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Pathology > Integumentary Pathology > Flashcards

Integumentary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

7 steps of regeneration & repair of the skin

A

Blood clot, inflammation, re-epitheilization, fibroplasia, angiogenesis, wound contraction, remodeling

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2
Q

Hallmark of wound healing

A

granulation tissue

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3
Q

2 responses of the EPIDERMIS to injury

A

Alteration in growth & differentiation

Alteration in fluid balance & cellular adhesion

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4
Q

3 forms of alterations in epidermal pigmentation

A

Hyperpigmentation
Hypopigmentation
Pigmentary incontinence

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5
Q

2 dzs that lead to increased production of melanin

A

allergic dermatitis

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

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6
Q

2 dzs. that lead to increased melanocytes

A

Lentigo

Melanocytic Neoplasia

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7
Q

What mineral deficiency can result in HYPOpigmentation

A

Cu deficiency = Acquired lack of melanin production

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8
Q

3 causes of DERMAL atrophy

A

Starvation
Cushing’s
Iatrogenic (long term steroid use)

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9
Q

What is the early stage of fibroplasia in response to injury?

A

Granulation tissue

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10
Q

What is another term for exuberant granulation tissue?

A

Proud flesh

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11
Q

What is the condition that is an inherited abnormality of collagen that results in increased stretchability? Give an example

A

Collagen Dysplasia

Cutaneous Asthenia

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12
Q

What are the 3 abnormal deposits in the dermis?

A

Amyloid
Mucin/Hyaluronic acid
Ca

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13
Q

What abnormal deposit in the dermis leads to cutaneous myxedema?

A

Mucin or hyaluronic acid (GAG)

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14
Q

When can you see cutaneous myxedema? (TQ)

A

HYPOthyroidism

Mucinosis of the Shar-Pei

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15
Q

3 forms of abnormal mineralization/calicification of the dermis

A

Dystrophic
Metastatic
Idiopathic

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16
Q

Dystropic mineralization is the result of chronic injury. Give 2 examples.

A

Calcinosis cutis

Granulomatous foci

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17
Q

Which form of mineralization results in deposition of Ca in tissues during hypercalcemia?

A

Metastatic

chronic renal dz, hyperparathyroidism, cholecalciferol toxicosis & calcinogenic plants

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of ACUTE dermatitis?

A

lasts hrs- several d.

Mostly neutrophils

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of CHRONIC dermatitis?

A

lasts wks, mo., yrs.

Mostly mononuclear leukocytes (macrophages, lymphocytes & plasma cells)

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20
Q

Acral lick dermatitis if what form of dermatitis?

A

Chronic

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21
Q

What 4 things can cause ATROPHY of the adnexa?

A
  1. hormonal abnormalities
  2. Nutritional abnormalities
  3. Ischemia
  4. Stress/poor health
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22
Q

What 4 things can cause HYPERTROPHY of the adnexa?

A
  1. injury
  2. Acral lick dermatitis
  3. Chronic allergic dermatitis
  4. Chronic bacT/yeast infections
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23
Q

What frequently causes alopecia?

A

follicular dysplasia

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24
Q

What often leads to abnormalities of hair cycle stages?

A

Hormonal disorders

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25
Q

Folliculitis is commonly seen with what 2 dzs?

A

Demodicosis

Pemphigus Foliaceus

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26
Q

What organisms can cause luminal folliculitis?

A

Staph.
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Demodex

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27
Q

Bulbitis is also called _____.

A

Alopecia areata

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28
Q

Sebaceous adenitis is most common in what species?

A

Dogs

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29
Q

Which form of adenitis is characterized by inflammation of the APOCRINE glands?

A

Hiradenitis

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30
Q

Which species are most commonly affected by vasculitis?

A

Dogs & horses

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31
Q

List some examples of dzs that can cause vasculitis.

A 
SLE
Rickettsia infections
Herpesvirus
FIP virus
Erysipelothrix spp.
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32
Q

Black Diamond Skin Disease is a common name for what dz?(TQ)

A

Porcine Erysipelas (lesions due to vasculitis)

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33
Q

What are some causes of Panniculitis?

