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Pathology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 main causes of left heart failure?

A

myocardial contractile force lost

dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves

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1
Q

How bigger is the left ventricular wall than the right one?

A

3 times thicker

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2
Q

When does rigor mortis affect the heart?

A

15-20 minutes

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3
Q

What does it mean if there is clotted blood in the left ventrical?

A

myocardial disease present

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4
Q

What heart defect is in a subaortic position?

A

ventricular septal defect

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5
Q

What heart defect results in secondary compensatory LV hypertrophy?

A

subaortic stenosis

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6
Q

What are the 2 heart defects that causes secondary compensatory RV hypertrophy?

A

pulmonic stenosis

tetralogy of fallot

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7
Q

What heart defect is a failure of closure of the foramen ovale?

A

atrial septal defect

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8
Q

What species get patent ductus arteriousus?

A

dogs, calves

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9
Q

What are the 4 lesions in tetraology of fallot?

A

ventricular septal defect
pulmonic stenosis
dextroposed aorta
secondary RV hypertrophy

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10
Q

Which animals get valvular hematomas (hematocysts)?

A

young ruminants, no clinical significance

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11
Q

What are the 3 causes for edema fluid in the pericardium?

A

serous pericarditis
right heart failure
obstruction at base of heart

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12
Q

What breeds get hemorrhagic pericardial effusions?

A

large dog breeds - great dane, st bernard, german shep, golden retriever

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13
Q

What are the 2 causes of hemorrhagic pericarddial effusions?

A

idiopathic

secondary to hemangiosarcoma

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14
Q

What is the gross lesion associated with serous atrophy of fat?

A

epicardial fat replaced by gray wet gelatinous tissue

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15
Q

What are the 3 causes of fatty degeneration?

A

anemia
toxemia
Cu deficiency

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16
Q

What are the gross and microscopic lesions associated with fatty degeneration?

A

gross - thrush breast heart (mottled, flabby)

mico - spherical vacuoles in myocytes

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17
Q

What causes myofibrillar degeneration in birds?

A

furazolidone toxicosis

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18
Q

What are the causes of vacuolar degeneration of the heart?

A

doxorubicin (chemo drug) cardotoxicity

antiviral drugs

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19
Q

What is the micro lesion associated with vacuolar degeneration?

A

sarcoplasmic vacuolation

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20
Q

What are the causes of hyaline/zenkers necrosis?

A

ischemia, nutritional deficiency, toxins, excess catecholamine release

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22
Q

What is the gross appearence of zenkers necrosis?

A

pale streaks, calcificiation, scarring

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23
Q

What does the histopathology of zenkers necrosis look like?

A

hypereosinophilic fibers, basophilic granules, pyknotic nuclei, leukocytes, fibrous replacement

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24
Q

What are the 2 sequelae of zenkers necrosis?

A

death from heart failure

recovery with myocardial scarring

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25
Q

What are the causes of endocardial fibrosis/mineralization?

A

vitamin D poisoning

manchester wasting disease (enzootic calcinosis)

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26
Q

What are the causes of valvular endocardiosis/fibrosis?

A

genetic

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27
Q

What gross lesions will you find in valvular fibrosis?

A

smooth firm and thick valve cusps, “jet lesions”

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28
Q

What is the most common cause of CHF in old dogs?

A

valvular endocardiosis/fibrosis

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29
Q

How do you differentiate between endocarditis and valvular endocardiosis/fibrosis?

A

endocarditis will have fryable tissue, and exudate

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30
Q

What causes mulberry heart disease?

A

hemorrhage

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31
Q

Where can infectious agents enter the pericardium?

A

from the blood (hematogenous dissemination)

foreign body penetration

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32
Q

What causes suppurative inflammation in the heart?

A

hardware dz

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33
Q

What is the description for what the heart looks like with fibrinous inflammation?

A

“bread and butter heart”

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34
Q

What are the 2 sequelae of hardware dz in cows?

A

death from septicemia

chronic cardiac failure from constrictive pericarditis

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35
Q

What are the 4 portals of entry for infection of the endocardium (endocarditis)?

A

blood, parasites, IV catheters, uremia induced (dog left atrium)

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36
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with endocarditis?

A

friable dry yellow “vegetations” on valve

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37
Q

What are the microscopic lesions associated with endocarditis?

A

masses of fibrin and bacteria adhered to granulation tissue

38
Q

What are the 4 sequelae of endocarditis?

A

cardiac failure (valves)
bacteremia - death
septic embolism
recovery

39
Q

What are the portals of entry to cause myocarditis?

A

blood, embolic dissemination from vegetatitve endocarditis into coronary arteries

40
Q

What are the 5 types of myocarditis?

A

suppurative, necrotizing, hemorrhagic, lymphocytic, eosinophilic

41
Q

What virus can cause myocarditis?

A

canine parvo

42
Q

What bacterial infection can cause myocarditis?

A

blackleg

43
Q

What protozoa can cause myocarditis?

A

toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, encephalitozoonosis, theileriasis

44
Q

What is an idiopathic cause of myocarditis?

A

eosinophillic myocarditis

45
Q

What is the type of hypertrophy that is caused by an increase in blood volume?

A

eccentric

46
Q

What is the type of hypertrophy that is caused by an increase in blood pressure?

