ANPH - Central Nervous System CH 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What functions are associated with the parietal lobe?

A

movement
orientation
recognition
perception of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are three main components of the hindbrain?

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some functions associated with the cerebellum?

A

Fine motor control
Balance and equilibrium
Muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?

A
reasoning
planning
parts of speech
movement
problem solving
decision making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 3 functions are associated with the temporal lobe?

A

perception/recognition of auditory stimuli
memory
speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What functions are associated with the pons?

A
bladder control
eye movement
facial expressions
hearing
posture
respiration
sleep
swallowing
taste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some functions supported by the limbic system?

A
emotion
behavior
motivation
long-term memory
olfaction (smell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

“Command center” of the brain

Processes and relays sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?

A

A gyrus is a bump in the brain, a sulcus is a groove.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The cerebral cortex is the brain’s outer layer of gray matter. It is comprised of four main lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What function is associated with the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two main components of the brain stem?

A

midbrain

hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some functions associated with the medulla?

A

breathing
heart rate
blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some functions associated with the cerebellum?

A

Fine motor control
Balance and equilibrium
Muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a neurotransmitter

A

A neurotransmitter is any chemical that diffuses across a neural synapse, binds to receptors on a postsynaptic neuron, and causes changes in the cell’s composition and/or behavior.

There are two types of neurotransmitters, excitatory and inhibitory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter makes the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire and propagate an action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

an excitatory neurotransmitter

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire and propagate an action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many neurotransmitters have been identified in the human nervous system?

A

More than 100.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

serotonin

A

Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, sleep, appetite, and memory.

Serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

dopamine

A

Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward circuits, sleep, pleasure, and voluntary movement.

Dopamine plays a major role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine is involved in the body’s fight-or-flight response and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; it acts to increase heart rate and blood pressure, trigger the release of glucose, and increase blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, and is commonly referred to as noradrenaline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

epinephrine

A

Epinephrine is involved in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and assists in the body’s fight-or-flight response; it works to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts.

Epinephrine is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, and is commonly referred to as adrenaline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholine is involved in muscle movements of both the autonomic nervous system, where it has an inhibitory effect on heart rate, and the somatic nervous system, where it has an excitatory effect on skeletal muscle action.

Acetylcholine also plays a role in REM sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

glutamate

A

Glutamate plays a key role in the growth and development of neurons, and is highly involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory.

Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

GABA

A

GABA, short for gamma-Aminobutyric acid, regulates neuronal excitability, relieves anxiety and induces relaxation, and is also directly involved in the regulation of muscle tone.

GABA is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

glycine

A

Glycine acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, most commonly in the spinal cord, brain stem, and retina.

When acting as a co-agonist with glutamate, glycine is an excitatory neurotransmitter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

beta-endorphin

A

Beta-endorphin activates opioid receptors, resulting in significant pain relief and relaxation, particularly after physical trauma.

Opioid drugs, such as morphine, bind to the opioid receptors and produce similar effects to beta-endorphin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

substance P

A

Substance P is closely associated with the perception of pain and the body’s inflammatory response, in which it serves as a vasodilator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

vasopressin

A

As a neurotransmitter, vasopressin deals with neurological functions such as social bonding and memory.

Vasopressin more commonly functions as a hormone, in which its major job is to increase water retention in the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

histamine

A

Histamine has a major role in the regulation of sleep and the process of forgetting.

The cells that fire histamine are most active during wakefulness and slowest during sleep.

Histamine is also involved in the body’s inflammatory response, but does not act as a neurotransmitter in this capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the function of the following neurotransmitter:

oxytocin

A

As a neurotransmitter, oxytocin encourages social bonding and maternal behavior.

Oxytocin more commonly functions as a hormone, in which it is most notably involved in uterine contractions during labor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two sub-systems of the nervous system?

A

The two sub-systems of the nervous system are:

The central nervous system
The peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the physical components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the physical component of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

All of the body’s nerves.

The peripheral nervous system is further sub-divided into the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

sub-system of the PNS responsible for the voluntary control of muscle functioning and the detection of stimuli through the body’s sensory receptors.

A

the somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

sub-system of the PNS responsible for subconscious, involuntary, visceral functions that maintain the body at a homeostatic state.

