Path Final - Integument TS Flashcards
Butler's Integument * = not in yellow or in long notes
1
Q
What is the typical transit time of a single keratinocyte?
A
one month
2
Q
What structure provides intracellular adhesion between keratinocytes?
A
desmosomes
3
Q
What structure provides attachment of epidermis to basement membrane?
A
hemidesmosomes
4
Q
What are the 3 components of the basement membrane zone?
A
hemidesmosomes
lamina lucida
lamina densa
5
Q
What pathogens are able to penetrate the skin?
A
Hookworm larvae
Shistosoma
6
Q
What 2 pathogens penetrate through hair follicle opening?
A
demodex, staph
7
Q
What cells in the skin produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and present antigens to T-lymphos?
A
Langerhans cells
8
Q
What part of the skin adaptive immunity kills virus infected cells and neoplastic cells?
A
CD8-T cells
9
Q
What part of the skin adaptive immunity activates macrophages to eliminate intracellular bacteria?
A
CD4 TH1 cells
10
Q
What part of the skin adaptive immunity activates B cells, mast cells, and eosinophils to produce immunoglobulins?
A
CD4 TH2 cells
11
Q
What part of the skin innate immune system express adhesion molecules and trigger kinin, coagulation, and complement systems which facilitates leukocyte migration?
A
endothelial cells
12
Q
What part of the innate immune system of the skin initiates the toll signaling pathway and promotes expression of pro-inflammatory mediators?
A
Macrophages and dendritic cells
13
Q
What part of the skin adaptive immune system produces cytokines and growth factors which modulate adaptive immune responses?
A
keratinocytes
14
Q
What is the term for the diffuse thickining of the stratum spinosum?
A
acanthosis
15
Q
What is the term for loss of desmosomal function and occurs in diseases like pemphigus?
A
acantholysis
16
Q
What is the term for intracellular edema that occurs with injury and infection?
A
ballooning degeneration
17
Q
What is the term for INTERcellular edema in the skin?
A
Spongiosis
18
Q
What is the term for INTRAcellular edema in the basal layer of the skin only? What disease is it common in?
A
hydropic degeneration
common in cutaneous lupus
19
Q
What are the 7 steps in order for regeneration and repair of the skin? What is their time frames?
A
- Blood clot (0-12 hrs)
- inflammation (12-24 hours)
- re-epitheliazation (3-7 days)
- fibroplasia(3-7 days)
- angiogenesis (3-7 days)
- wound contraction(>7 days)
- tissue remodeling (weeks to months)
20
Q
What are macrophages secreting during inflammatory phase of skin repair?
A
collagenase
21
Q
What are keratinocytes doing during re-epitheliazation phase of skin repair?
A
migrate and proliferate
produce proteases
re-establish BM zone
22
Q
What 5 things happen during the fibroplasia phase of skin repair?
A
cytokines and growth factors released
fibroblasts migrate and proliferate
fibroblasts produce proteolytic enzymes
fibroblasts produce extracellular matrix proteins
23
Q
What phases does granulation tissue result from in skin repair?
A
fibroplasia and angiogenesis
24
Q
What is the term for transformation of squamous epithelial cells into the keratin layers of the stratum corneum, hair, and nails?
A
cornification
25
What are 2 primary cornification disorders?
primary seborrhea - cocker spaniel
| icthyosis
26
What nutritional disorder can cause secondary cornification?
vitamin A deficiency
27
What is the term for epidermal hyperplasia in response to chronic stimuli?
acanthosis
28
What is the term for premature keratinization of epidermal cells?
dyskeratosis
29
What are the 3 causes of dyskeratosis?
zinc responsive dermatosis
actinic keratosis
SCC
30
What 2 immune mediated disorders cause apoptosis of the epidermis?
lupus erythematosus
| erythema multiforme
31
What is the difference between erosion and ulceration of the epidermis?
erosion - necrosis of superficial epidermis
| ulceration - necrosis of full epidermis and partial dermis
32
What 2 etiologic agents can cause spongiosis?
