ANPH 108 - Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What allows the myosin of the thick filament to pull on actin
A
When ATP is available
2
Q
Where can you find microvilli
A
areas where absorption is important
3
Q
What is expiratory reserve volume
A
• The largest amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
4
Q
How many vertebrae do we have
A
24
5
Q
What are the 5 major types of glia
A
Astrocytes (in CNS) Microglia (in CNS) Ependymal cells (in CNS) Oligodendrocytes (in CNS) Schwann cells (in PNS)
6
Q
What is Endochondral Ossification
A
Process of cartilage being replaced by bone in a growing skeleton
7
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall
A
Epicardium - outer
Myocardium - middle
Endocardium- inner
8
Q
What do you call a group of organs that perform complex functions
A
system
9
Q
What are 2 cavities of the dorsal cavity
A
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
10
Q
Which organelle synthesizes some lipids and carbohydrates
A
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
11
Q
What is the function of the muscle tissue
A
- connects
- supports
- transports
- protects
12
Q
What effect does growth hormone have on blood calcium level
A
Increases bone growth. Reduces calcium levels as a result
13
Q
Where can you find flagella
A
human sperm cells
14
Q
What is myography
A
method of graphing the changing tension of a muscle as it contracts
15
Q
What is the contractile unit of the muscle fibers
A
sarcomere
16
Q
What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue
A
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
17
Q
What 4 protein molecules make up myofilaments
A
- myosin
- actin
- tropomyosin
- troponin
18
Q
What is epimysium
A
sheath covering the muscle as a whole
19
Q
How much is tidal volume
A
500 ml
20
Q
What are the structural proteins of the Extracellular matrix
A
- collagen
- elastin
21
Q
what is perimysium
A
connective tissue binding together fascicles
22
Q
What is the name of the outer wall of the trachea
A
adventitia
23
Q
What causes tropomyosin to shift; exposing active sites of actin
A
calcium released by nerve impulses binds to troponin, which cause the shift
24
Q
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
Temporarily store Ca++ ions
25
What does the T wave represent on an ECG
repolarization of the ventricles
26
What is osteogenesis
development of bone from cartilage
27
What are the 3 cell connections
Desmosome
Gap junctions
Tight junction
28
What is the name for cancellous bone in cranial flat bones
diploe
29
What are the afferent divisions of the nervous system
incoming sensory pathways
30
What is vital capacity
IRV + TV + ERV
31
What are the 3 molecular robots
- Dynein, myosin, kinesin
32
What do you call the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
33
What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
34
What produces calcitonin
thyroid
35
What is the hearts natural pacemaker
SA node
36
What is the name of the membrane covering the bone
periosteum
37
How much is a normal inspiratory reserve volume
3 to 3.3 litres
38
What is sarcoplasm
the cytoplasm of the muscle cell
39
What is the role of cytochrome oxidase
Burns O2 in cell
40
What is the name of the canals connecting the lacuna
canaliculi
41
What do you call the grape-like structure resulting from the cell division of a fertilized egg
morula
42
What does the U wave represent on an ECG
repolarization of the papillary muscle
43
What do you call the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and a hydrogen ion
glycolysis
44
How much is the normal residual volume
1.2 Litres
45
What are the efferent divisions of the nervous system
outgoing motor pathways
46
What is mastication
chewing
47
What is tidal volume
amount of air inhaled and exhaled
48
What are the 4 layers of the epiphyseal plate
- Resting” cartilage cells
- Zone of proliferation
- Zone of hypertrophy
- Zone of calcification
49
Which 2 components of the cytoskeleton do nanobots use for movement
- Microfilaments
| - Microtubules
50
What are the cells of the nervous tissue
- neuron
| - neuroglia
51
What do you call the collection of mechanisms that influence the dynamic (active and changing) circulation of blood
hemodynamics
52
What is the Foramen ovale
opening in septum between the right and left atria
53
What is a sarcomere
a segment of myofibril between 2 Z-disks
54
What makes up the nervous system
brain
spinal cord
nerves
55
What are the heads of myosin attracted to
actin
56
How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels
stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts, lowering blood calcium levels
57
What do you call the process of the primary germ layers differentiating into different kinds of tissue
Hystogenesis
58
Wha are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
59
What are Lachrymal
tear ducts
60
what do you call the science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts
anatomy
61
How are t-tubules formed
they are inward extensions of the sarcolemma
62
What are the 3 kinds of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
63
What is residual volume
• Amount of air that cannot be forcible exhaled
64
What do you call the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
embryoblast
65
What is the name of the inner periosteum of the cranial flat bone
dura mater
66
What is hydroxyapatite made out of
calcium and phosphate
67
What is the name of the transverse canals connecting the osteons
volkmann canals
68
What do you call the study of diseased body structures
pathological anatomy
69
Where does surfactant come from?
