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Integumentary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

7 steps of regeneration & repair of the skin

A

Blood clot, inflammation, re-epitheilization, fibroplasia, angiogenesis, wound contraction, remodeling

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2
Q

Hallmark of wound healing

A

granulation tissue

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3
Q

2 responses of the EPIDERMIS to injury

A

Alteration in growth & differentiation

Alteration in fluid balance & cellular adhesion

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4
Q

3 forms of alterations in epidermal pigmentation

A

Hyperpigmentation
Hypopigmentation
Pigmentary incontinence

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5
Q

2 dzs that lead to increased production of melanin

A

allergic dermatitis

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

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6
Q

2 dzs. that lead to increased melanocytes

A

Lentigo

Melanocytic Neoplasia

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7
Q

What mineral deficiency can result in HYPOpigmentation

A

Cu deficiency = Acquired lack of melanin production

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8
Q

3 causes of DERMAL atrophy

A

Starvation
Cushing’s
Iatrogenic (long term steroid use)

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9
Q

What is the early stage of fibroplasia in response to injury?

A

Granulation tissue

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10
Q

What is another term for exuberant granulation tissue?

A

Proud flesh

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11
Q

What is the condition that is an inherited abnormality of collagen that results in increased stretchability? Give an example

A

Collagen Dysplasia

Cutaneous Asthenia

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12
Q

What are the 3 abnormal deposits in the dermis?

A

Amyloid
Mucin/Hyaluronic acid
Ca

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13
Q

What abnormal deposit in the dermis leads to cutaneous myxedema?

A

Mucin or hyaluronic acid (GAG)

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14
Q

When can you see cutaneous myxedema? (TQ)

A

HYPOthyroidism

Mucinosis of the Shar-Pei

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15
Q

3 forms of abnormal mineralization/calicification of the dermis

A

Dystrophic
Metastatic
Idiopathic

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16
Q

Dystropic mineralization is the result of chronic injury. Give 2 examples.

A

Calcinosis cutis

Granulomatous foci

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17
Q

Which form of mineralization results in deposition of Ca in tissues during hypercalcemia?

A

Metastatic

chronic renal dz, hyperparathyroidism, cholecalciferol toxicosis & calcinogenic plants

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of ACUTE dermatitis?

A

lasts hrs- several d.

Mostly neutrophils

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of CHRONIC dermatitis?

A

lasts wks, mo., yrs.

Mostly mononuclear leukocytes (macrophages, lymphocytes & plasma cells)

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20
Q

Acral lick dermatitis if what form of dermatitis?

A

Chronic

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21
Q

What 4 things can cause ATROPHY of the adnexa?

A
  1. hormonal abnormalities
  2. Nutritional abnormalities
  3. Ischemia
  4. Stress/poor health
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22
Q

What 4 things can cause HYPERTROPHY of the adnexa?

A
  1. injury
  2. Acral lick dermatitis
  3. Chronic allergic dermatitis
  4. Chronic bacT/yeast infections
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23
Q

What frequently causes alopecia?

A

follicular dysplasia

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24
Q

What often leads to abnormalities of hair cycle stages?