Staph or Malessezia
33
What are the 3 causes of hydropic degeneration?
lupus erythematosus
dermatomyositis
drug eruptions
34
What are 2 viruses that can cause ballooning degeneration?
pox viruses
| FMD virus
35
What disease does acantholysis occur in superficial epidermis?
pemphigus foliaceus
36
What disease does acantholysis occur in the deep epidermis resulting in suprabasilar vesicles and clefts with tombstoning ulceration?
pemphigus vulgaris
37
What protein is involved in pemphigus foliaceus? pemphigus vulgaris?
foliaceus - desmoglein 1
| vulgaris - desmoglein 1 + 3
38
What 2 skin infections can cause acantholysis with subsequent neutrophilic enzymatic destruction?
bacterial pyoderma
| dermatophytosis
39
What are vesicles that are greater than 1 cm in width?
bulla
40
What viral infections can cause vesicles/bulla?
herpes, pox, morbillivirus, rhabdo, picorna
41
What is the term used to describe complete seperation of the epidermis from the dermis such as in bullous pemphigoid?
subepidermal vesicle
42
What 3 conditions can result in pustules being formed by eosinophil accumulation in the epidermis?
ectoparasite bite
pemphigoid rxn
feline eosinophilic dz
43
What 2 diseases/infections cause exocytosis of lymphocytes?
lupus erythematosus
| malessezia sp.
44
What are the 2 pathways of hyperpigmentation and what are the causes of each?
increased production of melanin - chronic dermatitis, hyperadrenocorticocism
increased melanocytes - lentigo, melanocytic neoplasia
45
What nutritional deficiency can cause hypopigmentation?
copper deficiency
46
What is the histologic feature that refers to melanin within macrophages?
pigmentary incontinence
47
What is the laymans term for exuberant granulation tissue that may occur on distal limbs of horses?
proud flesh
48
What 2 conditions can cause collagen dysplasia?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
| cutaneous asthenia
49
What is the term for chronic exposure to the sun that causes increased numbers of elastic fibers in superficial dermis?
solar elastosis
50
What can trigger amyloid depostion in the dermis? What species can it be seen in?
monoclonal gammopathy of plasma cell tumors or by dermatomyositis, seen rarely in dogs and horses
51
What is the term for mucin or hyaluron (glycosaminoglycan) accumulation in the skin? What diseases can cause it?
cutaneous myxedema
| seen with hypothyroidism, mucinosis of shar pei
52
What is the cause of dystrophic calcification of the skin?
cushings - calcinosis cutis
53
What type of calcification of the skin is caused by hypercalcemia?
metastatic
54
What cell types characterize chronic dermatitis?
mononuclear leukocytes
55
What are the 4 alterations of growth in the dermis?
1. atrophy
2. fibrosis (granulation)
3. collagen dysplasia
4. solar elastosis
56
What are the 3 abnormal deposits in the dermis?
amyloid, mucin, calcium
57
What is the term for abnormal development of follicles and hair shafts that frequently causes alopecia?
follicular dysplasia
58
What is the scientific name for ingrown hair?
furunculosis
59
What is the term for inflammation of the apocrine glands of the adnexa?
hidradenitis
60
What are the 2 species most commonly affected by vasculitis?
dogs and horses
61
What are the 3 classical examples of vasculitis?
type 3 hypersensitivity - SLE
endotheliotropic infections - rickettsia, herpes, FIP
bacterial embolism - erysipelothrix
62
What is the term for inflammation of sub Q adipose tissue?
panniculitis
63
What are 2 causes of non-genetic congenital alopecia and hypotrichosis?
maternal iodine deficiency
| in utero pestivirus (BVD, CSF)
64
What are some causes of panniculitis?
infections, immune, injury, nutritional, pancreatic dz, idiopathic
65
What are some causes of vasculitis??
infection, immune, toxins, DIC, idiopathic
66
What are 3 rare diseases that can cause congenital collagen dysplasia disorders?
hyperelastosis cutis
dermatosparaxis
cutaneous asthenia
67
What is a congenital disorder that causes development of cutaneous blisters in response to minor mechanical trauma?
epidermolysis bullosa (red foot dz)
68
What is the term for failure of the epidermis to develop completely?
epitheliogeneisis imperfecta (aplasia cutis)
69
What species can get congenital hypertrichosis? What are the other names for this condition?
