high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of the air passageway?
Stridor
36
What are the effects of serotonin and histamine?
They cause:- temporary, rapid constriction of the smooth muscles of large vessel walls- Dialation of postcapillary venules - Increased vascular permeability from retraction of epithelial cells
37
What is the tool used by complement to kill bacteria
Perforin
38
What does the parasite, Giardia Lamblia, cause?
Giardiasis (Beaver fever) - in the duodendum
39
What is the single most common reason for cellular damage?
Hypoxia, lack of proper oxygen
40
What is one example of ionic bond
Sodium chloride
41
What do you call a substance that the body recognizes as foreign and that can evoke an immune response?
Antigen
42
What is the general shape of an antibody?
Y
43
What cells produce antibodies?
B cells and plasma cells
44
'coprolaia'
talking bullshit
45
What is a hematoma
A collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space
46
What happens in apoptosis?
Necrosis of keratinocytes in which the nuclei of the necrotic cells dissolve and the cytoplasm shrinks, rounds up and is phagocytized by neighbouring healthy cells
47
What does the liver produce to help in the clotting system?
Prothrombin
48
What do you call a protein produced by certain white blood cells (B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to an antigen
Antibody
49
When one epithelium is forced to change into another, what is the name of that change?
Metaplasia
50
Describe Pseudomona
gram-negative rod
51
What do you call it when a cell loses its ability to change from one cell type to another/cellular differentiating
Anaplasia
52
What can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?
Aspirin and anti-inflammatories
53
What causes hypoxemia?
poor gas exchange
54
What does Enterobius vermicularis or Oxyures (Pinworm) cause?
Enterobiasis (Deposit eggs on anal rim)
55
What is pathologic atrophy?
Occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation
56
What is Cor Pulmonale?
enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of lung disease (aka, pulmonary heart disease)
57
What do you call long chains of sugar
Polysaccharides
58
What is Autolysis?
Self breakdown
59
What is the function of natural antioxidants?
To inactivate free radicals
60
What is the most common catabolic reaction during the digestive process?
Hydrolysis
61
What are some signs and symptoms of lead poisoning?
```
high blood pressure
joint and muscle pain
headache
abdominal pain
memory & concentration
```
62
What is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
The pressure, at the capillary level, in the lungs.
63
What is Anoxia?
Total lack of oxygen
64
What is Erysipelas?
Skin infection of the deep epidermis
65
Where is the fungal infection called, Candidemia, most commonly contracted?
In hospitals - found in the bloodstream
66
What germ produces typhoid fever?
Salmonella
67
If one epithelium perforates, what is the name of that change?
Hyperplasia
68
What are Leukotrienes?
Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis [SRS-A] – acidic, sulfur-containing lipids that produce effects similar to those of histamine
69
What are the two types of Atelectasis?
* compression
| * absorption
70
What are point mutations?
Changes in one or a few nucleotides
71
During sexual development, what is the name of that kind of change?
Hormonal hypertrophy
72
If a disease process rises the peripheral vascular resistance, what is the name of the results?
Secondary hypertension
73
What is the name of the limiting structure of a virus?
Capside
74
What is Atelectasis?
collapsed alveoli
75
What do you call a bacteria's ability to strongly attack?
Virulence
76
What immune mechanism is inflammation part of?
innate immunity
77
What is a coup pattern?
contusion is underlying the area struck on the head
78
What is Chylothorax?
Collection of milky, straw colored lymphatic liquid in pleural space
79
What kind of physical changes occur after one myocardium infarction?
Structural and functional
80
What does 'erythoros' mean?
Red
81
What is the name of the pleural effusion made of blood?
Hemothorax
82
If someone has an open pneumothorax of one lung, is that a critical injury?
no - because the person can still breathe with the other lung.
83
What is cryptogenic organizing pneumonia?
rare lung condition in which the bronchioles, alveoli and the walls of small bronchi become inflamed and plugged with connective tissue.
84
What is the name for a reduced blood supply
Ischemia
85
What is the name for an extreme laceration, often with a flap
Avulsion
86
what is the sinoquinone condition for bacteria to replicate?
Plasmatic iron
87
What is 'Exudate'?
substances that defend the host against infection and facilitate tissue repair and healing
88
What is the classification of helminth?
Platyhelminths
89
What is atomic mass
The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
90
What are some reasons for someone to develop DVT?
Trauma
venous stasis
damage
too many free radicals
91
What makes a fatty acid saturated or poly unsaturated?
Long chains of carbons have for valances of hydrogen – saturated, not filled with hydrogen is poly unsaturated
92
What do you call protein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria?
Exotoxins
93
What does 'neoplasm' mean?
New growth
94
What is coagulative necrosis caused from?
hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury
95
What do you call a substance that the body recognizes as foreign and that can evoke an immune response?
Antigen
96
What happens when the administered oxygen you are giving to a patient is an inspired oxygen of about 50% for 48 hours?
The patient will die because you are oxidizing the patient
97
Define flail chest
Consecutive multiple fractures of the ribs
98
A chemical injury begins with what?
A biochemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cell’s plasma membrane; leading to increased permeability
99
What family do you borillia and micro plasm come from?
Bacteria
100
If bacteria affecting your releases exotoxins, what happens?
Cellular immune system
Humoral immune system
We produce antitoxins
101
What germ produces tuberculosis?
microbacteria
102
What is bleb?