A

the autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system coordinates activities such as digestion, heart rate, respiratory rate, salivation, excretion of urine, secretion of hormones, and sexual arousal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the sympathetic nervous system

A

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a sub-system of the autonomic nervous system that acts to prepare the body for physical or mental activity, particularly in the fight-or-flight response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The SNS responds to major stressors by increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and perspiration, dilating pupils and bronchi, and decreasing digestion. T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system

A

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is a sub-system of the autonomic nervous system responsible for “rest and digest”, or the overall slow-down of the body’s functions in order to conserve energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The only body functions that the _____ augments are digestion and sexual arousal.

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What two types of cells comprise the nervous system?

A

neurons and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

a neuron

A

A neuron is the electrically excitable cell that comprises the nervous system and functions to process and transmit impulses through the body.

A neuron contains a cell body, dentrites, which gather and carry impulses to the cell body, and an axon, which carries information away from the cell body and towards other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

a glial cell

A

A glial cell functions to support the neuronal cells within the nervous system by providing nourishment, protection, and physical support.

There are many different types of glial cells, all with specific functions and locations.

Neurons could not function, or survive, without the support of glial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

a synapse

A

A synapse is the location where the axon of one neuron connects to the dendrite of the next.

The gap between neurons is called the synaptic gap, or cleft.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Synapses can either be chemical or electrical in nature.T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

__________is a synapse in which the neurons are directly touching and are connected by small junctions that allow nerve impulses to pass directly from one neuron to the other.

A

an electrical synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Electrical synapses are more common as chemical synapses.

A

False - Electrical synapses are not as common as chemical synapses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

a chemical synapse

A

A chemical synapse is a synapse in which the neurons do not actually touch, and instead communicate by sending chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that bridge the gap between them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Chemical synapses are more common than electrical synapses. T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

a neurotransmitter

A

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that allows for the communication between neurons in a chemical synapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from the axon of the presynaptic neuron, diffuse across the synaptic gap, and attach to specific receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron. T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the technical term used to describe a nerve impulse.

A

an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Action potentials consist of a brief, reversible depolarization of the neuron. The depolarization then travels along the axon, allowing for the propagation of the impulse. T/F

A

False -
Action potentials consist of a brief, reversible POLARIZATION of the neuron. The polarization then travels along the axon, allowing for the propagation of the impulse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

fat-like insulating sheath, made by glial cells, that surrounds the axons of neurons and dramatically increases the speed of the action potential propagation.

A

myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How many pairs of external brain lobes are there on the surface of the human brain?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

There is a fifth lobe, called the insular lobe, but it cannot be seen from the surface. T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

A small part of the left frontal lobe, called Strocca’s area, is responsible for converting thoughts into words T/F.

A

False - A small part of the left frontal lobe, called BROCCA’s area, is responsible for converting thoughts into words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

manages sensory perceptions, gives meaning to visual and auditory signals by associating them with past memories, and allows for the understanding of written and spoken language.

A

the parietal lobe of the brain

59
Q

responsible for distinguishing between sounds, interpreting and understanding spoken language, and forming and recalling memories.

A

the temporal lobe of the brain

60
Q

also known as the visual cortex, is responsible for visually recognizing and identifying objects, and analyzing visual information.

A

the occipital lobe of the brain

61
Q

believed to be partly responsible for emotion, states of consciousness, and regulation of the body’s homeostatic states.

A

the insular lobe of the brain

62
Q

The insular lobe has functions as diverse as assisting with motor control, perception, interpersonal experience, cognitive functioning, and self-awareness.T/F

A

True

63
Q

functions as a relay station for all information entering and leaving the brain.

A

the thalamus of the brain

64
Q

The thalamus passes on sensory information to the cortex, determines which pieces of information should reach consciousness, and exchanges motor information from the cortex to lower parts of the brain.T/F

A

True

65
Q

responsible for many of the body’s important homeostatic functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.

A

the hypothalamus of the brain

66
Q

The hypothalamus also connects the nervous system with the endocrine system via the Medulla, which sits directly below the hypothalamus. T/F

A

False - The hypothalamus also connects the nervous system with the endocrine system via the PITUITARY GLAND, which sits directly below the hypothalamus.

67
Q

external lobes of the brain, as well as the insular lobe, and therefore is responsible for all of their functions, including sensory and motor control, reasoning, planning, personality, language, memory, emotions, and consciousness.

A

the cortex of the brain

68
Q

responsible for controlling sensations, and initiating and regulating movements.