sheep - excessive fleece
| aka border dz (pesitivirus), hairy shaker dz
70
What species and breed can get congenital dermatosis vegetans?
landrace pigs
71
What is the cause of Type 1 photosensitization?
ingestion of certain plants/drugs like hypericum perforatum, fagopyrum esculentum, phenothiazine
72
What causes Type 2 photosensitization?
porphyrin metabolism
73
What causes Type 3 photosensitization?
most common - liver dz --> reduced ability to exrete phylloerythirn
74
What are the 3 immune mediated disorders that are aggravated by UV radiation?
lupus erythematosus
dermatomyositis
photoactivated vasculitis in horse
75
Which toxin can cause peripheral vasoconstriction and endothelial damage leading to ischemic necrosis of the extremities?
Ergot poisoning
76
What common pasture plant can become infected with fungus and cause skin problems?
Tall fescue
77
What supplement leads to competitive replacement of sulfur in keratin and causes poor hair coat and alopecia?
selenium
78
What toxin is a legume and can cause immune mediated chemical injury of the skin?
hairy vetch
79
Whats the veterinary word for "hot spots"?
pyotraumatic dermatitis
80
What is the veterinary word for skin fold dermatitis?
intertrigo
81
What self inflicted skin injury happens in cats around dorsal neck?
feline ulcerative dermatitis syndrome
82
What are the classifications of thermal burns?
First degree - epidermis only
2nd degree - epidermis and part of dermis
3rd degree - full thickness necrosis of skin
83
What stage of hair growth are thyroid hormones responsible for?
anagen
84
What are the causes of hyperestrogenism in both male and female dogs?
female - ovarian cysts or tumors
| males - fxnal sertoli cell tumor
85
What type of hypersensitivites cause urticaria?
Type 1 and 3
86
What is the term for a genetic predisposition to inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin dz?
atopy
87
What hypersensitivity and antibody is involved in atopic dermatitis?
type 1
| IgE
88
What causes "sweet itch" in horses?
Cullicoides spp
89
What hypersensitivity types are involved in insect bite hypersensitivity?
Type 1 and 4
90
What are the gross lesions associated with insect bite hypersensitivity?
papular to exudative dermatitis and miliary dermatitis(cats)
91
What hypersensitivity is allergic contact dermatitis?
Type 4
92
What are the gross lesions associated with allergic contact dermatitis?
erythema, papules, exudation
93
Which hypersensitivity disorder of the skin could be all 4 types?
drug hypersensitivity
94
What is the pathogenesis of pemphigus foliaceus?
autoantibodies + desmoglein 1 in superficial epidermis resulting in subcorneal pustules
95
What are the histologic lesions associated with pemphigus foliaceus?
acantholytic keratinocytes and subcorneal pustules
96
What are the gross lesions associated with pemphigus vulgaris?
vesiculo-ulcerative lesions of oral mucosa/skin
97
What are the histologic lesions associated with pemphigus vulgaris?
suprabasilar vesicles, pustules, acantholytic keratinocytes and tombstoning of basal cells
98
What causes bullous pemphigoid?
autoantibodies against hemidesmosomal proteins
99
What are the histologic lesions associated with bullous pemphigoid?
subepidermal vesicles and bullae
100
What type hypersensitivity is systemic lupus erythematosus?
type 3
101
What is a diagnostic aid for systemic lupus erythematosus?
elevation of antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer (ANA is negative in discoid)
102
What organs are involved in discoid lupus erythematosus?
only skin
103
Where do the lesions aoccur in discoid lupus?
nasal planum, dorsal nose, pinna, lips, periocular
104
What disease is associated with numerous apoptotic keratinocytes within multiple layers of the epidermis?
erythema multiforme
105
What is the life threatening form of erythema multiforme that results in full thickness epidermal necrosis?
toxic epidermal necrolysis
106
What is the most pathogenic pox viruses?
sheeppox and goatpox
107
What is the pathogenesis of pox viruses?
stimulation of host DNA causes epidermal and dermal hyperplasia --> vascular injury and ischemic necrosis
108
*What is the order of lesion development of pox viruses?