Blister filled with serous fluid (in lung)
103
What does resolution mean, as it relates to tissue?
tissue repair and regeneration
104
What is Compression Atelectasis?
collapsed alveoli due to external pressure (ex, tumor)
105
When a bleb ruptures, in lungs what is it called?
Pneumothorax
106
When is one element in it
When it is following the rule of octet
107
What are three types of reactions
Synthesis reaction
Decomposition reaction
Exchange reaction
108
What cells become infected in HIV?
helper T cells
109
What are the 2 triggers for hypertrophy?
Mechanical signals - Ex: expansion due to weightlifting.Trophic signals - growth factors, hormones and vasoactive agents (Ex, if you remove 1 kidney, the other would increase in size)
110
What are the 4 phases of tumor spread?
* tranformation
* growth
* local invasion
* distant metastasis
111
What does 'penia' mean?
lack of sufficient amount
112
What do you call it when cells change from one cell to another?
Metaplasia
113
What is adipocyte?
Fat cell
114
What does 'In situ' mean?
in that place/position
115
What is the name of the process of breaking down to make something different?
Lysis (Catabolism)
116
What is helminth?
parasite
117
What is caseous necrosis caused from?
Caused by tuberculosis pulmonary infection - The dead cells disintegrate but the debris is not completely digested by the hydrolases
118
How long does chronic inflammation last?
Longer than 2 weeks
119
What do you call it when cells increase in number
Hyperplasia
120
What do you call it when cells are marked for destruction by phagocytes?
Opsonization
121
What is a neoplasm?
Tumor
122
What do you call it when the HIV virus becomes active and begins to spread, destroying the helper T cells in the process?
lysogenic cycle
123
Which antibody is found at heightened levels in someone with asthma?
IgE
124
True or False: Acute alcoholism induces reversible gastric and hepatic changes?
TRUE
125
What are Interferons?
One of the body’s defenses against viral infection
126
What is Adipocerae?
a grayish waxy substance formed by the decomposition of soft tissue in dead bodies subjected to moisture
127
Give an example of physiologic atrophy
As a fetus grows in utero, the tail eventually disappears.
128
What is balano?
tip of penis
129
What is the definition of pneumoconiosis?
result of chronic inhalation of nanoparticulate
130
What is the clotting system?
aka - coagulationPlasma protein system that forms a fibrous meshwork at the inflamed site to trap exudates, microorganisms and foreign bodies
131
What does 'plathos' mean?
flat
132
True or False: Platelets do not have a nucleus?
TRUE
133
What is Cellulitis?
Skin infection involving inflammation of the connective tissue, and severe inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous layer of skin.
134
What is the structure of Prostaglandins?
Long chain unsaturated fatty acids
135
What is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?
Pathologic hyperplasia of the endometrium which causes excessive menstrual bleeding
136
What is Dyspnea?
shortness of breath
137
What is Carcinoma in situ?
Preinvasive cancer of the epithelial or glandular tissue that hasn't broken through the basement membrane or invaded surrounding area
138
What kind of cancer is most commonly a result of asbestos exposure?
mesothelioma
139
What are the possible outcomes of developing a lung abscess
Plural infusion; pyothorax; leaking of pus that goes to the lumen
140
What are phagocytes called in the nervous system?
microglia
141
What is prinzmental angina?
Coronary vasospasm
142
If someone has one abscess in one lung, where did that problem come from?
Bacterial pneumonia
143
What are 3 examples of Acute lung injury?
* Pulmonary edema
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome
* acute interstitial pneumonia
144
What are 3 types of emphysema?
* Centriacinar emphysema
* Panacinar emphysema
* Paraseptal emphysema
145
What is the name of community-acquired pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae
146
What would cause progressive fever, and worsening harshness of the voice, with increasing dyspnea (difficulty to breathe)?
diphtheria
147
How does a natural killer cell kill?
Lyses
148
What is an example of hormonal hyperplasia?
When breasts grow due to pregnancy
149
Where are lymphocytes made?
- bone marrow- thymus- lymph nodes- spleen
150
What is Löffler's syndrome?
larvae in the lungs from parasite
151
What are the 3 factors of the virchow triad?
* stasis (stability)
* vessel wall injury
* hypercoagulability
152
What is Angiogenesis?
formation of new blood vessels
153
What do you do to resynthesized a molecule that has been broken apart using hydrolases?
DeHydro synthesis
154
What is Absorption Atelectasis?
collapsed alveoli - caused by continued absorption of remaining O2 in alveoli while the bronchi is blocked
155
What is the name of bacteria that develops into colonies that look like Indian rows?
Streptococcus
156
Name the bacteria, when taken from culture and placed under the microscope, look like coffee seeds?
* Diplococcis
157
What is vomica?
coughing up the contents of a perforated abscess
158
What is Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Sudden difficulty breathing at night
159
Why is sudden hypoxia worse than gradual hypoxia?
Gradual allows for adaptation
160
What is bacterial vaginosis?
A group of vaginal diseases caused by an imbalance of natural bacterial flora.
161
Where oxures lay their eggs?
Anal rim
162
What is bacterial pneumonia?
infection of the lungs
163
What is an Epidural Hematoma?
blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura
164
What is one example of nontraditional risk of pulmonary artery disease
Chronic infection
165
What is the name of the negative poll?
Ano, catho
166
Definition of compound
Combination of two or more atoms that are different
167
What is Dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
168
How does hypercapnic respiratory failure happen?
