ANPH - Cells, Chemical Basis Of Life, Tissue CH 3-9 Flashcards
What do you call a typical cell?
Composite cell
What kind of organelle is the nucleus?
Membranous organelle
What does the word organelle mean?
Small organ
Where is the golgi apparatus geographically?
Beside the endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane
How does communication occur in the cell?
Through the cytoskeleton
What makes up a phospholipid?
Glycerol backbone with phosphate attachment and 2 fatty acid tails. Tails are hydrophobic, and phosphate is hydrophilic
Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
Hydrophobic - hates water
Hydrophilic - loves water
Cell membrane mainly made of?
Phospholipid bilayer - semi permeable
2 examples of non-membranous organelles?
Ribosomes and proteasome
Cell pumps and channels are made of ..?
Protiens
What’s on outside of cell?
IMP - integral membrane protiens
What increases cell membrane’s ability to withstand heat and overall strength?
Cholestral
What increases membrane permeability to water?
Aquaporins - only water can use
Which IMPs sense hormones?
Hormone receptors
What is the endoplasmic reticulum called in muscle cells?
What does is metabolize?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium
What type of RNA brings info from nucleus to ribosomes?
Messenger RNA
When substances leave from the golgi apparatus what do they leave in?
Vesicle
How do vesicles move to cell membrane?
Nanobots move them across cytoskeleton
What is the smooth ER for?
Synthesizes special lipids or carbohydrates to attach to a protein coming g from Rough ER . Makes some non-active protiens into active ones
Describe ribosomes?
Non-membranous structure made of large subunits.
MRNA enter though one side and exits the other.
Replicative RNA that is part of the structure of ribosomes, put together amino- acids to fabricate proteins.
E its hole at bottom of the large subunit.
What Type of organelle is the golgi apparatus?
Membranous tube
What type of organelle is the mitochondria?
Common name for it?
Name of twisting inner membrane?
Membranous organelle
Cell “power plant”
Cristae of mitochondria
What type of organelle is a lysosomal?
Another name?
Function?
Membranous organelle
Cell “digestive system”
Breaks down complex molecules into simple ones. Broken down material go to ER
When a cell performs phagocytosis, what is the vesicle called?
Phagosome
What happens to phagosomes?
Fuses with lysosomal to become Phagolysosome enzymes. Lysosomes break down contents of phagolysosome
What happens to damaged cell parts?
They get digested by lysosomes and the material is recycled.
Name of residues that are eliminated by cell?
Residual body
What is necessary for protien to be active?
Proper folding
3 factors that co tribute to enzyme efficiency?
PH level
Temperature
Necessary Cofactors (vitamins, minerals)
What happens to wrongly programmed proteasome?
Parts of the proteasome?
Cause disease
Misfolded proteins accumulate and impede function of other proteins
2 caps and a middle peice
Peroxisomes are found?
Why named?
Liver, gallbladder
Has peroxide
Name of sugar combustion in mitochondria?
KREBS cycle, or citric acid cycle
When sugar combustion happens without O2 in cytoplasm?
How many ATP?
Type of reaction with O2?
How many ATP?
Anaerobic Glycolysis
2 ATP
Aerobic Glycolysis through KREBS cycle
6ATP
(SLOWER)
How does the nucleus communicate with the mitochondria?
It doesnt
What triggers energy production in mitochondria?
Oxidation Reduction
What is the role of the nucleosus?
Produces RNA
Nucleus pores called?
NPCs - Nuclear Pore Complex
What is chromatin?
Strands of complete DNA chains
What are chromosomes?
Strands of complete DNA chains that are coiled up
When does DNA coil into chromosomes?
Just prior to the beginning of mitosis
What is the role of free ribosomes?
To make proteins for domestic use in the cell
What are microvilae?
Smaller vilae on top of vilae
What cells have flagella?
Sperm cells
What is a Desmosome?
Type of cellular attachments
What are gap junctions?
Type of desmosome that forms gaps or tunnels that join the cytoplasm of two cells. Typical organ that has them is the heart
What are tight junctions?
Connects cells together tightly to not allow molecules to pass through. Typically found in intestines
What are elements made of?
Atoms
Define a compound?
Combination of more than one element
Tyoe of charge for Neutrons?
Protons?
Electrons?
Neutral
Positive
Negative
Atomic number is?
Number of protons
Atomic weight is?
Protons + neutrons
Selenium
Se
Flourine
F
Cobalt
Co
Copper
Cu
Silver
Ag
Gold
Au
Zinc
Zn
Chromium
Cr
Modern name for orbit?
Cloud
Stable atoms are?
Ions with equal amount of electrons and protons
Octet rule?
Fewer or more than 8 electrons in outer cloud, will attempt to lose or gain electrons
Carbon has how many electrons?
2 In inner cloud
6 in outer cloud
What type of gas is nitrogen?
Inert gas
What is an isotope?
Different number of neutrons
What will ionizing radiation do to molecules?
Knock off electrons from outermost shell
Covalent bond?
Shares electrons between molecules
Are hydrogen bonds easy to separate?
Yes
Properties of H2O
Polar molecules because it is an excellent solvent
Synthese reaction
2 or more elements create a compound
Exchange reaction
2 separate compounds react and form 2 novel compounds. AB + CD = AC +BD
When a polymer decomposes it becomes?
Multiple monomers
Most frequent biological enzyme for decomposition?
Hydrolytic enzymes
Most common human monosaccharides?
Glucose - C6H12O6
Metabolism?
Sum total of all reaction s in the body
End products of metabolisms?
Carbon dioxide, water, energy
Organic compound?
Carbon attached to carbon or carbon attached to hydrogen
Why is water organic?
No carbon
When something dissolves into water is becomes?
Ions - electrolytes, they conduct electricity
What is a buffer?
Attempts to drive pH level to 7. Neutralizer
How do cells try to avoid harm?
Adaptation