Macule -->papule-->vesicle-->umbilicated pustule-->crust --> scar
109
What is a diagnostic feature of histologic lesions of pox viruses?
intracytoplasmic eosinophilic viral inclusion bodes
110
What are the 2 dermatotropic herpesviruses?
bovine herpes 2 - ulcerative mammilitis
| bovine herpes 4 - mammary pustular dermatitis
111
What does herpes virus infection of endothelial cells cause? What is an example?
vasculitis and cutaneous infarction
| malignant catarrhal fever
112
*What is the lesion development order of herpes virus?
vesicle --> ulcer --> crusts
113
What are 2 viruses that cause oncogenesis in the skin?
marek's dz - cutaneous follicular lymphoma
| sea turtle fibropapillomatosis
114
What species do sarcoids form most in?
cats
| horses - most common skin tumor (bovine papilloma virus)
115
*What are other examples of viruses causing cutaneous lesions?
picorna (FMD), rhabdo, calici, parvo, retro
116
Which species gets the most bacterial skin infections? *Reasons?
dog - thin corneum, low lipid, high pH, genetics
117
What bacteria causes canine superficial pyoderma and deep pyoderma?
staph pseudintermedius
118
What are the gross lesions associated with canine superficial pyoderma?
collarettes
| *erythema, macules, papules, pustules, crusts
119
*What are the histologic lesions associated with canine superficial pyoderma?
pustules, serocellular crusts, superficial suppurative luminal follciulitis
120
What bacteria cause impetigo?
S. aureus, intermedius, pseudintermedius, schleiferi
121
What are the gross and histologic lesions seen in impetigo?
gross - multifocal pustules and crusts
| histo - NON-FOLLICULAR subcorneal pustules with serocellula crusting
122
What bacteria causes exudative epidermitis of pigs (greasy pig dz)?
Staph hyicus
123
What bacteria causes dermatophilosis (rain rot, rain scald)?
Dermatophilus congolensis
| *railroad like, gram positive
124
What are the gross lesions associated with dermatophilosis?
THICK CRUSTS, papules, pustules
125
What bacteria causes ovine fleece rot and what infection can it predispose the sheep to?
Pseudomonas sp.
| predispose to myiasis
126
What are the 6 bacterial infections that are superficial?
canine superficial pyoderma, impetigo, canine mucocutaneous pyoderma, greasy pig dz, dermatophilosis, fleece rot
127
What deep bacterial pyoderma causes infection AND foreign body type inflammation?
bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis
128
What species most commonly gets subcutaneous abcessation? *What are the causes?
cats
| *causes - puncture, foreign body, injections, shearing, clipping wounds
129
What is the term for suppurative inflammation of the dermis, subcutis, and underlying muscle?
cellullitis
130
What infectious disease of the skin is caused by Strep canis and is life threatening due to septic shock?
necrotizing fasciitis
131
What are the acid fast stains, Ziehl-Neelsen and Fite-Faraco stain good at identifying?
mycobacteria
132
How do mycobacteria survive inside macrophages?
preventing fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes
133
What kind of mycobacterium cause tuberculosis and leprosy?
obligate intracellular pathogens - M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. lepraemurium
134
*What filamentous bacteria can cause granulomas?
nocardia, actinomyces, streptomyces
135
*What is non-filamentous bacterial granulomas caused?
botryomycosis
136
What species most commonly gets sterile granuloma and pyogranuloma syndrome?
dogs
137
What species and what age get juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis? What is the pathogenesis?
puppies <4 months
| path - unknown
138
What are the 4 mechanisms that sepsis can lead to skin lesions by affecting blood vessels?
1. bacterial embolism
2. toxins
3. direct infection of vascular endothelial cells
4. immune complex (type 3)
139
What bacteria is responsible for creating skin lesions by bacterial embolization? *What is an example of the disease?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
| *diamond skin dz
140
What bacteria causes endotoxin induced venous thrombosis?
septicemic salmonellosis
141
What bacteria produces shiga toxin 2e that leads to endothelial damage, vasculitis, and edema dz of pigs?
E. coli
142
What bacteria produces exotoxin that act as superantigens causing dogs to get toxic shock like syndrome?