Inadequate ventilation
169
What is the name of the acute infection of the lower respiratory tract with parenchyma and bronchus?
pneumonia
170
What happens when a muscle increases its workload?
Hypertrophy
171
What is the general name of infectious organisms?
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
172
What are mast cells?
They activate the inflammation response through degranulation and synthesis
173
What is the result of collapse bronchi?
They do not collapse
174
What is radiation pneumonia?
Inflammation of the lungs from radiation therapy of the chest
175
What does Metastasis mean?
Spreading / traveling
176
What is converted into t cells in the thymus?
Lymphocytes
177
What is pathologic hyperplasia?
Abnormally fast increase of normal cells.
178
What is the name of a malignancy of the peritoneum?
Mesothelioma
179
True or False: Ischemia is the most common cause of hypoxia?
TRUE
180
The parasite, Plasmodium spp. (Hematic), can cause what?
malaria
181
Where do mast cells come from?
bone marrow
182
What is another name for a scrape
Abrasion
183
What is tuberculosis?
An infection that can destroy the lung tissue
184
What condition is characterized by exudative pharyngitis, fever, and bright-red exanthema?
Scarlette fever
185
What is the body's third line of defense?
adaptive immunity
186
What are 3 types of hyperplasia?
compensatoryhormonalpathologic
187
What is Hypoxemia?
Low oxygen in the blood
188
What substances produce pain?
Kinase and prostaglandins
189
What is Hyperpnoea?
* increased respiratory rate
| * abnormal breathing pattern
190
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
If you remove part of the liver, more liver cells will regenerate
191
What is the replacement of 1 mature cell type by another less mature cell type?
Metaplasia
192
From the hydrogen point of you, what are acids
Hydrogen ion donor’s
193
what are phagocytes called in the liver?
kupffer
194
What is another name for ASA?
Aspirin
195
What is more dangerous, sudden or progressive hypoxia
Sudden, because your body does not have time to adapt
196
What do pyrogens released from damaged tissue, or introduced into the body trigger?
fever
197
What is the rule for something to be organic or inorganic
Organic is carbon to carbon, or carbon to hydrogen
198
What is leukopenia?
Reduced white blood cells
199
What are lymphomas?
Cancer of the lymphatic tissue
200
What is the average amount of water in a human body?
55%
201
Why is the hydrogen Atom so reactive
It is seeking
202
What is metaplasia?
What one mature cell is replaced by a less mature cell
203
What does Idiopathic mean?
No known cause
204
What are the six types of necrosis
```
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous
- Dry gangrene
- Wet gangrene
- gas gangrene
Apoptosis
```
205
What is the name of the biochemical and cellular changes that occur in an attacked tissue?
Inflammation
206
What is the name for the breaking of blood vessels
Contusion
207
What is the name for total lack of O2
Anoxia
208
What is Hemothorax?
Blood in pleural space
209
How does carbon monoxide affect the body?
Binds to hemoglobin and takes the place of the oxygen moleculeDirectly interfere with cellular respiration
210
What is leukemia?
Cancer of the blood-forming cells
211
How do mast cells work?
They move through the bloodstream and mature in tissue.
212
What is Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)?
Injury to the gas exchange surfaces
213
What is an abscess of the lung?
A condition caused after pulmonary disease/injury
214
What is Empyema?
Infected pleural effusion; pus
215
What does a Eosinophile chemotactic factor do?
attracts eosinophils to the inflamed site
216
'stetho'
chest
217
What is Odynophagia?
Painful swallowing
218
What factor favors disassociation of oxygen?
* Increased temperature
* reduce pH
* presence of a fetus
219
What binds to hemoglobin and takes the place of the oxygen molecule
Carbon monoxide
220
Define Flail chest
Floating piece of chest wall due to multiple consecutive rib double fractures
221
What is a counter coup?
cerebral contusion is seen in the area opposite the location of the injury
222
What is an element made of?
same atoms
223
What would be the purpose of the mutation of tumor-suppressor genes?
allows unregulated cellular growth (aka, cancer)
224
How can acute alcoholism affect the body?
Can cause reversible changes to the stomach:- inflammation- deposit fat- liver enlargement- interruption of microtubular transport of proteins and their secretion- increased intracellular water- depression of fatty acid oxidation in the mitochondria- increased reactive oxygen species and acute liver cell necrosis
225
What has decreased the incidence rate of Epiglottitis?
HIB vaccine
226
How do you know, during an asthmatic crisis, that respiratory failure is imminent?
When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is continuously rising
227
When B cells differentiate, what types of cells do they clone?
plasmic cells and memory cells
228
What are 3 Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation?
1) Fever – beneficial to kill bacteria2) Increase in circulating WBC’s3) Increase in circulating plasma proteins
229
What is dysplasia?
atypical cells - Often encountered in epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract and often are found adjacent to cancerous cells
230
What does 'plathominth' mean?
flat worm
231
What happens if the number of electrons in the shell is less than that of the number of protons?
Unstable
232
'cephalea'
headache
233
What does rubor mean?
redness
234
True or False: Someone who has pulmonary fibrosis that leads to chronic hypoxia has a good prognosis.
False
235
What is an isotope?
When two molecules of the same Atom have different number of neutrons
236
What is an atomic number
The number of protons in an atoms nucleus
237
True or False: Elevate pulmonary capillary wedge pressure can cause lung edema?
true
238
What do you call germs living with us?