A

the basal ganglia of the brain

69
Q

the amygdala of the brain

A

The amygdala is involved with learning, memory, and the regulation of emotions, especially fear and aggressive reactions.

70
Q

the relay station for memories, assisting in encoding information for long-term memory storage, and retrieving these memories for recall.

A

the hippocampus of the brain

71
Q

The hippocampus is connected to all parts of the cortex, enabling memories to maintain contextual relevance involving no more than one sense. T/F

A

False - The hippocampus is connected to all parts of the cortex, enabling memories to maintain contextual relevance involving MORE than one sense.

72
Q

What three structures are considered part of the brainstem?

A

The medulla oblongata
The pons
The midbrain

73
Q

regulates basics life functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, as well as controls reflexes such as swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting.

A

the medulla oblongata of the brain

74
Q

the major relay station between the forebrain and the cerebellum, and controls body functions, including respiration and sleep.

A

the pons of the brain

75
Q

structure of the pons that is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle, attentiveness, and concentration.

A

the reticular formation of the brain

76
Q

The Cortex serves as a filter for incoming stimuli in which it removes irrelevent background stimuli, allowing for better concentration in the midst of distractions. T/F

A

False - The RETICULAR FORMATION serves as a filter for incoming stimuli in which it removes irrelevent background stimuli, allowing for better concentration in the midst of distractions.

77
Q

responsible for many different functions including motor control, vision, hearing, temperature regulation, and alertness.

A

the midbrain of the brain

78
Q

functions to relay sensory information from the body up to the brain, and transmit motor information from the brain to the muscles of the body.

A

the spinal cord

79
Q

responsible for balance, muscle tone, and posture, as well as the ability to make muscle movements smooth and precise.

A

the cerebellum of the brain

80
Q

the central connection point between the two hemispheres of the brain and facilitates inter-hemispheric communication.

A

the corpus callosum of the brain

81
Q

deals with the emotional reactions that influence the functions of the autonomic nervous system, including adjusting blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

A

the cingulate gyrus of the brain

82
Q

involved with recognition memory, or the memory of events, people, and objects. They also seem to play a role in associating smells with memory.

A

the mammillary bodies of the brain

83
Q

involved in learning, memory, emotions, and olfaction.

A

the limbic system of the brain

84
Q

The limbic system is composed of many structures including, but not limited to, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cingulate gyrus, and the mammillary bodies. T/F

A

True

85
Q

three thin, yet strong, membranes that surround and protect the brain.

A

the meninges of the brain

86
Q

(CSF)

A

cerebrospinal fluid

87
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is

A

a circulating fluid that cushions and protects the brain. The CSF circulates through the ventricles and between layers of meninges, allowing the brain to “float” and reduce the pressure on the base of the brain.

88
Q

CSF is made by the choroid plexus of the ventricles and is released at the base of the brain. T/F

A

True

89
Q

From superficial to deep, which is the correct order of location of the meninges?

a. dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
b. pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater
c. arachnoid membrane, pia mater, dura mater
d. dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid membrane

A

a. dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

90
Q

The falx cerebri separates the:

a. two hemispheres of the cerebellum.
b. cerebellum from the cerebrum.
c. two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
d. dura mater from the arachnoid.

A

c. two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

91
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid resides in the:

a. epidural space.
b. subarachnoid space.
c. subdural space.
d. piarachnoid space.

A

b. subarachnoid space.

92
Q

The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bones is the:

a. pia mater.
b. arachnoid membrane.
c. dura mater.

A

dura mater.

93
Q

Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs mainly in the:

a. cerebral aqueduct.
b. superior sagittal sinus.
c. choroid plexuses.
d. median foramen.

A

c. choroid plexuses.

94
Q

The lateral ventricles are located within the:

a. cerebrum.
b. cerebellum.
c. spinal cord.
d. none of the above.

A

a. cerebrum.

95
Q

CSF is absorbed into the venous blood via the:

a. cisterna magna.
b. choroid plexus.
c. falx cerebri.
d. arachnoid villus.

A

d. arachnoid villus.

96
Q

CSF is not found in the:

a. central canal.
b. subarachnoid space.
c. third ventricle.
d. subdural space.

A

d. subdural space.

97
Q

The four large, fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called ventricles.

True or False

A

True

98
Q

Interference of CSF circulation, causing the fluid to accumulate in the subarachnoid space, is referred to as external hydrocephalus.

