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ANPH & PATH > ANPH 108 - Final Exam > Flashcards

ANPH 108 - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What allows the myosin of the thick filament to pull on actin

A

When ATP is available

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2
Q

Where can you find microvilli

A

areas where absorption is important

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3
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

• The largest amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

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4
Q

How many vertebrae do we have

A

24

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5
Q

What are the 5 major types of glia

A 
Astrocytes (in CNS)
Microglia (in CNS)
Ependymal cells (in CNS)
Oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
Schwann cells (in PNS)
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6
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification

A

 Process of cartilage being replaced by bone in a growing skeleton

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium - outer
Myocardium - middle
Endocardium- inner

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8
Q

What do you call a group of organs that perform complex functions

A

system

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9
Q

What are 2 cavities of the dorsal cavity

A

 Cranial cavity

 Spinal cavity

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10
Q

Which organelle synthesizes some lipids and carbohydrates

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

What is the function of the muscle tissue

A
  • connects
  • supports
  • transports
  • protects
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12
Q

What effect does growth hormone have on blood calcium level

A

 Increases bone growth. Reduces calcium levels as a result

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13
Q

Where can you find flagella

A

human sperm cells

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14
Q

What is myography

A

method of graphing the changing tension of a muscle as it contracts

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15
Q

What is the contractile unit of the muscle fibers

A

sarcomere

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16
Q

What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
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17
Q

What 4 protein molecules make up myofilaments

A
  • myosin
  • actin
  • tropomyosin
  • troponin
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18
Q

What is epimysium

A

sheath covering the muscle as a whole

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19
Q

How much is tidal volume

A

500 ml

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20
Q

What are the structural proteins of the Extracellular matrix

A
  • collagen

- elastin

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21
Q

what is perimysium

A

connective tissue binding together fascicles

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22
Q

What is the name of the outer wall of the trachea

A

adventitia

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23
Q

What causes tropomyosin to shift; exposing active sites of actin

A

calcium released by nerve impulses binds to troponin, which cause the shift

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24
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Temporarily store Ca++ ions

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25
Q

What does the T wave represent on an ECG

A

repolarization of the ventricles

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26
Q

What is osteogenesis

A

development of bone from cartilage

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27
Q

What are the 3 cell connections

A

 Desmosome
 Gap junctions
 Tight junction

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28
Q

What is the name for cancellous bone in cranial flat bones

A

diploe

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29
Q

What are the afferent divisions of the nervous system

A

incoming sensory pathways

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30
Q

What is vital capacity

A

IRV + TV + ERV

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31
Q

What are the 3 molecular robots

A
  • Dynein, myosin, kinesin
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32
Q

What do you call the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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33
Q

What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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34
Q

What produces calcitonin

A

thyroid

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35
Q

What is the hearts natural pacemaker

A

SA node

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36
Q

What is the name of the membrane covering the bone

A

periosteum

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37
Q

How much is a normal inspiratory reserve volume

A

3 to 3.3 litres

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38
Q

What is sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of the muscle cell

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39
Q

What is the role of cytochrome oxidase

A

Burns O2 in cell

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40
Q

What is the name of the canals connecting the lacuna

A

canaliculi

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41
Q

What do you call the grape-like structure resulting from the cell division of a fertilized egg

A

morula

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42
Q

What does the U wave represent on an ECG

A

repolarization of the papillary muscle

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43
Q

What do you call the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and a hydrogen ion

A

glycolysis

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44
Q

How much is the normal residual volume

A

1.2 Litres

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45
Q

What are the efferent divisions of the nervous system

A

outgoing motor pathways

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46
Q

What is mastication

A

chewing

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47
Q

What is tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled

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48
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epiphyseal plate

A
  • Resting” cartilage cells
  • Zone of proliferation
  • Zone of hypertrophy
  • Zone of calcification
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49
Q

Which 2 components of the cytoskeleton do nanobots use for movement

A
  • Microfilaments

- Microtubules

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50
Q

What are the cells of the nervous tissue

A
  • neuron

- neuroglia

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51
Q

What do you call the collection of mechanisms that influence the dynamic (active and changing) circulation of blood

A

hemodynamics

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52
Q

What is the Foramen ovale

A

opening in septum between the right and left atria

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53
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

a segment of myofibril between 2 Z-disks

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54
Q

What makes up the nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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55
Q

What are the heads of myosin attracted to

A

actin

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56
Q

How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels

A

stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts, lowering blood calcium levels

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57
Q

What do you call the process of the primary germ layers differentiating into different kinds of tissue

A

Hystogenesis

58
Q

Wha are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
59
Q

What are Lachrymal

A

tear ducts

60
Q

what do you call the science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts

A

anatomy

61
Q

How are t-tubules formed

A

they are inward extensions of the sarcolemma

62
Q

What are the 3 kinds of cartilage

A

 Hyaline
 Fibrocartilage
 Elastic

63
Q

What is residual volume

A

• Amount of air that cannot be forcible exhaled

64
Q

What do you call the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

A

embryoblast

65
Q

What is the name of the inner periosteum of the cranial flat bone

A

dura mater

66
Q

What is hydroxyapatite made out of

A

calcium and phosphate

67
Q

What is the name of the transverse canals connecting the osteons

A

volkmann canals

68
Q

What do you call the study of diseased body structures

A

pathological anatomy

69
Q

Where does surfactant come from?