Normal flora
239
If someone has a thoracic wound that allows the air to get in during inhalation, and out during exhalation, what is the name of that condition?
open pneumothorax
240
What does necrosis mean
Cell death
241
What cells counteract the action of mastocytes?
Eosinophils
242
What is the name of the bacteria‘s ability to strongly attack?
Virulence
243
What process do both Neutrophil chemotactic factor and Eosinophile chemotactic factor carry out?
Phagocytosis
244
Define a chemical bond
Attractions between atoms
245
What is the meaning of the word bursa?
Sac, or bag
246
What is Pleural effusion?
Pleural abnormality that leads to fluid collection in between them
247
Which of the antibody classes are first initiated?
IgM
248
Give examples of gases that block the production of energy
- carbon monoxide
- hydrogen cyanide
- Hydrogen sulfide
249
What causes no water to get to the lungs during dry drowning?
vagal nerve mediated laryngospasms
250
What are tumor markers used for?
* Screen to identify people at high risk for cancer
* diagnose specific types of tumors
* observe course of cancer
251
'scopos'
observe
252
What is physiologic atrophy?
When the shrinking of the cell is a natural part of our growth / evolution.
253
True or False: Chronic alcoholism causes structural alterations in all organs and tissues in the body, especially the liver and stomach?
TRUE
254
What kind of parasites are viruses?
Obligate intracellular parasites
255
what does tumor mean?
swelling
256
Where do mast cells release granular contents?
Into the extracellular matrix
257
What does 'nemaminth' mean?
round worm
258
If someone tells you hypertension is classified as essential and idiopathic?
False; because essential and idiopathic are synonyms
259
How many electrons are in an Atom?
Same number of protons
260
What are 2 examples of physiological exposures that do not produce an inflammatory response?
Eating and drinking
261
What is Hyperventilation?
Increased respiratory rate. Causing decreased CO2 (Hypocapnia)
262
What are the characteristics of a ruboron tumor?
Swelling and redness
263
What happens if one bacteria attacks or passes our defense system
Sepsis
264
Which of the antibody classes are initiated second?
IgG
265
What is Organ tropism?
It is when certain cancers have a preference for certain organs
266
How many electrons in hydrogen?
1
267
What kind of pneumothorax is developed with Bullae?
Spontaneous pneumothorax
268
What are some characteristics of Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)?
* rare disorder that affects the tissue that surrounds and separates the alveoli.
* cough
* shortness of breath
* clubbing of finger tips
269
How does wet gangrene affect the body?
Develops when neutrophils invade the site causing liquefactive necrosis
270
Kinds of injurious stimuli?
~Chemical agents, hypoxia, free radicals, infectious agents~Physical factors, mechanical factors, immunologic reactions, genetic factors, nutritional imbalances
271
What is the name of the pleural effusion made of blood and air?
hemopneumothorax
272
What Viral infection causes necrosis of the bronchial epithelium and ciliated cells?
Bronchiolitis
273
What is the definition of a flail chest?
a floating piece of the chest, resulting from a double consecutive rib fractures
274
When an atom is inert...
The outer shell is full (8)
275
True or False: Prostaglandins are created by the mast cells
TRUE
276
What is the most abundant substance in a cell?
water
277
How do you characterize Cystic Fibrosis?
over production of mucous
278
What is Bronchiolitis?
Inflammatory obstruction of small airways (common in children)
279
What are Telomeres?
Protective caps on the end of each chromosome.
280
Which class of antibodies is the major class in the mucous membranes, in saliva and tears (also found in plasma)?
IgA
281
What is a Plathelminths?
Parasitic worm
282
What is an embolus?
Blood clot or other plug in the circulation
283
What is the morphologic difference between bacillus and bacteria?
Blacillus are rods, coccis are hairy balls
284
What do you call it when bacteria can grow inside some cells?
Intracellular growth
285
Where do antibodies come from?
Activated B cells
286
What does 'edema' mean?
swelling
287
What happens if a bacteria gets passed our defense systems?
We get sepsis
288
What is chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes
289
What do you call iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron?
Siderophores
290
What is the difference between a compound and a molecule?
Compound is a mixture of different molecules, molecule is a mixture of different atoms
291
What is Hypoxia?
Decreased O2 in tissue
292
Name two kinds of myocardium infarction
Subendocardium
| Transmural
293
When are chemotactic factors released?
during mast cell degranulation
294
What do you call a wreck or a tear of the skin
Laceration
295
What is Spontaneous pneumothorax?
Sudden onset of a collapsed lung
296
What is Ischemia?
Reduced blood supply
297
What are Mola hydatiphormis?
"green grapes" embryo turns into
298
What is bilivirdin?
Green bile
299
What is the backbone of triglycerides?
Glycerol
300
What do you call "programmed" cell death?
Apoptosis
301
What is fat necrosis caused from?
caused by powerful enzymes called lypases which break down triglycerides releasing fatty acids which combine with calcium, mg, and Na ions
302
What is carcinoma in situ?
Malignant tumors that haven’t passed the base membrane
303
How do you create electrolytes?
Dissolve acid or alkali
304
True or False: Radiation creates inflammation
TRUE
305
What cell produces surfactant?
Type II
306
How does coagulative necrosis happen
Results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia
307
Can spontaneous pneumothorax happen?
Yes
308
If an infection of the pleura finally healed after many treatments but healed leaving fibrosis in the pleura (scar tissue), what is the name of the condition?