True or False

A

False

99
Q

transmits impulses of crude touch and pressure

a. lateral spinothalamic tract
b. anterior spinothalamic tract
c. fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus
d. spinocerebellar tract

A

b. anterior spinothalamic tract

100
Q

transmits impulses of subconscious kinesthesia

a. lateral spinothalamic tract
b. anterior spinothalamic tract
c. fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus
d. spinocerebellar tract

A

d. spinocerebellar tract

101
Q

______ transmits impulses of crude touch, pain, and temperature

a. lateral spinothalamic tract
b. anterior spinothalamic tract
c. fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus
d. spinocerebellar tract

A

a. lateral spinothalamic tract

102
Q

______ transmits impulses of discriminating touch and kinesthesia

a. lateral spinothalamic tract
b. anterior spinothalamic tract
c. fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus
d. spinocerebellar tract

A

c. fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus

103
Q

_____ transmits impulses that control voluntary movement of muscles on the same side of the body

a. lateral corticospinal tract
b. anterior corticospinal tract
c. reticulospinal tract
d. tectospinal tract
e. rubrospinal tract

A

b. anterior corticospinal tract

104
Q

_____ facilitates head and neck movement related to visual reflexes

a. lateral corticospinal tract
b. anterior corticospinal tract
c. reticulospinal tract
d. tectospinal tract
e. rubrospinal tract

A

d. tectospinal tract

105
Q

______ helps maintain posture during skeletal muscle movements

a. lateral corticospinal tract
b. anterior corticospinal tract
c. reticulospinal tract
d. tectospinal tract
e. rubrospinal tract

A

c. reticulospinal tract

106
Q

______ transmits impulses that control voluntary movement of muscles on the opposite side of the body

a. lateral corticospinal tract
b. anterior corticospinal tract
c. reticulospinal tract
d. tectospinal tract
e. rubrospinal tract

A

a. lateral corticospinal tract

107
Q

______ transmits impulses that coordinate body movements and maintenance of posture

a. lateral corticospinal tract
b. anterior corticospinal tract
c. reticulospinal tract
d. tectospinal tract
e. rubrospinal tract

A

e. rubrospinal tract

108
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the brain stem?

a. medulla oblongata
b. hypothalamus
c. pons
d. midbrain

A

b. hypothalamus

109
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the midbrain?

a. cerebral peduncles
b. corpora quadrigemina
c. superior colliculi
d. all of the above are parts of the midbrain

A

d. all of the above are parts of the midbrain

110
Q

The internal white matter of the cerebellum is the:

a. arbor vitae.
b. vermis.
c. peduncle.
d. none of the above.

A

a. arbor vitae

111
Q

The part of the brain that secretes releasing hormones is the:

a. thalamus.
b. hypothalamus.
c. medulla.
d. pons.

A

b. hypothalamus.

112
Q

Regulation of the body’s biological clock and production of melatonin is performed by the:

a. pons.
b. thalamus.
c. cerebellum.
d. pineal body.

A

d. pineal body.

113
Q

The part of the cerebrum integral to consciousness is:

a. Broca’s area.
b. the reticular activating system.
c. the limbic system.
d. the insula.

A

b. the reticular activating system.

114
Q

Commissural tracts compose the:

a. corpus callosum.
b. mammillary body.
c. hippocampus.
d. central sulcus.

A

a. corpus callosum

115
Q

Emotions involve the functioning of the cerebrum’s:

a. Broca’s area.
b. limbic system.
c. reticular activating system.
d. caudate nucleus.

A

b. limbic system.

116
Q

The type of brain wave associated with deep sleep is:

a. delta.
b. beta.
c. alpha.
d. theta.

A

a. delta.

117
Q

The cerebellum is the second largest portion of the brain.

True or False

A

True

118
Q

Functions of the cerebellum include language, memory, and emotions.

True or False

A

. False

119
Q

The vomiting reflex is mediated by the cerebellum.

True or False

A

. False

120
Q

The shallow grooves of the cerebrum are called sulci.

True or False

A

True

121
Q

The islands of gray matter inside the hemispheres of the cerebrum are called the basal ganglia.

True or False

A

True

122
Q

Which of the following is not a pathway that produces sensations of touch and pressure?

a. medial lemniscal system
b. spinothalamic pathway
c. rubrospinal tract
d. all of the above are pathways that produce sensations of touch and pressure.