A

produced by type II Liver

70
Q

What are the 3 cavities of the ventral body cavity

A

 Thoracic cavity

 Abdominopelvic cavity

71
Q

Information from somatic motor division is carried to where

A

somatic effectors (muscles)

72
Q

What are the 3 components of the microcirculation

A
  • arterioles
  • venules
  • capillaries
73
Q

What is atomic vibration

A

what gives temperature to an atom

74
Q

What effect does serotonin have on blood calcium levels

A

 Inhibits osteoblast activity, increasing calcium levels in blood

75
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

 Tunica externa
 Tunica media
 Tunica intima

76
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

bone breakers

77
Q

Where are peroxisomes common

A

liver and kidney cells

78
Q

What is the name of the membrane covering the heart

A

pericardium

79
Q

What hybrid molecules that are mostly carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone

A

proteoglycans

80
Q

What are the 5 bone types

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bone (seed-like. Ex, patella)
81
Q

What is semiology

A

study of signs and symptoms

82
Q

What is tonic contraction

A

a continual, partial contraction of a muscle

83
Q

What do you call a morula that has formed a cavity in the centre

A

blastula

84
Q

What makes up the myofibril

A

myofilaments

85
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

86
Q

What organelle removes and stores Ca++

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

87
Q

what do you call the outer cell mass of blastocyst

A

Trophoblast

88
Q

What are the thick filaments mostly made of

A

myosin

89
Q

How do muscle fibers continually resynthesize ATP

A

breaking down creatine phosphate

90
Q

What myofilament protein is a “cross-bridge” when attached to actin

A

myosin

91
Q

What is the sequence of cardiac stimulation

A
  • SA node generates an impulse
  • Atria begin to contract
  • action potential slows at AV node to allow complete contraction of atrial chambers
  • Conduction velocity increases as it passes through AV bundle into the ventricles
  • Purkinje fibers conducts impulses throughout both ventricles causing them to contract
92
Q

Which protein blocks the active sites of actin

A

tropomyosin

93
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

94
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do when it comes to blood calcium levels

A
  • activates osteoclasts; raises calcium level in the blood
95
Q

What is a keloid

A

thick scare

96
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

• The largest amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

97
Q

What does the P wave represent on an ECG

A

depolarization of the atria

98
Q

What do you call the study of the body and its parts relying only on the naked eye as a tool for observation

A

gross anatomy

99
Q

What are the 4 kinds of tissue

A
  • epithelium
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
100
Q

What organelle contains peroxidase and catalase

A

peroxisomes

101
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Viscera

102
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton does the centrosome produce

A

microtubules

103
Q

What are the 4 major structures of the conduction system of the heart

A

 Sinoatrial node (SA) node
 Atrioventricular (AV) node
 AV bundle (bundle of His)
 Subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers)

104
Q

What protein holds tropomyosin molecules in place

A

troponin

105
Q

The point of attachment of the muscle to bone, that doesn’t move, is called what

A

origin

106
Q

What do you call the science of the functions of organisms?

A

physiology

107
Q

What allows passive expiration

A

elastic recoil

108
Q

Information from somatic sensory division is carried to where

A

feedback information to somatic integration centers in the CNS

109
Q

What makes up the triad of a muscle cell

A

the end sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubule, and another sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

110
Q

How do muscles have energy to contract

A

hydrolysis of ATP

111
Q

What are dural sinuses

A

large veins of the cranial cavity

112
Q

What is the function of bone

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Hematopoiesis
113
Q

How does the sarcoplasmic reticulum receive Ca++ ions

A

The membrane of the SR pumps Ca++ from the sarcoplasm

114
Q

What is the QRS complex on an ECG

A

represents depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria

115
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

bone builder

116
Q

Name 3 cell extensions

A
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
117
Q

The muscle to bone point of attachment that moves when muscle contracts

A

insertion

118
Q

what 3 bones make up the pelvic girdle

A
  • 2 coxal bones

- sacrum

119
Q

What do you call the process by which glucose is broken down to use its stored energy

A

cellular respiration

120
Q

Where can you find cilia

A

in the lining of the respiratory tract

121
Q

How many sinuses do we have

A

4 pairs

122
Q

What makes up most of the thin filament of a muscle cell

A

actin

123
Q

How much is a normal expiratory reserve volume

A

1 to 1.2 litres

124
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms for calcium homeostasis

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
  • growth hormone
  • serotonin
125
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries in the body

A
  • elastic
  • muscular
  • arterioles
  • metarterioles
126
Q

What is the auricle in the heart

A

earlike flap protruding from each atrium

127
Q

What do you call a fertilized egg

A

zygote

128
Q

What is the total lung capacity

A

The sum of all 4 lung volumes, the total amount of air a lung can hold.

129
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of the myocyte

130
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers

A
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Ectoderm
131
Q

What are end-arteries

A

arteries that diverge into capillaries

132
Q

What is endomysium

A

the membrane that covers skeletal muscle fibers

133
Q

What do the veins of the heart drain into

A

coronary sinus

134
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelium

A
  • membranous

- glandular

135
Q

What do you call a group of tissues performing the same function

A

organ

136
Q

What is an anastomoses

A

an opening between 2 things

137
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

138
Q

What are the connecting vessels between arterioles and capillaries

A

metarterioles

139
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid
140
Q

What is the function of the t-tubules

A

to allow electrical signals / impulses, traveling along the sarcolemma, to move deeper into the cell

141
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system

A

receives sensory information, evaluates it, initiates a response

142
Q

What organelle tags proteins with Ubiquitin chain

A

proteasomes

ANPH & PATH (13 decks)

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