PATH - Cardio - Exam Practice

Question 1

1. Which of the following conditions is caused by the collection of fluid in the pericardial sac, resulting in tamponade?
A) Pericardial rub
B) Pericardial effusion
C) Cardiomyopathy
D) Constrictive pericarditis

Answer 1

B) Pericardial effusion

Question 2

2. Radiation therapy, hemochromatosis, and amyloidosis could all result in:
A) dilated cardiomyopathy
B) asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
C) hypertensive cardiomyopathy
D) restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 2

D) restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 3

3. Aortic stenosis results in the incomplete emptying of the:
A) right atrium.
B) right ventricle.
C) left atrium.
D) left ventricle.

Answer 3

D) left ventricle.

Question 4

4. In the elderly, aortic stenosis usually results from which of the following conditions?
   A) congenital disorders.
   B) rheumatic heart disease.
   C) degeneration and calcification of the valve.
   D) Marfan syndrome.

Answer 4

C) degeneration and calcification of the valve.

Question 5

5. Which of the following valve disorders is likely to result in left ventricular failure?
A) Aortic stenosis
B) Aortic regurgitation
C) Mitral regurgitation
D) All of the above

Answer 5

D) All of the above

Question 6

6. Infective endocarditis is most often caused by:
A) viruses.
B) bacteria.
C) fungi.
D) autoimmunity.

Answer 6

B) bacteria

Question 7

7. Manifestations of increased left atrial and pulmonary venous pressures in left (congestive) heart failure include:
   A) syncope.
   B) weak pulses and decreased skin temperature.
   C) oliguria.
   D) dyspnea and cough.

Answer 7

D) dyspnea and cough.

Question 8

8. A patient is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures generally results from this condition?
A) Right heart failure
B) Left heart failure
C) Low-output failure
D) High-output failure

Answer 8

A) Right heart failure

Question 9

9. Of the following diseases, which is the most common cause of right heart failure?
A) Primary hypertension
B) Infective endocarditis
C) Left heart failure
D) Pericarditis

Answer 9

C) Left heart failure

Question 10

10. Which problem is a pathophysiological consequence common to all shock states?
A) Hypoperfusion
B) Vasoconstriction
C) Pulmonary edema
D) Hypertension

Answer 10

A) Hypoperfusion

Question 11

11. A consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is:
A) increased ATP production.
B) cellular dehydration.
C) lactic acidosis.
D) free radical formation.

Answer 11

C) lactic acidosis.

Question 12

12. Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential cause of cardiogenic shock?
A) Tension pneumothorax
B) Spinal cord injury
C) Tamponade
D) Cardiac arrhythmias

Answer 12

B) Spinal cord injury

Question 13

13. Which of the following shock states manifests with tachycardia, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment?
A) Anaphylactic
B) Hypovolemic
C) Neurogenic
D) Septic

Answer 13

D) Septic

Question 14

14. Causes of hypovolemic shock include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) dehydration.
B) blood loss.
C) brainstem injury.
D) diuresis.

Answer 14

C) brainstem injury.

Question 15

15. Clinical manifestations of hypovolemic shock include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) pulmonary edema.
B) tachycardia.
C) hypotension.
D) oliguria.

Answer 15

A) pulmonary edema.

Question 16

16. Which of the following shock states is characterized by vasodilation of the systemic arteries?
A) Hypovolemic
B) Cardiogenic
C) Distributive
D) All of the above

Answer 16

C) Distributive

Question 17

17. Neurogenic shock is caused by:
A) spinal cord injuries below T6.
B) inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C) injury to the cerebral cortex.
D) a lack of sympathetic activity.

Answer 17

D) a lack of sympathetic activity.

Question 18

18. Which of the following pathophysiological events causes the severe hypotension observed in neurogenic shock?
    A) Increased capillary permeability
    B) Diuresis
    C) Decreased peripheral vascular resistance
    D) All of the above

Answer 18

C) Decreased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 19

19. Which of the following shock states is characterized by acute, severe bronchoconstriction?
A) Cardiogenic
B) Anaphylactic
C) Hypovolemic
D) All of the above

Answer 19

B) Anaphylactic

Question 20

20. Anaphylactic shock occurs in response to severe:
A) viral infections.
B) allergic reactions.
C) brain injuries.
D) burn injuries.

Answer 20

B) allergic reactions.

Question 21

21. Anaphylactic shock manifests with the rapid onset of which set of symptoms?
    A) Bradycardia, decreased arterial pressure, and oliguria
    B) Dyspnea, hypotension, and urticaria
    C) Hypertension, anxiety, and tachycardia
    D) Fever, hypotension, and erythematous rash

Answer 21

B) Dyspnea, hypotension, and urticaria

Question 22

22. What is the primary cause of hypotension in early stages of septic shock?
    A) Blood loss
    B) Arterial vasodilation
    C) Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
    D) Heart failure

Answer 22

B) Arterial vasodilation

Question 23

23. High levels of which molecule contributes to the pathophysiology of septic shock?
A) Nitric oxide
B) Angiotensin II
C) Activated protein C
D) Epinephrine

Answer 23

A) Nitric oxide

Question 24

24. Which set of clinical manifestations is highly characteristic of a septic shock state?
    A) Tachycardia, generalized edema, and warm skin
    B) Confusion, bradycardia, and truncal rash
    C) Severe respiratory distress, jugular venous distention, and chest pain
    D) Decreased cardiac output, hypertension, and poor skin turgor

Answer 24

A) Tachycardia, generalized edema, and warm skin

Question 25

25. The most common cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is:
A) myocardial infarction.
B) septic shock.
C) chronic pulmonary disease.
D) autoimmune disease.

Answer 25

B) septic shock.

Question 26

26. MODS is defined as the progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems resulting from:
    A) a drug overdose.
    B) severe hemorrhaging.
    C) an uncontrolled inflammatory response.
    D) myocardial depression.

Answer 26

C) an uncontrolled inflammatory response.

Question 27

27. In MODS, which of the following events contribute to organ failure?
A) Microvascular clotting
B) Interstitial edema
C) Exhaustion of fuel supply
D) All of the above

Answer 27

D) All of the above

Question 28

28. The congenital disorder called tetralogy of Fallot involves stenosis of the pulmonary semilunar valve. Which of the following effects would most directly result from this?
    A) hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall
    B) hypertrophy of the right ventricular wall
    C) dilation of the left atrium
    D) regurgitation of the tricuspid valve

Answer 28

B) hypertrophy of the right ventricular wall

Question 29

29. Many valvular stenosis and regurgitation disorders in adults have a common etiology. Which of the following can cause both types of valve dysfunction?
A) Rheumatic heart disease
B) Syphilis infection
C) Connective tissue disorders
D) Heart failure

Answer 29

A) Rheumatic heart disease