Staph aureus
143
What bacteria produces an exotoxin that contributes to vascular damage in necrotizing fasciitis?
Strep canis
144
What bacteria directly infects endothelial cells leading to vasculitis and necrotic skin lesions?
R. rickettsia
145
What fungus causes piedra or trichosporosis or trichomycosis nodularis and causes swelling of extrafollicular hair shaft in dogs and horses?
Trichosporon beigelii (superficial mycoses)
146
What parts of the skin get infected in cutaneous mycoses?
hair follicles, claws, epidermis
147
What 2 organisms cause dermatophytosis? What is another name for this disease?
Microsporum and Trichophyton
| Ringworm - cats, young animals
148
What is the histological lesion associated with dermatophytosis?
luminal folliculitis
149
What are gross lesions of a candida infection?
exudative and fibrinous cheilitis, stomatitis, esophagitis, otitis externa
150
What are the gross lesions associated with a Malessezia pachydermatis infection?
erythematous, scaly, lichenified and alopecic dermatitis
151
How can an animal get subcutaneous mycoses? What does it lead to?
caused by traumatic implantation
| leads to nodular granulomatous panniculitis and dermatitis
152
What kind of fungi cause eumycotic mycetoma in horses and dogs?
saprophytic fungi
153
What fungi causes dermatophytic pseudomycetoma in persian cats?
microsporum canis
154
What kind of fungi causes phaeohyphomycosis?
pigmented fungi
155
What disease is usually caused by Sporothrix schenkii in cats?
Sporotrichosis
156
What disease is caused by Pythium insidiosum? *What is another name for it?
Pythiosis - aka oomycosis, swamp cancer
157
What are the gross lesions associated with Pythiosis?
necrotizing subQ nodules that ulcerate and drain
158
What are the 4 fungi that cause systemic mycoses causing cutaneous lesions?
Blatomyces dermatitidis
Coccidiodes immitis
Crytococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum
159
What are the gross lesions associated with systemic mycoses?
nodular skin which may have draining tract
160
What are the 2 algae that can cause pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis?
Protothecosis
| Chlorellosis
161
What are the gross and histo lesions of demodicosis?
Gross - scaly erythematous, thickened, alopecic areas
| Histo - lymphocytic mural folliculitis and occasional furunculosis
162
What are the gross and histo lesions of scabies?
Gross - same as demodex
| Histo - marked acanthosis and hyperkaratosis
163
What mite infection is seen mostly in cats and rabbits and is highly contagious and pruritic?
notoedric mites
164
What is a mite that occurs in external ear canal of dogs and cats?
otodectic mites
165
What 2 mites infect horses, cattle, sheep, goats?
Psoroptic - also rabbits and others
| Chorioptic mange
166
What mite occurs in sheep in australia and new zealand?
psorergatic mites
167
What mite infection is by larvae of chigger mites?
trombiculiasis
168
What mite lives on surface of skin and induces hyperkeratosis and detritus on dorsal midline?
cheyletiellosis
169
*What are the terms for biting lice? blood sucking lice?
mallophaga - biting lice
| anoplura - blood sucking lice
170
What is the term used for lice induced papules, crusts, excoriations and traumatic hair loss?
pediculosis
171
What lice is a vector for pig disease and can lead to hypersensitivities?
Haemotopinus suis
172
*What is a vector for bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic dz and african horse sickness?
Culicoides sp
173
What helminth is transmitted by house/stable flies and causes nodular ulcerated areas on horses?
cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sores)
174
What 2 filarial dermatitis infections cause granulomatous nodules on the ventral midline of horses? Cows?
Onchocerciasis - horses
| Stephanofilariasis - cattle (buffalo, goats)
175
What protozoa infection is endemic in foxhounds in the u.s.?
Leishmania infantum (cutaneous leishmaniasis)
176
What are the gross lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
alopecia, nodules, ulcers where sandflies feed
177
What 4 protozoal infections are cutaneous lesions RARELY seen?
toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, sarcocystosis, caryosporosis
178
What epidermal tumor is "pre-malignant" and contains high grade dysplasia without invasiveness?
squamous cell carcinoma in situ
179
*What is a frequent site of metastasis for pulmonary cancer in cats?
digits (feline metastatic pulmonary carcinoma)
180
*What are the 2 malignant follicular neoplasms?
malignant trichoepithelioma
| malignant pilomatricoma
181
What non neoplastic malformation composed of dermal collagen is common in dogs?
collagenous hamartoma
182
What rare fibrous neoplastic disorder is seen in german shepherds?