A

c. rubrospinal tract

123
Q

Axons from the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord terminate in the:

a. cerebral cortex.
b. sensory receptors.
c. skeletal muscle.
d. none of the above.

A

c. skeletal muscle.

124
Q

Absence of reflexes is indicative of injury to:

a. lower motor neurons.
b. upper motor neurons.
c. lower sensory neurons.
d. upper sensory neurons.

A

a. lower motor neurons.

125
Q

Poliomyelitis results in flaccid paralysis via destruction of anterior horn neurons.

True or False

A

True

126
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts are very simple pyramidal tracts.

True or False

A

False

127
Q

an inherited form of dementia in which the symptoms first appear between 30 and 40 years of age

a. Alzheimer disease
b. cerebrovascular accident
c. epilepsy
d. Huntington disease

A

d. Huntington disease

128
Q

______a hemorrhage from or cessation of blood flow to the cerebral vessels, which destroys neurons

a. Alzheimer disease
b. cerebrovascular accident
c. epilepsy
d. Huntington disease

A

b. cerebrovascular accident

129
Q

______ a degenerative disease that affects memory, generally developing during the middle to late adult years and causing characteristic lesions in the cortex

a. Alzheimer disease
b. cerebrovascular accident
c. epilepsy
d. Huntington disease

A

a. Alzheimer disease

130
Q

_______ recurring or chronic seizure episodes involving sudden bursts of abnormal neuron activity

a. Alzheimer disease
b. cerebrovascular accident
c. epilepsy
d. Huntington disease

A

c. epilepsy

131
Q

Baby Dania was born with an excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles. A catheter was placed in the ventricle and the fluid was drained by means of a shunt into the circulating bloodstream.

Question a. What condition does this medical history describe?

A

(a) Hydrocephalus

132
Q

Julius is exhibiting loss of memory, increasingly limited attention span, deteriorating motor control, and changes in his personality.

Question a. What is the general term that can be used to describe his condition?

Question b. What specific condition may he be suffering from?

A

(a) dementia

(b) Alzheimer disease

133
Q

The portion of the brain stem that joins the spinal cord to the brain is the:

a. pons.
b. cerebellum.
c. diencephalon.
d. hypothalamus.
e. medulla.

A

e. medulla.

134
Q

Which one of the following is not a function of the brain stem?

a. conducts sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the higher centers of the brain
b. conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
c. controls heartbeat, respiration, and blood vessel diameter
d. contains centers for speech and memory

A

d. contains centers for speech and memory

135
Q

Which one of the following is not part of the diencephalon?

a. cerebrum
b. thalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. pineal gland

A

. a. cerebrum

136
Q

Which one of the following parts of the brain helps in the association of sensations with emotions, as well as aiding in the arousal or alerting mechanism?

a. pons
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebellum
d. thalamus
e. none of the above is correct

A

. d. thalamus

137
Q

Which one of the following is not a function of the cerebrum?

a. language
b. consciousness
c. memory
d. conscious awareness of sensations
e. all of the above are functions of the cerebrum

A

e. all of the above are functions of the cerebrum

138
Q

The area of the cerebrum responsible for the perception of sound lies in the ________ lobe.

a. frontal
b. temporal
c. occipital
d. parietal

A

b. temporal

139
Q

Visual perception is located in the ________ lobe.

a. frontal
b. temporal
c. occipital
d. parietal

A

c. occipital

140
Q

Which one of the following is not a function of the cerebellum?

a. maintains equilibrium
b. helps produce smooth, coordinated movements
c. helps maintain normal posture
d. associates sensations with emotions

A

d. associates sensations with emotions

141
Q

The largest section of the brain is the:

a. cerebellum.
b. pons.
c. cerebrum.
d. midbrain.

A

c. cerebrum.

142
Q

Which statement is false?

a. The spinal cord performs two general functions.
b. A lumbar puncture is performed to withdraw CSF.
c. The cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers are called the vital centers.
d. The meninges end at L1 in a tapered cone called the cauda equina.

A

d. The meninges end at L1 in a tapered cone called the cauda equina.

143
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?

a. major relay station between the cerebral cortex and lower autonomic centers
b. serves as a higher autonomic center
c. plays an essential role in maintaining the waking state
d. regulates voluntary motor functions
e. part of the mechanism for regulating appetite

A

d. regulates voluntary motor functions