A

Hormonal disorders

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25
Folliculitis is commonly seen with what 2 dzs?
Demodicosis | Pemphigus Foliaceus
26
What organisms can cause luminal folliculitis?
Staph. Microsporum Trichophyton Demodex
27
Bulbitis is also called _____.
Alopecia areata
28
Sebaceous adenitis is most common in what species?
Dogs
29
Which form of adenitis is characterized by inflammation of the APOCRINE glands?
Hiradenitis
30
Which species are most commonly affected by vasculitis?
Dogs & horses
31
List some examples of dzs that can cause vasculitis.
``` SLE Rickettsia infections Herpesvirus FIP virus Erysipelothrix spp. ```
32
Black Diamond Skin Disease is a common name for what dz?(TQ)
Porcine Erysipelas (lesions due to vasculitis)
33
What are some causes of Panniculitis?
``` BacT & fungi SLE Physical injury Vit E deficiency Pancreatic dz. Idiopathic ```
34
What are the C.S. of Panniculitis?
painful, palpable nodules --> ulcerated & drain Pyrexia Lethargy Inappetence
35
What are the 2 non-genetic forms of congenital alopecia & hypotrichosis?
Maternal Iodine deficiency | In Utero- Pestivirus infection (BVD & CSF)
36
What are the congenital & hereditary skin dzs? (7)
``` Congenital alopecia & hypotrichosis Collagen Dysplasia disorders Mucinosis Epidermolysis bullosa Epitheliogenesis imperfecta Congenital hypertrichosis Dermal Vegetans ```
37
Epidermolysis bullosa (red foot dz) is reported in what animal species?
horses, cattle, sheep, dogs & cats
38
Border dz or hairy shaker dz is an example of which congenital skin dz?
Congenital HYPERtrichosis due to in utero Pestivirus infection
39
Which breed of swine is Dermatosis vegetans common in?(TQ)
Landrace pigs (autosomal recessive trait)
40
What causes actinic injury on non-haired & non-pigmented areas?
UV radiation --> DNA damage (thymidine dimers) --> SCC
41
How does photosensitization occur?
photodynamic compounds react w/ UV radiation & cause oxidative injury
42
What is Type I Photosensitization?
caused by ingestion of certain plants or drugs
43
What is Type II Photosensitization?
Inherited defect in porphyrin metabolism
44
What is Type III Photosensitization (most common form)?
Hepatogenous photosensitization --> due to liver dz. & reduced ability to excrete phylloerythrin (by-product of chlorophyll metabolism)
45
What are the 2 causes of actinic injury?
Photosensitization | Photo-enhanced dermatoses
46
What dzs are associated w/ photo-enhanced dermatoses? (3)
Lupus erythematosus Dermatomyositis Photoactivated vasculitis of the horse
47
Where does photoactivated vasculitis often occur on the horse?
animals with white legs
48
Which species are prone to vaccine-associated sarcomas?
Felines
49
What does Ergot poisoning cause in animals?
ischemic necrosis of extremities
50
Which form of grass can get infected with Neotyphodium spp & contains ergot alkaloids?
tall fescue grass
51
What are the signs of Selenium toxicity in animals?
Poor hair coat w/ partial alopecia
52
What are the sings of Hairy Vetch toxicity in animals?(TQ)
dermatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, granulomatus inflammation of many organs
53
What are the proper names for "hot spots"?
Pyotraumatic dermatitis | Acute mosit dermatitis
54
What physical injury is caused by psychological disorders that lead to persistent licking/chewing?
Acral lick dermatitis Lick Granuloma Neurodermatitis
55
Which animals are susceptible to intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis)?
Dogs- excessive skin folds | Cows- large pendulous udders
56
What are the 6 types of physical injury that can occur to the skin?
``` Acral lick dermatitis Pyotraumatic dermatitis Intertrigo Feline Ulcerative Dermatitis Syndrome Callus Temperature extremes ```
57
1st degree burns affect what layer of skin?
epidermis only
58
2nd degree burns affect what part of skin.
epidermis & part of dermis
59
3rd degree burns causes:
full thickness necrosis of skin Permanent scarring life threatening--> infection & fluid loss
60
Hypothyroidism affects what stages of the hair cycle in dogs?
Anagen stage; hair coat fails to grow
61
Hyperadrenocorticism has a _____ effect on _____ synthesis & maintenance due to excess glucocorticoids.
inhibitory | collagen
62
What is a common skin sign of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs?
