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Pathology > Path Final - Urinary TS > Flashcards

Path Final - Urinary TS Flashcards

* = not in yellow

1
Q

What part of the golmerulus supports the capillaries and is composed of glycoprotein matrix?

A

mesanguim, mesangial cells (smooth muscle cells)

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2
Q

What cells are visceral epithelial cells that participate in glomerular filtration?

A

podocytes

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3
Q

What is the order of vasculature in the kidney?

A

renal artery -> interlobar -> arcuate -> interlobular ->afferent golmerular -> capillaries ->efferent ->preitubular capillary network

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4
Q

What kidney arteries are more susceptible to embolism?

A

interlobular arteries

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5
Q

*What roles do kidneys play in endocrine fxn? (4)

A

renin-angiotensin aldosterone - sodium
erythropoietin
vitamin d conversion
degradation of PTH

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6
Q

What hormone stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal gland and ADH release from post. pituatary?

A

angiotensin 2

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7
Q

What 3 things do interstitial fibroblasts produce?

A

EPO, prostaglandins, inflammatory mediators

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8
Q

What is the functional reserve percentage for the kidney?

A

75% (then azotemia occurs)

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9
Q

What is the term for elevated serum concentration of urea and creatinine?

A

azotemia

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10
Q

What syndrome is characterized by numerous lesions and CS caused by urea in blood with renal failure?

A

uremia

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11
Q

What are the 2 systemic lesion mechanisms caused by uremia?

A
  1. uremic vasculopathy - vasculitis, thrombosis

2. uremic toxicity - caustic injury to mucosa due to ammonia by bacteria

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12
Q

What are some additional systemic non renal lesions associated with uremic syndrome?

A

ulcerative colitis, vascular thrombosis, fibrinous pericarditis, pulmonary edema, endocardial mineralization, intercostal minerlization

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13
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms in which renal failure can cause death?

A

cardiotoxicity of potassium
metabolic acidosis
pulmonary edema

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14
Q

What are 2 causes of prerenal acute kidney failure due to imparied renal perfusion?

A

circulatory collapse

renal ischemia

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15
Q

What are the 2 clinical presentations of acute tubular necrosis?

A

oliguria, anuria

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16
Q

What 2 ways can acute tubular necrosis lead to further renal injury?

A

leakage of tubular ultrafiltrate

intratubular obstruction from sloughing - tubular casts

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17
Q

What bacteria and viruses can cause acute tubular necrosis?

A

bacteria - lepto, e coli, strep, staph, proteus

virus - canine hepatitis, canine distemper, canine herpes

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18
Q

What is the most important barrier in the kidney?

A

glomerular basement membrane of renal corpuscle

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19
Q

What part of the kidney prevents ascending bacteria from gaining access to the interstitum?

A

tubular BM

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20
Q

Which tubular injury usually leaves the basement membrane intact to regenerate?

A

toxic injury (ischemic injury - no BM)

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21
Q

What is the single most important cause of acute renal failure in animals? What is it caused by?

A

acute tubular necrosis

ischemia or nephrotoxicity

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22
Q

What is the term for a form of acute tubular necrosis that is not caused by inflammation? What is it caused by?

A

nephrosis

hypoxic combined with nephrotoxic injury

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23
Q

What are the gross lesions of acute tubular necrosis?

A

swollen pale cortex that bulges, striations or white streaks

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24
Q

What is the most common interstitial response to leptospira infection?

A

lymphofollicular inflammation

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25
Q

What are 3 examples of infectious interstitial nephritis?

A

canine ehrlichiosis, lepto, EIA

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26
Q

What kind of necrosis happens during kidney infarction?

A

coagulative

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27
Q

What kidney dysplasia is seen in lhasa apso, shih tzu and golden retrievers?

A

juvenile progressive nephropathy

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28
Q

What species get renal cysts most often?

A

cattle and pigs - no clinical significance

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29
Q

What breeds get polycystic kidney disease?

A

persian cats and bull terriers

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30
Q

What is the disease associated with fibrosis of the glomerulus caused by high blood pressure and high protein diet?

A

golmerulosclerosis

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31
Q

What breeds are genetically predisposed to glomerular amyloidosis?