produced by type II Liver
70
What are the 3 cavities of the ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity
| Abdominopelvic cavity
71
Information from somatic motor division is carried to where
somatic effectors (muscles)
72
What are the 3 components of the microcirculation
- arterioles
- venules
- capillaries
73
What is atomic vibration
what gives temperature to an atom
74
What effect does serotonin have on blood calcium levels
Inhibits osteoblast activity, increasing calcium levels in blood
75
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima
76
what are osteoclasts
bone breakers
77
Where are peroxisomes common
liver and kidney cells
78
What is the name of the membrane covering the heart
pericardium
79
What hybrid molecules that are mostly carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone
proteoglycans
80
What are the 5 bone types
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bone (seed-like. Ex, patella)
81
What is semiology
study of signs and symptoms
82
What is tonic contraction
a continual, partial contraction of a muscle
83
What do you call a morula that has formed a cavity in the centre
blastula
84
What makes up the myofibril
myofilaments
85
What is angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
86
What organelle removes and stores Ca++
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
87
what do you call the outer cell mass of blastocyst
Trophoblast
88
What are the thick filaments mostly made of
myosin
89
How do muscle fibers continually resynthesize ATP
breaking down creatine phosphate
90
What myofilament protein is a "cross-bridge" when attached to actin
myosin
91
What is the sequence of cardiac stimulation
- SA node generates an impulse
- Atria begin to contract
- action potential slows at AV node to allow complete contraction of atrial chambers
- Conduction velocity increases as it passes through AV bundle into the ventricles
- Purkinje fibers conducts impulses throughout both ventricles causing them to contract
92
Which protein blocks the active sites of actin
tropomyosin
93
What does the central nervous system consist of
brain and spinal cord
94
What does parathyroid hormone do when it comes to blood calcium levels
- activates osteoclasts; raises calcium level in the blood
95
What is a keloid
thick scare
96
What is inspiratory reserve volume
• The largest amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation
97
What does the P wave represent on an ECG
depolarization of the atria
98
What do you call the study of the body and its parts relying only on the naked eye as a tool for observation
gross anatomy
99
What are the 4 kinds of tissue
- epithelium
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
100
What organelle contains peroxidase and catalase
peroxisomes
101
What are the 3 layers of the pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Viscera
102
What part of the cytoskeleton does the centrosome produce
microtubules
103
What are the 4 major structures of the conduction system of the heart
Sinoatrial node (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundle (bundle of His)
Subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers)
104
What protein holds tropomyosin molecules in place
troponin
105
The point of attachment of the muscle to bone, that doesn't move, is called what
origin
106
What do you call the science of the functions of organisms?
physiology
107
What allows passive expiration
elastic recoil
108
Information from somatic sensory division is carried to where
feedback information to somatic integration centers in the CNS
109
What makes up the triad of a muscle cell
the end sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubule, and another sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
110
How do muscles have energy to contract
hydrolysis of ATP
111
What are dural sinuses
large veins of the cranial cavity
112
What is the function of bone
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral storage
- Hematopoiesis
113
How does the sarcoplasmic reticulum receive Ca++ ions
The membrane of the SR pumps Ca++ from the sarcoplasm
114
What is the QRS complex on an ECG
represents depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria
115
What are osteoblasts
bone builder
116
Name 3 cell extensions
- Microvilli
- Cilia
- Flagella
117
The muscle to bone point of attachment that moves when muscle contracts
insertion
118
what 3 bones make up the pelvic girdle
- 2 coxal bones
| - sacrum
119
What do you call the process by which glucose is broken down to use its stored energy
cellular respiration
120
Where can you find cilia
in the lining of the respiratory tract
121
How many sinuses do we have
4 pairs
122
What makes up most of the thin filament of a muscle cell
actin
123
How much is a normal expiratory reserve volume
1 to 1.2 litres
124
What are the 4 mechanisms for calcium homeostasis
- parathyroid hormone
- calcitonin
- growth hormone
- serotonin
125
What are the 4 types of arteries in the body
- elastic
- muscular
- arterioles
- metarterioles
126
What is the auricle in the heart
earlike flap protruding from each atrium
127
What do you call a fertilized egg
zygote
128
What is the total lung capacity
The sum of all 4 lung volumes, the total amount of air a lung can hold.
129
What is the sarcolemma
the plasma membrane of the myocyte
130
What are the 3 primary germ layers
* Endoderm
* Mesoderm
* Ectoderm
131
What are end-arteries
arteries that diverge into capillaries
132
What is endomysium
the membrane that covers skeletal muscle fibers
133
What do the veins of the heart drain into
coronary sinus
134
What are the 2 types of epithelium
- membranous
| - glandular
135
What do you call a group of tissues performing the same function
organ
136
What is an anastomoses
an opening between 2 things
137
What is hematopoiesis
production of blood cells
138
What are the connecting vessels between arterioles and capillaries
metarterioles
139
What are the 3 divisions of the sternum
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid
140
What is the function of the t-tubules
to allow electrical signals / impulses, traveling along the sarcolemma, to move deeper into the cell
141
What is the function of the central nervous system
receives sensory information, evaluates it, initiates a response
142
What organelle tags proteins with Ubiquitin chain
proteasomes