Pakipleuritis
309
What is Liquefactive necrosis caused from?
From ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain
310
What is the morphologic difference between blacillas and bacteria?
Bacillas are rods, coccis are hairy balls
311
What does prenatal alcohol exposure
Fetal alcohol syndrome
312
What indicates chronic bronchitis?
Cough on most days, for 3 consecutive months, for 2 consecutive years
313
What is the oxygen disassociation curve for?
ability for hemoglobin to release oxygen into the cells
314
What is the body's third line of defense?
lymphocytes
315
What kind of pleural effusion is caused by cardiac failure?
Transudate
316
What kind of people are born with blebs?
Leptosomatic individuals; these individuals look like malnourished basketball players
317
Neisseria meningitides, Salmonella, some strains of E.coli, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomona Aeruginosa are examples of what?
Bacterial infections
318
what tool is used by the complement system to kill bacteria?
Perforin
319
What represents gold?
AU
320
What is the process called in which platelets release serotonin?
Degranulation
321
What is the primary purpose of debridement?
to clean up the lesion
322
What is the sinequanon condition for protein to be active?
Proper folding
323
What is the difference between one protozol and one helminth?
Unicellular vs Multicellular
324
What is Ascaris Lumbricoides?
Worm butt pic
325
What kind of virus is HIV?
Retrovirus
326
What activates polymerization of prothombin, to thrombin?
Seratonin
327
In clinical acidosis, what is the lowest acceptable pH level?
7.25
328
What are keloids?
Dysfunctional collagen formation causing excessive collagen production
329
When is an atom chemically inert
Atom has four pairs of electrons,
330
What is acute interstitial pneumonia?
Inflammation of the walls of the alveoli
331
What is hypersensitivity pneumonia?
Inflammation of the lungs from inhalation of dust, fungus, molds, or chemicals
332
What are Macrophages?
mature cells in the tissues
333
What are the 2 kinds of gangrenous necrosis called?
Dry and wet
334
What does the parasite, Trypanosoma brucei (Hematic), cause?
African sleeping sickness
335
What are the most important elements in the body?
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
336
What is active immunity?
When a person's own internal defenses protect them.
337
What triggers the T cell to divide repeatedly when activated?
When an antigen binds to its receptors
338
What substance can produce alterations and liver damage?
Alcohol
339
What is the difference between effector T cells and memory T cells?
Effector T cells go to the site of origin and attack. The memory T cells remain in bone marrow until needed later to produce more effector T cells.
340
What do you call it when cells become atypical
Dysplasia
341
Why can you not have an infraction and heart valves
Because it is connective tissue
342
True or False: Decreased plasma oncotic pressure could produce lung edema.
True
343
Why do people with septic shock develop hypertension
Widespread inflammationhorrific vasodilationbody full of histamine
344
What enzymes are responsible for the dissolution of scabs?
fibrinolytic enzymes
345
What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
Innate has been there from birth. Adaptive is built from exposure
346
What is Chorio epthelioma?
An aggressive cancer formed by an embryo
347
What are the 5 Tumor cell markers (biologic markers)
* hormones
* enzymes
* genes
* antigens
* antibodies
348
What is the function of the Prostaglandins?
They cause increased vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis and induce pain
349
True or false: An allergic phenomenon that increases the pulmonary vascular permeability could produce lung edema.
True
350
What is pneumoconiosis?
A disease of the lungs from inhalation of dust
351
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down fat
Lipase
352
What happens with the respiratory epithelium with people that have chronic bronchitis?
Hyperplasia of goblet cells… Called blue bloater’s
353
What does systemic mean?
whole body
354
'vermiform'
worm shaped
355
When are naive b cells activated?
When they bind to a specific antigen, and then produce memory cells
356
What are the functions of exudate?
1) Dilute toxins produced by bacteria and dying cells2) To carry plasma proteins and leukocytes to the site3) To carry away bacterial toxins, dead cells, debris and other products of inflammation
357
What is the enzyme missing in patients with primary emphysema?
Alpha 1 antitripsomine
358
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells
359
What do you call lymphocytes that kill tumors and cells infected by viruses?
natural killer cells
360
Why do you contusions break the skin
They don’t!
361
Where does bacteria mostly multiply?
Tissue fluids
362
What is Exudative effusion?
Increased WBC and protein concentration, in fluid collection between Pleuras.
363
What is the most frequent cause of pyothorax?
drainage from an abscess caused by pneumonia
364
What is inflammation?
Biochemical and cellular process that occurs in vascularized tissues
365
What is the most frequent of all kinds of hypertension?
Idiopathic
366
What are Chlamidophila, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia?
Intracellular parasites
367
What is Hemoptysis?
Bloody sputum with coughing
368
What do mast cells release?
- histamine- Neutrophil chemotactic factor- Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
369
What characterizes allergic phenomena?
Presence of IgE - immunoglobulin E
370
What is Impetigo?
It is a contagious skin infection (hand, foot, and mouth disease)
371
What does 'verdin' mean?
green
372
What is Clubbing?
Enlargement of fingernails, with dome-like shape
373
What are signs of inflammation?
Redness (rubor)Swelling (tumor)Heat (calor)Pain (dolor)Loss of function (functio laesa)
374
What is Cheyne-stokes respirations?