Canine nodular dermatofibrosis
183
What is another name for skin tag?
acrochordon
184
What cell shape is a sarcoid?
spindle
185
What is the name for benign endothelial cell tumor seen with UV radiation?
hemangioma
186
What neoplasia arises from pericytes that surround BV and is similar to fibrosarcoma?
hemangiopericytoma
187
What is a merkel cell tumor?
cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor
188
What are other names for benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor(PNST)?
shwannoma, neurofibroma
189
What tumor is patnaik histologic grading scheme used for to determine prognosis?
canine mast cell tumors
190
What age is canine cutaneous histiocytoma seen? What cells does it arise from?
<3 years
| langerhans cells
191
What stages of lesions are seen in epitheliotropic lymphoma?
patch -> plaque -> tumor
192
What sterile granulomatous disease is associated with high cholesterol?
xanthogranuloma
193
What breed gets canine zinc-responsive dermatitis characterized by scaling and crusting on the face?
siberian huskies, malamutes
194
What causes feline paraneoplastic alopecia?
old cats - metastatic pancreatic or biliary carcinoma
195
What tumor causes feline exfoliative dermatitis?
old cats with thymoma, also seen in dogs and rabbits
196
What are 2 other names for canine hepatocutaneous syndrome? What is it associated with?
superficial necrolytic dermatitis, diabetic dermatopathy
| associated with deranged nutrient metabolism
197
What breed gets nodular dermatofibrosis?
german shepherds
198
What lesions are seen in paraneoplastic pemphigus?
mucosal to mucocutaneous vesicles/pustules, may present before cancer signs
199
*What adnexal glands open directly onto skin surface and undergo merocrine secretion?
atrichial glands
200
*What glands undergo holocrine secretion (by membrane rupture)?
sebaceous glands
201
*What are the apocrine glands that open into the hair follicle?
epitrichial glands
202
*Which form of hyperkeratosis has anuclear squamous epithelial cells?
orthokeratosis
203
*Which form of hyperkeratosis has nuclei in the squamous cells and is seen with zinc responsive dermatosis?
parakeratosis
204
*What are the 3 subtypes of orthokeratosis?
basket weave, compact, laminated
205
*What 2 diseases can cause pigmentary incontinence?
lupus erythromatosus, vitiligo
206
*What causes calcinosis circupscripta?
idiopathic deposition
207
*What disease causes clumping of melanin pigment and increased hair shaft fragility?
color dilution follicular dysplasia
208
* What is a disease that causes bulbitis?
alopecia areata
209
*What virus causes congenial hypertrichosis?
in utero pestivirus
210
*What bacteria causes impetigo?
coagulase positive staph
211
*What are histo features of canine mucocutaneous pyoderma?
lichenoid inflammation and pigmentary incontinence
212
*What gross lesions do horses develop during bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis?
saddle sores, greasy heel, scratches
213
*What bacteria causes necrotizing fascitis?
Strep canis
214
*What kind of bacteria cause mycobacteriosis?
saprophytic mycobacterium
215
*What is the mild condition, piedra, caused by in dogs and horses?
Trichosporon beigelii
216
*What infection do Pythium insidiosum and Lagenidium sp. cause?
Oomycosis (aquatic dimorphic water molds)
217
*What is the vector for swinepox, ASF, and eperthyrozoon suis?
Haemotopinus suis
218
*What 3 orbiviruses are transmitted by cullicoides?
bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic dz, african horse sickness
219
*What disease do Ancylostoma sp or Uncinaria sp cause?
hookworm dermatitis
220
*Which disease are amastigotes found causing nodular granulomatous and ulcerative dermatitis?
cutaneous leishmaniasis
221
*What are the 2 malignant follicular neoplasms?
malignant trichoepithelioma
| malignant pilomatricoma