A

abyssinian cats and chinese shar peis

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32
Q

What stain is used for amyloid?

A

congo red stain

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33
Q

What are examples of bacterial embolic nephritis causes in foals, pigs, sheep, and cattle?

A

foal - actinobacillus equuli
pigs - erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
sheep - corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
cattle - trueperlla pyogenes

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34
Q

What viruses cause viral glomerulitis?

A

canine hepatitis, equine arteritis, classical swine fever, newcastle, neonatal porcine cytomegalovirus

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35
Q

What are 4 drugs that cause chemical glomerulitis?

A

puromycin aminonucleoside
adriamycin
histamine antagonists
cyclosporin A

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36
Q

What developmental disease results in abnormal brush border membrane of PCT?

A

basenji dog fanconi syndrome

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37
Q

What breed gets primary renal glucosuria?

A

norwegian elkhounds

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38
Q

What are some hemolytic compounds that can cause hemoglobinuric nephrosis in different species?

A

sheep - copper toxicity
cattle - lepto or babesia
dogs - IMHA, babesia
horses - red maple toxicity

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39
Q

What are some conditions that cause myoglobinuric nephrosis by causing acute muscle necrosis?

A

Extertional myopathy in horses
Capture myopathy
severe muscle trauma

40
Q

What histologic changes are seen in acute tubular necrosis caused by heavy metals?

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies

41
Q

What 4 types of drugs cause acute tubular necrosis?

A

antimicrobials, NSAIDs, immunosuppressive drugs, antineoplastics

42
Q

How do NSAIDs cause acute tubular necrosis?

A

decrease prostaglandins that maintain blood flow - ischemic injury
can also cause renal papillary necrosis

43
Q

What mycotoxin causes acute tubular necrosis?

A

aflatoxin

44
Q

What are the plant toxins that can cause acute tubular necrosis?

A

pigweed, oxalate rich plants, grapes, lillies, oak

45
Q

What are the 2 pet food contaminants that cause acute tubular necrosis?

A

melamine and cyanuric acid

46
Q

What nephrotoxic metabolites cause oxalate nephrosis and acute tubular necrosis?

A

oxalate and glycolic acid

47
Q

How does vitamin D toxicosis lead to acute tubular necrosis?

A

hypercalcemia - metastatic minerilzation

48
Q

Which bacteria causes acute tubular necrosis by enteric proliferation and producing epsilon exotoxin?

A

Clostridium perfringes type D

49
Q

What lesions are seen in bacterial toxin induced acute tubular necrosis?

A

bilateral acute tubular degeneration with interstitial edema and hemorrhage

50
Q

What is the name for bacterial toxin induced acute tubular necrosis in small ruminants?

A

pulpy kidney

51
Q

What is the term for dilation of the renal pelvis due to obbstruction of urine outflow?

A

hydronephrosis

52
Q

What are gross and micro lesions associated with pyelonephritis?

A

gross - expansion by pus

micro - suppurative inflammation of pelvis and medulla with necrotic transitional epithelium

53
Q

What causes papillary necrosis?

A

ischemic injury caused by NSAIDs

54
Q

Hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, and papillary necrosis are all diseases of what part of the kidney?

A

renal pelvis

55
Q

Granulomatous nephritis, xanthogranulomas, and renal amyloidosis are all diseases of what part of the kidney?

A

interstitum

56
Q

Which breed most commonly gets renal interstitial amyloidosis?

A

abyssinian cats

57
Q

What is the most common primary renal neoplasm of the kidney? Who gets it the most?

A

renal carcinoma

older dogs - german shepherds

58
Q

What disease is renal carcinomas in german shepherds associated with?

A

nodular dermatofibrosis

59
Q

What epithelial tumor in the urinary system has a very high metastatic potential?

A

transitional cell carcinoma (usually in bladder)

60
Q

What embryonal tumor of the kidney is common in pigs?

A

nephroblastoma

61
Q

What is a common neoplasm that metastasizes to the kidney?

A

renal lymphoma

62
Q

What 2 invasive tumors can invade the kidney?

