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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 main causes of left heart failure?

A

myocardial contractile force lost

dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves

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1
Q

How bigger is the left ventricular wall than the right one?

A

3 times thicker

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2
Q

When does rigor mortis affect the heart?

A

15-20 minutes

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3
Q

What does it mean if there is clotted blood in the left ventrical?

A

myocardial disease present

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4
Q

What heart defect is in a subaortic position?

A

ventricular septal defect

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5
Q

What heart defect results in secondary compensatory LV hypertrophy?

A

subaortic stenosis

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6
Q

What are the 2 heart defects that causes secondary compensatory RV hypertrophy?

A

pulmonic stenosis

tetralogy of fallot

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7
Q

What heart defect is a failure of closure of the foramen ovale?

A

atrial septal defect

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8
Q

What species get patent ductus arteriousus?

A

dogs, calves

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9
Q

What are the 4 lesions in tetraology of fallot?

A

ventricular septal defect
pulmonic stenosis
dextroposed aorta
secondary RV hypertrophy

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10
Q

Which animals get valvular hematomas (hematocysts)?

A

young ruminants, no clinical significance

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11
Q

What are the 3 causes for edema fluid in the pericardium?

A

serous pericarditis
right heart failure
obstruction at base of heart

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12
Q

What breeds get hemorrhagic pericardial effusions?

A

large dog breeds - great dane, st bernard, german shep, golden retriever

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13
Q

What are the 2 causes of hemorrhagic pericarddial effusions?

A

idiopathic

secondary to hemangiosarcoma

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14
Q

What is the gross lesion associated with serous atrophy of fat?

A

epicardial fat replaced by gray wet gelatinous tissue

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15
Q

What are the 3 causes of fatty degeneration?

A

anemia
toxemia
Cu deficiency

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16
Q

What are the gross and microscopic lesions associated with fatty degeneration?

A

gross - thrush breast heart (mottled, flabby)

mico - spherical vacuoles in myocytes

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17
Q

What causes myofibrillar degeneration in birds?

A

furazolidone toxicosis

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18
Q

What are the causes of vacuolar degeneration of the heart?

A

doxorubicin (chemo drug) cardotoxicity

antiviral drugs

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19
Q

What is the micro lesion associated with vacuolar degeneration?

A

sarcoplasmic vacuolation

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20
Q

What are the causes of hyaline/zenkers necrosis?

A

ischemia, nutritional deficiency, toxins, excess catecholamine release

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22
Q

What is the gross appearence of zenkers necrosis?

A

pale streaks, calcificiation, scarring

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23
Q

What does the histopathology of zenkers necrosis look like?

A

hypereosinophilic fibers, basophilic granules, pyknotic nuclei, leukocytes, fibrous replacement

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24
Q

What are the 2 sequelae of zenkers necrosis?