A

concentric

47
Q

What are some causes of increased blood pressure?

A

valvular stenosis, vascular dz, pulmonary dz, hyperthyroidism, hypertension

48
Q

What is the gross appearance of eccentric hypertrophy?

A

large chamber with thin or normal thickness walls, round heart, double apex

49
Q

What is the gross appearance of concentric hypertrophy?

A

small chamber, thick walls

50
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of cardiac hypertrophy?

A

fibers thick with large nuclei

51
Q

What causes brisket disease in cattle?

A

high altitude disease

52
Q

What are the changes in the heart and other organs with brisket disease?

A

RV hypertrophy, edema of brisket, nutmeg liver

53
Q

What is the pathogenesis of right heart failure in dogs with dirofilariasis?

A

arteritis produces pulmonary hypertension –> RV hypertrophy

54
Q

What are the changes in the heart of cats with hyperthyroidism?

A

myocardial hypertrophy especially in left ventricle

55
Q

What are cardiomyopathies?

A

progressive myocardial failure of undetermined cause, alterations in myocyte sarcomeric proteins

56
Q

What type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy in cats is from a taurine deficiency and causes dilated chambers?

A

dilated (congestive) type

57
Q

What type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy in cats is inheritable in persians and maine coons and causes the LV to be thickened?

A

hypertrophic type

58
Q

What idiopathic cardiomyopathy in cats has excessive moderator bands or LV endocardial fibrosis?

A

restrictive type

59
Q

What are some lesions that can be caused by any of the types of cardiomyopathy in cats?

A

pulmonary congestion, edema, ascites, hepatic congestion, thromboemboli

60
Q

What dog breeds is idiopathic cardiomyopathy seen in dogs?

A

large breeds

61
Q

What type of cardiomyopathy do dogs get?

A

usually dilated (congestive) type

62
Q

What neoplasm arises from the aortic body and is important in dogs?

A

chemodectoma

63
Q

What neoplasm is frequent in cattle and involves pericardium and myocardium?

A

malignant lymphoma

64
Q

What is the sequelae of malignant lymphomas in cattle?

A

may produce cardiac failure

65
Q

Which neoplasm is most frequent in dogs in the RA?

A

hemangiosarcoma

66
Q

What metastatic neoplasms may affect the heart?

A

malignant melanoma

67
Q

What congenital anomaly produces anasarca and is heriditary in ayrshire cattle?

A

lymphatic hypoplasia

68
Q

What is lymphatic hypoplasia called in dogs?

A

hereditary lymphedema

69
Q

What is the cause and sequelae of aortic ruptures in horses?

A

associated with exertion

causes intrapericardial hemorrhage

70
Q

What are the clinical signs of carotid rupture in the horse?

A

epistaxis

71
Q

What can cause chylothorax in the dog and cat?

A

thoracic duct rupture

72
Q

What can cause hypertrophy of blood vessels?

A

pregnancy, shunts, high altitude dz, dirofilariasis

73
Q

What are some causes of aneurysms?

A

Cu deficiency, lathyrism (sweet pea toxicosis), strongylosis in horses

74
Q

What are the 2 causes of artherosclerosis?

A

hypercholesterolemia

hypothyrodism

75
Q

What is the gross lesion associated with artherosclerosis?

A

fatty streaks on intima early on, later rough plaques

76
Q

What are the 2 sequelae of artherosclerosis?

A

thrombosis (heart, brain, kidney esp)

tissue ischemia

77
Q

What are some causes of medial calcification of blood vessels?

A

vit D poisoning, hyperparathyroidism, mg poisoning, cachexia (johnes dz)

78
Q

What lesion is induced by vasoactive drugs in the muscular arteries of dogs?

A

medial necrosis and hemorrhage

79
Q

What are the 2 chemical agents that cause arterial smooth muscle proliferation?

A

ergot, fescue

80
Q

What are 2 chemical agents that induce arterial medial calcification?

A

vitamin D, calcinogenic plants

81
Q

What are 2 agents that alter arterial CT to produce aneurysms?

A

B-aminoproprionitrile

penicillamine, aminoacetonitrile

82
Q

What are 3 general predisposing conditions that lead to thrombi? (virchow triad)

A

endothelial injury
alterations in blood flow
hypercoagulability

83
Q

Where do cattle get thrombosis?

A

caudal vena cava

84
Q

What is lymphangiectasia?

A

dilation of lymph vessels (usually in dog)

85
Q

What are 2 common causes of arteritis?

A

E. coli (hemolytic)

canine pain syndrome

86
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with arteritis?

A

hemorrhage, edema, infarction

87
Q

What are the histopath lesions associated with arteritis?

A

endothelial necrosis, PMN infiltration of vessel wall, thrombi

88
Q

What are some caues of phlebitis?

A

neonatal umbilical infection, IV injection

89
Q

What are the lesions associated with phlebitis?

A

thrombosis and embolism

90
Q

What are the 2 bacteria that can cause “naval ill” aka omphalophlebitis?

A

Streptococcus sp or T. pyogenes

91
Q

What are some clinical signs of naval ill?

A

suppurative polyarthritis, septicemia, umbilical abcess

92
Q

What are the lesions associated with lymphangitis?

A

edema of limbs, cord like nodular masses in subcutis, may ulcerate

Pathology (13 decks)

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