A

pheochromocytoma

adrenocortical carcinoma

63
Q

What is the most common malformation of the urinary bladder?

A

patent urachus - seen in foals

64
Q

What is the most essential precursor to initiation of crystal and urolith formation?

A

supersaturation of urine with mineral salts and proetin

65
Q

Which crystal is known as “infection calculi” and occurs normally in mini schnauzers?

A

struvite

66
Q

What crystal is found normally in horses, rabbits, and goats and doesnt indicate dz?

A

calcium carbonate

67
Q

What crystal is seen in dalmations and no clinical interpretation can be made?

A

amorphous

68
Q

What crystal is seen normally in domestic animals but rarely seen in ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

calcium oxalate dihydrate

69
Q

What crystals are shaped like a picket fence and seen in acute renal failure and ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A

calcium oxalate monohydrate

70
Q

What crystal is common in small animals with portal vascular anomalies? Which breeds are predisposed to them?

A

ammonium biurate

seen in dalmations and bulldogs

71
Q

Which crystal is favored in acidic urine and may have a sex linked inheritance for predisposition?

A

cysteine crystal

72
Q

What is the most common example of a drug associated crystal?

A

trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, not associated with renal dz

73
Q

What is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy? *What can it predispose the animal to?

A

urolithiasis

*injury, bacterial cystitis, pyelonephritis, chronic inflammatory dz

74
Q

*Infections of what bacteria/viruses cause tubulointerstitial nephritis?

A

lepto, adenovirus, lentivirus, herpes

75
Q

*Which causes a larger infarct? Arcuate or interlobular artery?

A

arcuate

76
Q

*What 2 species are ectopic kidneys most commonly found?

A

dogs and pigs

77
Q

*What disease causes enlarged glomeruli that look like red pin point foci in the cortex grossly?

A

immune mediated golmerulonephritis

78
Q

*What is the most common type of IM glomerulonephritis histo lesions in horse?

A

proliferative glomerulonephritis - increased cells

79
Q

*What is the most common type of IM glomerulonephritis histo lesions in the cat?

A

membranous glomerulonephritis - thickened BM

80
Q

*What is the most common type of IM glomerulonephritis histo lesion in dogs?

A

Membrano-proliferative

81
Q

*What condition is associated with reactive amyloidosis (AA) and occurs with chronic inflammatory dzs?

A

glomerular amyloidosis

82
Q

*What 2 fungi can cause acute tubular necrosis?

A

aspergillus and penicillum

83
Q

*What 2 viruses cause granulomatous nephritis?

A

FIP, porcine circovirus

84
Q

*What 3 fungi cause granulmatous nephritis?

A

Aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, encephalitozoonosis

85
Q

*What are the 3 morphological types of chronic cystitis?

A

diffuse, lymphofollicular, polypoid

86
Q

*What protozoa infects the kidneys but usually leaves renal fxn alone?

A

Klossiella equi

87
Q

*What are 3 common bacteria to cause emboliic nephritis?

A

E coli, salmonlla, brucella

88
Q

*What 3 leptospira serovars cause interstitial nephritis?

A

hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa

89
Q

*What is the disease caused by bracken fern in cattle kidney?

A

enzootic hematuria - hemolysis, BM damage, immunosuppression

90
Q

*What 3 leptospira serovars cause significant clinical dz in pigs?

A

pomona, tarassovi, australis

91
Q

*What strongyloid nematode migrates to the kidney after cycling through the liver in pigs?

A

Stephanurus dentatus (kidney worm)

92
Q

*What virus of pigs causes viral interstitial nephritis?

A

circovirus (PMWS)

93
Q

*What 2 leptospira serovars are found in dogs?

A

icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola

94
Q

*What disease in cats is usually associated with urethral obstruction by calculi in males?

A

hemorrhagic urocystitis (feline urologic syndrome)

95
Q

*What are the 3 toxicosis of cats that cause tubulointerstitial nephritis?

A

melamine, cyanuric acid, lillies

96
Q

*What causes parasitism of the kidney of dogs resulting in hemorrhagic and purulent pyelitis?

A

Dioctophyma renale (giant kidney worm)

Pathology (13 decks)

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