Clinical cutaneous lesions | Calcinosis cutis - dystrophic calcification
63
Pituitary tumors of the pars intermedia in older horses leads to what?
Hyperhidrosis (incr. sweating) | Hirsutism/hypertrichosis
64
What are the C.S. of hyperestrogenism?
symmetric alopecia follicular hyperkeratosis Enlarged nipples, prepuce & vulva
65
What causes hyperestrogenism in females?
ovarian cysts or tumors
66
What causes hyperestrogenism in males?
Functional Sertoli cell tumor
67
Urticaria is most common in what 2 species?
dogs | horses
68
What is the immunologic mechanism of urticaria?
Type I & Type III hypersensitivities
69
What 3 things can cause non-immunologic urticaria?
heat exercise stress
70
What species commonly get atopic dermatitis?
dogs cats horses
71
What is the immunologic mechanism of atopic dermatitis?
Type I hypersensitivity w/ IgE Abs to environmental allergens
72
What is the predominant sign of atopic dermatitis?
Pruritis w/ frequent excoriations & secondary bacT & yeast infection
73
What is the immunologic mechanism of insect bite hypersensitivity?
Type I & Type IV hypersensitivity rxn to insect saliva
74
What are the gross lesions of insect bite hypersensitivity?
papular to exudative dermatitis | Miliary dermatitis
75
Which species commonly get miliary dermatitis?
cats!
76
What species of insect causes Sweet Itch in horses?
Culicoides
77
What is the immunologic mechanism of Allergic Contact Dermatitis?
Type IV
78
Gross lesions of allergic contact dermatitis.
Erythema Papules Exudation in contact areas
79
What is the immunologic mechanism of drug hypersensitivies?
any of the types
80
What are the 6 autoimmune dzs of the skin?
``` Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) Bullous pemphigoid (BP) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) Erythema Multiforme (EM) ```
81
Which form of pemphigus is milder & most common?
pemphigus foliaceus
82
What is another name for pemphigus foliaceus?
superficial pemphigus
83
What is the pathogenesis of Pemphigus foliaceus?
AutoAbs against Desmoglain 1 & acantholysis of superficial dermis
84
Gross lesions of Pemphigus foliaceus.
vesicles--> rapidly become pustules | May be localized on face & feet or generalized
85
What is the histologic lesion commonly seen w/ Pemphigus foliaceus?
acantholytic keratinocytes
86
What is the other name for Pemphigus vulgaris & is more severe?
Deep pemphigus
87
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris? (TQ)
AutoAbs against desmoglein 3 & acantholysis of deep dermis
88
Gross lesions associated w/ Pemphigus Vulgaris?
Vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (mucocutaneous jxns)
89
Histological lesions are seen w/ Pemphigus Vulgaris?
suprabasilar vesicles Pustules Acantholytic keratinocytes "Tombstoning" of basal cells
90
Pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid (BP)?
AutoAbs directed against hemidesmosomal proteins & subepidermal vesicle formation
91
Which animals get Bullos Pemphigoid?
horses dogs cats Yucatan minipigs (awe!!!)
92
Gross lesions of Bullos Pemphigoid?
``` vesicles erosions ulcers crusts variable locations & severity ```
93
Histologic lesions of Bullos Pemphigoid.
Subepidermal vesicles & bullae
94
Pathogenesis of SLE in dogs?
Type III hypersensitivity --> multi systemic | immune-complex deposition & AutoAbs
95
What titer is raised in dogs w/ SLE & can be used as a DX aid? (TQ)
elevated anitnuclear Ab titer | ANA titer
96
Gross lesions of SLE?
``` erythema depigmentation alopecia scaling crusting ulceration lesions start on face & extend to the trunk & extremities ```
97
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) only involves which organ?
skin
98
Gross lesions of DLE are located where?
``` nasal planum dorsal nose pinnae lips periocular areas ```
99
What is the ANA titer of DLE patients?
NEGATIVE ANA titer
100
What can DLE lesions be indistinguishable from? How do you DX it ?
Mucocutaneous pyoderma | responsiveness to TX
101
Gross lesions of erythema multiforme (EM)?
localized or generalize erythema & circular/linear erosions or ulcerations
102
Histologic lesions of erythma mulitforme (EM)?
Numerous apoptotic keratinocytes w/in multiple layers of the epidermis
103
What is the often life-threatening form of EM that can result in full thickness epidermal necrosis?