Irregular breathing with long pauses
375
What are leukotrienes?
a family of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes; synthesized by mast cells
376
What are some characteristics of Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
* scarring of the lungs (fibrosis)
* eventual decrease in O2
* "clubbing" of finger nails
377
When someone is submitted to chronic low grade hypoxia, what happens to that person
Adaptation
378
What 4 WBCs are involved when an injury occurs involving inflammation?
Neutrophilsmonocytes macrophages Eosinophils - with basophils and platelets
379
What part of the lungs does Streptococcus pneumoniae affect?
the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals and is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial infection in children
380
Why Would a tumor secrete angiogenic factors (VEGF)?
Because the tumor would require blood supply once it reaches a certain size
381
What is a Mycotic infection?
fungal
382
What is bacterial gastroenteritis?
caused by pathogenic enteric bacteria
383
what does donor mean?
pain
384
Why does bronchiolitis lead to alterations of the VQ?
It changes the ability to ventilate, the flow will also reduce. Arteries and capillaries contract, and then the long pressure is high and could cause right sided heart failure.
385
What type of tumors are:•Lipoma•Glioma•Leiomyoma•Chondroma
Benign
386
What are the 4 categories of Asphyxiation?
1) Suffocation2) Strangulation3) Chemical4) Drowning
387
What area of the body does Lead primarily affect?
nervous system, tissues that produce blood cells and the kidneys
388
What is an example of Host-mediated Pathogenesis?
tuberculosis
389
Name the bacteria, when taken from culture, and placed under the microscope, they look like coffee seeds
Diplococcus
390
What is hypoxia?
lack of oxygen
391
What is asthma?
chronic inflammation of the airways
392
What is an oncogene?
A gene that can transform a cell into a tumor
393
How long does it take for inflammation to heal?
4 days
394
What are the components of an antibody?
- light chain of polypeptides- heavy chain of polypeptides- carbohydrate chain- antigen-binding site- complement binding sites
395
Where is serotonin in the body?
GI tract, brain, platelets
396
What is petechiae?
tiny purple, red, or brown spots on the skin
397
True or False: Prostaglandins increase permeability?
TRUE
398
What are 4 examples of obstructive pulmonary disease?
* Asthma
* Emphysema
* Chronic bronchitis
* Bronchiectasis
399
What do you call a collection of blood between the inner surface of the Dura matter and the surface of the brain
Sub dural hematoma
400
Creating something that didn’t exist is called what
Synthesize
401
What is the name when air enters and leaves the thorax
Open pneumothorax
402
What are people with lung emphysema called?
pink puffers
403
What is Fibrin?
The meshwork of the clotting system
404
What is the rate plasma cells produce antibodies?
2000 molecules per second - for 4 to 5 days
405
What is Bronchiectasis?
When there is the permanent enlargement of bronchi and bronchioles
406
How are the fungal infections Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis most commonly contracted?
Through contact with soil and other parts of the natural environment.
407
If a baby lacks surfactant factor what is the name of the condition?
Hyaline membrane disease
408
What is an isotope
When an element contains a different number of neutrons
409
What is the factors that characterizes all chronic obstructive respiratory diseases?
dyspnea and wheezes
410
How does gangrene affect the body?
Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury commonly occurring because of atherosclerosis or blockage of major arteries
411
If someone is referred to as a "pink puffer", what condition do they have?
Emphysema
412
What is the name of things charged with negative charge
Anions
413
When breasts grow during puberty, what is the kind of change called
Hormonal hypertrophy
414
What happens with an asphyxial injury
Partial loss of oxygen
415
What kind of molecule is water
Polar, because charges on opposite ends (allows water to be solvent)
416
What is Bronchiolitis Obliterans?
Late-stage fibrotic disease of small airways
| * stiff lungs that don't move well or don't recoil
417
What conditions does Bronchiatastis happen most frequently?
Cystic Fibrosis
418
What is pulmonary edema?
fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs
419
If someone is receiving treatment for intrapleural infection but it isn't working and the space between the pleura is full of puss, what is the name of the condition?
Impiana (pyothorax)
420
What do larvae in the lungs activate that causes an asthmatic crisis?
Lung mastocytes
421
What is the Sinequan and condition of bacteria taking over the body?
Iron
422
What does the complement system have to do to attack?
Activate via polymerization
423
What happens during a chemical injury?
A biochemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cell’s plasma membrane. It leads to increased permeability
424
What do you call atrophy that happens on a monthly basis?
Physiologic atrophy
425
Why does a bruise have different colors
The changing colors are due to changes of progression of tissue damage and healing
426
Why is bradypsychia a risk factor?
It’s not a risk
427
What does something need to be organic?
Carbon to carbon and carbon to hydrogen
428
What do you call Atoms of two or more elements join to form chemical combinations?
Compound
429
What happens if the bacteria affecting you release exotoxins?
* Cellular immune system
* Humoral immune system
* We produce antitoxins
430
What is parenchyma in the lungs?
The portion of the lung involved in gas exchange
* Alveoli
* Alveolar ducts
* Bronchioles
431
What characterizes one element
The number of electrons
432
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?
When a baby doesn't make enough surfactant (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
433
What is the function of the suppressor T cells?
Suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance
434
What stimulates mast cell degranulation?
#NAME?
435
Why can dead cells lead to acute inflammation?
Because the cells are full of digestive enzymes
436
What is the average Oxygen saturation in blood?
95% - 100%
437
What is Rhabdomyosarcomas?
cancer formed in the skeletal muscles
438
What does the parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, cause?