A

death from heart failure

recovery with myocardial scarring

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25
What are the causes of endocardial fibrosis/mineralization?
vitamin D poisoning | manchester wasting disease (enzootic calcinosis)
26
What are the causes of valvular endocardiosis/fibrosis?
genetic
27
What gross lesions will you find in valvular fibrosis?
smooth firm and thick valve cusps, "jet lesions"
28
What is the most common cause of CHF in old dogs?
valvular endocardiosis/fibrosis
29
How do you differentiate between endocarditis and valvular endocardiosis/fibrosis?
endocarditis will have fryable tissue, and exudate
30
What causes mulberry heart disease?
hemorrhage
31
Where can infectious agents enter the pericardium?
from the blood (hematogenous dissemination) | foreign body penetration
32
What causes suppurative inflammation in the heart?
hardware dz
33
What is the description for what the heart looks like with fibrinous inflammation?
"bread and butter heart"
34
What are the 2 sequelae of hardware dz in cows?
death from septicemia | chronic cardiac failure from constrictive pericarditis
35
What are the 4 portals of entry for infection of the endocardium (endocarditis)?
blood, parasites, IV catheters, uremia induced (dog left atrium)
36
What are the gross lesions associated with endocarditis?
friable dry yellow "vegetations" on valve
37
What are the microscopic lesions associated with endocarditis?
masses of fibrin and bacteria adhered to granulation tissue
38
What are the 4 sequelae of endocarditis?
cardiac failure (valves) bacteremia - death septic embolism recovery
39
What are the portals of entry to cause myocarditis?
blood, embolic dissemination from vegetatitve endocarditis into coronary arteries
40
What are the 5 types of myocarditis?
suppurative, necrotizing, hemorrhagic, lymphocytic, eosinophilic
41
What virus can cause myocarditis?
canine parvo
42
What bacterial infection can cause myocarditis?
blackleg
43
What protozoa can cause myocarditis?
toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, encephalitozoonosis, theileriasis
44
What is an idiopathic cause of myocarditis?
eosinophillic myocarditis
45
What is the type of hypertrophy that is caused by an increase in blood volume?
eccentric
46
What is the type of hypertrophy that is caused by an increase in blood pressure?
concentric
47
What are some causes of increased blood pressure?
valvular stenosis, vascular dz, pulmonary dz, hyperthyroidism, hypertension
48
What is the gross appearance of eccentric hypertrophy?
large chamber with thin or normal thickness walls, round heart, double apex
49
What is the gross appearance of concentric hypertrophy?
small chamber, thick walls
50
What is the microscopic appearance of cardiac hypertrophy?
fibers thick with large nuclei
51
What causes brisket disease in cattle?
high altitude disease
52
What are the changes in the heart and other organs with brisket disease?
RV hypertrophy, edema of brisket, nutmeg liver
53
What is the pathogenesis of right heart failure in dogs with dirofilariasis?
arteritis produces pulmonary hypertension --> RV hypertrophy
54
What are the changes in the heart of cats with hyperthyroidism?
myocardial hypertrophy especially in left ventricle
55
What are cardiomyopathies?
progressive myocardial failure of undetermined cause, alterations in myocyte sarcomeric proteins
56
What type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy in cats is from a taurine deficiency and causes dilated chambers?
dilated (congestive) type
57
What type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy in cats is inheritable in persians and maine coons and causes the LV to be thickened?
hypertrophic type
58
What idiopathic cardiomyopathy in cats has excessive moderator bands or LV endocardial fibrosis?
restrictive type
59
What are some lesions that can be caused by any of the types of cardiomyopathy in cats?
pulmonary congestion, edema, ascites, hepatic congestion, thromboemboli
60
What dog breeds is idiopathic cardiomyopathy seen in dogs?
large breeds
61
What type of cardiomyopathy do dogs get?
usually dilated (congestive) type
62
What neoplasm arises from the aortic body and is important in dogs?
chemodectoma
63
What neoplasm is frequent in cattle and involves pericardium and myocardium?
malignant lymphoma
64
What is the sequelae of malignant lymphomas in cattle?
may produce cardiac failure
65
Which neoplasm is most frequent in dogs in the RA?
hemangiosarcoma
66
What metastatic neoplasms may affect the heart?
malignant melanoma
67
What congenital anomaly produces anasarca and is heriditary in ayrshire cattle?
lymphatic hypoplasia
68
What is lymphatic hypoplasia called in dogs?
hereditary lymphedema
69
What is the cause and sequelae of aortic ruptures in horses?
associated with exertion | causes intrapericardial hemorrhage
70
What are the clinical signs of carotid rupture in the horse?
epistaxis
71
What can cause chylothorax in the dog and cat?
thoracic duct rupture
72
What can cause hypertrophy of blood vessels?
pregnancy, shunts, high altitude dz, dirofilariasis
73
What are some causes of aneurysms?
Cu deficiency, lathyrism (sweet pea toxicosis), strongylosis in horses
74
What are the 2 causes of artherosclerosis?
hypercholesterolemia | hypothyrodism
75
What is the gross lesion associated with artherosclerosis?
fatty streaks on intima early on, later rough plaques
76
What are the 2 sequelae of artherosclerosis?
thrombosis (heart, brain, kidney esp) | tissue ischemia
77
What are some causes of medial calcification of blood vessels?
vit D poisoning, hyperparathyroidism, mg poisoning, cachexia (johnes dz)
78
What lesion is induced by vasoactive drugs in the muscular arteries of dogs?
medial necrosis and hemorrhage
79
What are the 2 chemical agents that cause arterial smooth muscle proliferation?
ergot, fescue
80
What are 2 chemical agents that induce arterial medial calcification?
vitamin D, calcinogenic plants
81
What are 2 agents that alter arterial CT to produce aneurysms?
B-aminoproprionitrile | penicillamine, aminoacetonitrile
82
What are 3 general predisposing conditions that lead to thrombi? (virchow triad)
endothelial injury alterations in blood flow hypercoagulability
83
Where do cattle get thrombosis?
caudal vena cava
84
What is lymphangiectasia?
dilation of lymph vessels (usually in dog)
85
What are 2 common causes of arteritis?
E. coli (hemolytic) | canine pain syndrome
86
What are the gross lesions associated with arteritis?
hemorrhage, edema, infarction
87
What are the histopath lesions associated with arteritis?
endothelial necrosis, PMN infiltration of vessel wall, thrombi
88
What are some caues of phlebitis?
neonatal umbilical infection, IV injection
89
What are the lesions associated with phlebitis?
thrombosis and embolism
90
What are the 2 bacteria that can cause "naval ill" aka omphalophlebitis?
Streptococcus sp or T. pyogenes
91
What are some clinical signs of naval ill?
suppurative polyarthritis, septicemia, umbilical abcess
92
What are the lesions associated with lymphangitis?
edema of limbs, cord like nodular masses in subcutis, may ulcerate

Pathology (13 decks)

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