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
104
Which form of Poxvirus is the most pathogenic?
Sheeppox & Goatpox (FAD)
105
Pathogenesis of Poxviruses.
proliferation & necrosis
106
2 dermatotropic herpesviruses
BHV-2: ulcerative mammilitis | BHV-4: mammary pustular dermatitis
107
Vesicular-ulcerative dermatitis is a common lesion of _____.
Herpesviruses
108
What are the 2 oncogenic herpesviruses that cause cutaneous tumors?
Marek's dz of chickens | Sea turtle fibropapillomatosis
109
Marek's Dz of chickens causes what type of lymphoma?
Cutaneous follicular lymphoma
110
Papillomaviruses causes what type of benign masses?
Papilloma
111
Papillomaviruses causes what types of malignant tumors?
Carcinoma | Sarcoid
112
How does the papillomavirus cause tumor formation?
inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (p53 & Rb)
113
Papillomaviruses commonly cause sarcoid in what 2 species?
cats | horses
114
What other viruses cause cutaneous lesions? (5)
``` Picorna Rhabdo Calici Parvo Retro ```
115
What are the 4 portals of entry for bacterial infections?
Pores Hematogenous spread Disruption of the physical barrier Disruption of immunological barrier
116
BacT skin infections most commonly affect which species?
Dogs
117
K9 superficial pyoderma is caused by what?
Staph. pseudintermedius
118
What are the 4 layers of the skin?
Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
119
What is the typical transit time of a single keratinocyte?
~ 1 mo.
120
4 things that make up the basement membrane zone
Hemidesmosomes Lamina lucida Lamina densa Desmosomes
121
What is the composition and fxn of the dermis?
Composed of collagen, elastin fibers & glycosaminoglycans Support of other structures
122
What affects hair growth?
photoperiod, nutrition & health status
123
Which pathogens can penetrate intact skin?
hookworm larvae | Schistosoma
124
Which dermatophytes often affect hair & claws?
Microsporum canis | Trichophyton mentagrophytes
125
Which pathogen often enters via puncture wounds?
Clostridium tetani
126
Which 2 pathogens often enter through hair follicle openings?
Demodex | Staph.
127
What is the most important barrier against infection & fluid loss?
Stratum corneum
128
How do keratintocytes provide structural integrity?
by producing keratin filaments, desomosomes & hemidesmosomes
129
What comprises the Innate immunity of the skin? (6)
``` Stratum corneum barrier Macrophages & dentritic cells Phagocytes Endothelial cells Coagulation system Complement cascade ```
130
What comprises the Adaptive immunity of the skin? (6)
``` Langerhans cells CD8 T cells (CTLs) CD4 Th-1 (activate macrophages) CD4 Th-2 (activates B-cells, etc) Endothelial cells Keratinocytes ```
131
When does blood clotting occur in the skin?
0-12 hrs post injury
132
What does inflammation occur?
12-24 hrs. post injury
133
Recruitment of inflammatory cells.
1. Phagocytes --> remove debris | 2. Macrophages secrete collagenase --> debridement & tissue remodeling
134
When does re-epithelialization occur?
3-7 d. post injury
135
2 things that occur during re-epithelialization
1. Keratinocytes produce proteases | 2. Re-establishment of basement membrane zone
136
Fibroplasia occurs when? What mediates it?
3-7 d post injury | Cytokines & growth factors
137
What do fibroblasts do during fibroplasia?
produce proteolytic enzymes & extracellular matrix proteins
138
When does angiogenesis occur?
3-7 d post injury
139
When does wound contraction occur?
after 7 d. post injury
140
When does tissue remodeling occur?
wks to mos post injury
141
What are the primary cornification disorders (less common)?
primary seborrhea of cocker spaniel | ichthyosis
142
What causes secondary cornification disorders (more common)?
chronic stimuli | vit. A deficiency
143
Disruption of stratum corneum predisposes animals to infections by ____ & _____.
bacT & yeast
144
What is a common response to chronic stimuli like inflammation or trauma?
Acanthosis
145
3 causes of dyskeratosis
Zinc-responsive dermatosis Actinic keratosis SCC
146
What 2 immune mediated dzs cause apoptosis of the epidermis?
Lupus erythematosus | Erythema multiforme
147
3 things that result in atrophy of the epidermis
hormone imbalances partial ischemia severe malnutrition
148
2 common causes of Spongiosis.
Staph. | Malassezia
149
3 things that cause Hydropic Degeneration