Toxoplasmosis
439
What basic element characterizes proteins?
Nitrogen
440
What are sarcomas?
Malignant connective tissue
441
Which antibody class does the blood contain a small amount of, but the function is unknown?
IgD
442
What kind of vascular effect is triggered in the lungs when there is hypoxia?
vasospasm
443
What is bacterial meningitis?
bacterial inflammation of the meninges, which are, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
444
What is the definition of pH?
Hydrogen ion concentration
445
what does calor mean?
heat
446
What does 'nema' mean?
round
447
What does it mean if stem cells are pluripotent?
They have the ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types
448
What is an ionic bond
The transfer of balance electrons between atoms
449
What are the hallmarks of inflammation?
Redness (rubor)Swelling (tumor)Heat (calor)Pain (dolor) Loss of function (functio laesa)
450
What is a Subdural Hematoma?
blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain
451
What does 'chromos' mean?
color
452
What is carcinoma?
Malignant epithelial tissue
453
What does 'Virulence' mean?
The severity of disease or poison
454
What kind of bond is formed when electrons are unequally shared
Hydrogen bond
455
What are phagocytes called in connective tissue?
histiocytes
456
What is Hypoxemia?
Decreased O2 in blood
457
What happens when the complement system is activated?
kills foreign cells by puncturing them – water then enters the organisms, causing them to burst or prevent reproduction.If invaded by bacteria, bacteria gets into blood, we do not get sepsis because we are able to remove them, those bacteria produce toxinsThese toxins activate catalyzation of these 10 proteins, which activate, polymerize into a long chain
458
What does exophytic mean?
Grows to the outside
459
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
scar tissue built up into the lungs
460
What effects do endotoxins have on the body?
* cause fever
* changes in blood pressure
* inflammation
* lethal shock
* and other toxic events
461
What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
Malignant is cancerous, benign isn't
462
What is the complement system made up of?
10 proteins dissolved in plasma
463
When bacteria is trying to survive from our tax, how do they defend themselves from their attacks?
They cover themselves with proteoglycans
464
What is the worst scenario in asthma?
status asthmaticis
465
What does 'orthostatic' mean?
correct position
466
What is the name of the infections of the terminal bronchi that may alter the VQ?
Bronchiolitis
467
When bacteria is trying to survive from our attacks, how do they defend themselves from their attacks?
cover themselves with proteoglycans
468
what does functio laesa mean?
loss of function
469
What is an
A substance that cannot be broken anymore
| Simplest form of matter
470
What are different possibilities that can happen to the valves of the heart
- prolapses
- stenosis
- Ruptures of the Cortondentina
- Fibrosis
471
What is atelectasis?
collapse of alveoli
472
What does a Neutrophil chemotactic factor do?
attracts neutrophils to the site of inflammation
473
What does 'melano' mean?
black
474
What is Emphysema?
Permanent inflation of the alveolars, causing destruction of the walls
475
Where are viruses replicated in the body?
Inside the cells
476
Do you think in one myocardium infarction, all the cells die?
No
477
What is the name of hospital-acquired pneumonia?
Nosocomial pneumonia
478
What happens with inflammation?
The tissue surrounding the injury is flooded with plasma and blood cells
479
What is the solution for Acute respiratory failure?
Put on ventilator; can't breathe independently
480
When is an atom chemically active
When the atom isn’t full
481
What represents silver?
AG
482
What causes Tuberculosis?
mycobacterium
483
What is Autopoiesis?
Self maintaining
484
Which antibody class is released in small amounts, but produces harmful effects such as allergies?
IgE
485
What do platelets release?
Serotonin
486
What is the most common germ producing community-acquired pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumonia
487
What is thrombosis?
Formation of a bloodclot
488
What is chemotaxis?
The directional movement of cells along a chemical gradient formed by a chemotactic factor
489
What is the possible outcome after one prolonged Pyro thorax, When it is treated or controlled?
Pakidoritis
490
Can one acute respiratory distress syndrome leade to lung edema?
yes
491
What kind of tumor is a hepatoma?
Malignant tumor of the liver
492
What kind of problem happens when a baby is shaking too hard
Sub dural hematoma
493
'pedalic'
feet first
494
True or False: We need CO2 in our bodies to regulate pH balance?
TRUE
495
What is the meaning of the word electrolyte?
Stones for electricity
496
What produces the acute pulmonary injury that leads to inflammation of the alveoli capillary membrane and causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema?
ARDS - Acute respiratory distress syndrome
497
What is a malignant hypertension
High blood pressure, pressure around 180
498
When does inflammation become chronic?
When it takes longer than 2 weeks to heal
499
'coprology'
study of poop
500
How do you define matter?
Anything that has mass and volume
501
What is compensatory hyperplasia?
Adaptive, it allows certain organs to regenerate to compensate
502
What are the chemicals used in innate immunity?
- complement- interferon
503
What is the body's second line of defense?
Innate immunity(non-specific)
504
What are the three kinds of hyperplasia?
Compensatory, hormonal, pathologic
505
What are the primary cells of adaptive immunity?
- T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)
506
What chemicals are released to trigger innate and adaptive immune responses?
cytokines(eg, interferon, leukotrienes)
507
What is the name of bacteria that develops into colonies that look like Indian rose?
Streptococcus
508
What is an example of a virus that can turn into cancer?
HPV
509
What is the name of the condition when air can go into the lung through a wound, but cannot go out?
tension pneumothorax
510
How do you notice the hypertrophy of the muscle?