1. Lupus erythematosus 2. Dermatomyositis 3. Drug eruptions
150
2 things that cause ballooning degeneration
Poxviruses | FMD virus
151
What viruses commonly cause vesicle formation? (5)
``` Herpes Pox Morbilli Rhabdo Picorna ```
152
Pathogenesis of epidermitis
exocytosis--> spongiosis --> pustules
153
3 common causes of pustule formation.
1. ectoparasite bites 2. pemphigoid rxns 3. feline eosinophilic dz
154
2 common causes of exocytosis of lymphocytes.
lupus erythematosus | Malassezia sp. infections
155
Gross lesion associated w/ K9 superficial pyoderma.
collarettes
156
Common bacterial causes of impetigo in puppies: (4)
S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. pseudointermedius, & S. schleiferi (all are coagulase + species)
157
Gross lesions of impetigo.
multifocal pustules & crusts
158
Histological features of impetigo
NON-FOLLICULAR subcorneal pustules w/ serocellular crusting
159
K9 mucocutaneous pyoderma is an example of ______ pyoderma.
superficial
160
Exudative epidermitis of pigs is also known as? Cause?
Greasy Pig Dz | Staph. hyicus
161
Common name for dermatophilosis? Cause?
Rain Rot/Scald | D. congolensis
162
Gross lesions of dermatophilosis
papules, pustules & THICK CRUSTS that coalesce w/ matted wool/hair
163
Cause of Ovine fleece rot? Predisposes sheep to?
Pseudomonas spp. | myiasis (fly strike)
164
Deep pyoderma occurs most frequently in what species? cause?
dog | Staph pseudointermedius
165
Folliculitis often leads to _____.
furunculosis
166
Furunculosis results in:
infection & FB type inflammation
167
Species that commonly gets furunculosis.
dogs
168
SQ abscessation is most common in what species?
cats
169
Necrotizing fasciitis is known as ___. common or rare?
flesh-eating bacT syndrome | rare - in dogs & people
170
Cause of Necrotizing fasciitis.
Strep. canis
171
Why can necrotizing fasciitis be life threatening?
due to concurrent septic shock
172
How do mycobacteria survive inside macrophages?
preventing the fusion of phagosomes & lysomes
173
2 acid-fast stains used to ID mycobacteria.
Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Fite-Faraco stain
174
Obligate intracellular parasites cause ___ & _____.
tuberculosis, leprosy
175
M. tuberculosis & M. bovis _____ cause cutaneous lesions.
rarely
176
Cause of feline leprosy
M. lepraemurium via bites from cats or rats
177
Opportunistic pathogens like saprophytic Mycobacterium sp. cause _____.
mycobacteriosis
178
Non-mycobacterial granulomas are caused by _____ & ______.
non-filamentous bacT granulomas (Botryomycosis), filamentous bacT granulomas
179
4 examples of idiopathic granulomatous dermatitis (non-infectious)
sterile granuloma pyogranuloma syndrome juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatits lymphadenitis
180
3 things that can cause lymphadenitits.
juvenile cellulitis juvenile pyoderma puppy strangles
181
Sterile granuloma & pyogranuloma syndrome are common in ____; rare in ___ & ______
dogs | horse & cats
182
Gross lesions of sterile granuloma & pyogranuloma syndrome.
single or mulitfocal papuples, plaques or nodules on head & extremities
183
Juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis & lymphadenitis occurs in what animals?
puppies < 4 mo.
184
Lesions of juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis & lymphadenitis.
similar to sterile granuloma & pyogranuloma syndrome; includes lymph node involvement; pathogenesis unknown
185
4 mechanisms affecting blood vessles.
1. bacT embolization 2. bacT toxins 3. direct infection of vascular endothelial cells 4. Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex vasculitits)
186
E. rhusiopathiae creates skin lesions by ____ ____.
bacT embolization
187
6 bacT w/ cutaneous lesions
``` R. rickettsia - RM spotted fever Strep. canis Staph. aureus - TSS in dogs E. coli Salmonella E. rhusiopathiae - Diamond skin dz ```
188
Septicemic salmonellosis causes _____.
endotoxin-induced venous thrombosis = cyanosis & necrosis of distal extremities
189
E. coli produces _____. Causes?
Shiga toxin 2e | endothelial damage, vasculitis, resultant edema dz of pigs
190
Strep. canis & staph. aureus produce ______.
EXOtoxin
191
R. rickettsia directly infects ____. causes?
endothelial cells | vasculitis & necrotic skin lesions

Pathology (13 decks)

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