It will increase in size
511
What is Transudative effusion?
Watery fluid collection in pleura
512
What are the 4 Phases of asthma?
* Mild intermittent asthma,
* Mild persistent asthma,
* Moderate persistent asthma,
* Severe persistent asthma.
513
What is necrosis?
Cellular death
514
What is Cyanosis?
* bluish skin from decreased O2
515
What are the biochemical agents contained in mucous membranes that can destroy cell walls and cause cell lysis?
Lysozyme
516
What are anti-oncogenes?
A gene that regulates a cell during cell division.
517
What is Hypoventilation?
Decreased respiratory rate, increasing C02 levels
518
What is the most frequent trigger of chronic bronchitis
Smoking
519
What does autolysis mean
Self break down
520
What is the main difference between Neutrophils and Macrophages?
Neutrophils arrive on scene first, but macrophages stay longer
521
'parasthysia'
distorted feeling
522
What is Chromosome amplification?
Duplication of a small piece of chromosome over and over
523
What cells are antigen-presenting cells?
- neutrophils- macrophages- dendritic
524
Where are B cells activated?
Spleenlymph nodes
525
How is a cell ruptured from the complement system?
cytolysis
526
What is Pulmonary edema?
Excess fluid/water in interstitial tissues of the lung
527
Chondroitin Sulfate, heparin, hyaluronic acid are what?
Proteoglycans
528
What is the function of the helper T cells?
regulate the function of B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes
529
What are the three subatomic particles that make up the nuclei of an atom?
Proton, neutron, bosons
530
From the molecular point of you, how are proteins classified?
Macromolecules
531
What are platelets?
Cytoplasmic fragments
532
What is the end product of catabolism?
Energy, carbon dioxide, water
533
What is the function of the neutrophil?
It ingests bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris. Then it dies, and are removed as puss epithelium or lymphatic system (Phagocytosis)
534
What is Adenocarcinoma?
Malignant tumor of a gland
535
What substances work the same as histamine?
Leukotrienes
536
Which antibody class makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood?
IgG
537
What is atrophy?
When cells decrease in size
538
What is a covalent bond
When pairs of electrons are shared between Atoms
539
What is the biggest advantage of water being bipolar?
It can dissolve things
540
What are 3 major categories of exotoxins?
* cytotoxins
* neurotoxins
* enterotoxins
541
What are the 2 main leukocytes that carry out the inflammatory process?
1) Granulocytes2) Monocytes/macrophages
542
A cellular injury is when...
Cells cannot maintain homeostasis; most diseases begin here
543
What is passive immunity?
A temporary source of defense that comes from another individual who has developed an immunity.
544
How do you define a stable atom
The number of electrons equals the number of protons
545
What is the normal pH for humans?
7.35
546
What does 'cyanos' mean?
blue
547
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic asthma?
extrinsic is caused by particles
548
What is Chromosome translocation?
When a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another
549
What is Hypercapnia?
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2)
550
What is cellular adaptation?
When cells adapt to their environment to escape and protect themselves from injury.
551
What is an excoriation?
Losing a layer of skin… Like a road rash
552
Why is pulmonary fibrosis bad?
Because it affects the alveoli and causes fibrosis of the alveolar-capillary membrane.And fibrosis of the interstitial tissue of the lungs
553
Name 5 signs/symptoms of asthma
* wheezing
* breathlessness
* chest tightness
* cough
554
What is Virchow triad?
describes the three categories of factors that contribute to thrombosis
555
What do you call sugars that have short chains?
Monosaccharide
556
How do you define the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid by layer – heads of the phospholipids are phosphorus, tales are lipids
557
What do you call a protein produced by certain white blood cells (B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to an antigen?
Antibodies
558
What is hypercapnia?
High levels of carbon dioxide
559
How many kinds of asthma are there?
2 - intrinsic and extrinsic
560
What is an embolus
Blood clot
561
What is anaplasia?
Irreversible dysplasia
562
What is the function of B cells?
produce antibodies
563
What are 4 examples of restrictive pulmonary disease?
* Fibrosing
* Granulomatous
* Eosinophilic
* Smoking related
564
How does a chemical injury affect the plasma
Increases permeability
565
What is the weakest of bonds
Hydrogen
566
What is the name of the pleural effusion made of lymphatic fluid?
chylothorax
567
What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number?
The atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons, whereas, the atomic number is the number of protons.
568
'cacophany'
confusion
569
What injury begins with a bio chemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cells plasma membrane?
Chemical injury
570
What do you call is when tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins?
Host-mediated Pathogenesis
571
What is an avulsion?
An extreme laceration
572
Difference between one protosol and one helminth
Unicellular vs multicellular
573
When is one isotope radioactive?
By nature: when it doesn’t have nuclear stability
By creation: bombard one element with neutrons
574
What do you call an acute, self-limiting Laringotracheobronchitis?
Croup
575
What is a Nemathelminths?
Parasitic worm
576
What are the 3 plasma protein systems?
The Complement SystemThe Clotting systemThe Kinin System
577
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?
release lymphotoxin to kill cells
578
What are the characteristics of the chest of pink puffers?
barrel chest
579
What does the parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, cause?
amoebic dysentery
580
What is an example of metaplasia?
Replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells that do not secrete mucus or have cilia – caused by a stimulus like smoking
581
What is exophytic?
Most common form of lip cancer