A 
BacT & fungi
SLE
Physical injury
Vit E deficiency
Pancreatic dz. 
Idiopathic
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34
Q

What are the C.S. of Panniculitis?

A

painful, palpable nodules –> ulcerated & drain
Pyrexia
Lethargy
Inappetence

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35
Q

What are the 2 non-genetic forms of congenital alopecia & hypotrichosis?

A

Maternal Iodine deficiency

In Utero- Pestivirus infection (BVD & CSF)

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36
Q

What are the congenital & hereditary skin dzs? (7)

A 
Congenital alopecia & hypotrichosis
Collagen Dysplasia disorders
Mucinosis
Epidermolysis bullosa
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
Congenital hypertrichosis
Dermal Vegetans
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37
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa (red foot dz) is reported in what animal species?

A

horses, cattle, sheep, dogs & cats

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38
Q

Border dz or hairy shaker dz is an example of which congenital skin dz?

A

Congenital HYPERtrichosis due to in utero Pestivirus infection

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39
Q

Which breed of swine is Dermatosis vegetans common in?(TQ)

A

Landrace pigs (autosomal recessive trait)

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40
Q

What causes actinic injury on non-haired & non-pigmented areas?

A

UV radiation –> DNA damage (thymidine dimers) –> SCC

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41
Q

How does photosensitization occur?

A

photodynamic compounds react w/ UV radiation & cause oxidative injury

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42
Q

What is Type I Photosensitization?

A

caused by ingestion of certain plants or drugs

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43
Q

What is Type II Photosensitization?

A

Inherited defect in porphyrin metabolism

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44
Q

What is Type III Photosensitization (most common form)?

A

Hepatogenous photosensitization –> due to liver dz. & reduced ability to excrete phylloerythrin (by-product of chlorophyll metabolism)

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45
Q

What are the 2 causes of actinic injury?

A

Photosensitization

Photo-enhanced dermatoses

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46
Q

What dzs are associated w/ photo-enhanced dermatoses? (3)

A

Lupus erythematosus
Dermatomyositis
Photoactivated vasculitis of the horse

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47
Q

Where does photoactivated vasculitis often occur on the horse?

A

animals with white legs

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48
Q

Which species are prone to vaccine-associated sarcomas?

A

Felines

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49
Q

What does Ergot poisoning cause in animals?

A

ischemic necrosis of extremities

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50
Q

Which form of grass can get infected with Neotyphodium spp & contains ergot alkaloids?

A

tall fescue grass

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51
Q

What are the signs of Selenium toxicity in animals?

A

Poor hair coat w/ partial alopecia

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52
Q

What are the sings of Hairy Vetch toxicity in animals?(TQ)

A

dermatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, granulomatus inflammation of many organs

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53
Q

What are the proper names for “hot spots”?

A

Pyotraumatic dermatitis

Acute mosit dermatitis

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54
Q

What physical injury is caused by psychological disorders that lead to persistent licking/chewing?

A

Acral lick dermatitis
Lick Granuloma
Neurodermatitis

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55
Q

Which animals are susceptible to intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis)?

A

Dogs- excessive skin folds

Cows- large pendulous udders

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56
Q

What are the 6 types of physical injury that can occur to the skin?

A 
Acral lick dermatitis
Pyotraumatic dermatitis
Intertrigo
Feline Ulcerative Dermatitis Syndrome
Callus 
Temperature extremes
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57
Q

1st degree burns affect what layer of skin?

A

epidermis only

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58
Q

2nd degree burns affect what part of skin.

A

epidermis & part of dermis

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59
Q

3rd degree burns causes:

A

full thickness necrosis of skin
Permanent scarring
life threatening–> infection & fluid loss

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60
Q

Hypothyroidism affects what stages of the hair cycle in dogs?

A

Anagen stage; hair coat fails to grow

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61
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism has a _____ effect on _____ synthesis & maintenance due to excess glucocorticoids.

A

inhibitory

collagen

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62
Q

What is a common skin sign of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs?

A

Clinical cutaneous lesions

Calcinosis cutis - dystrophic calcification

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63
Q

Pituitary tumors of the pars intermedia in older horses leads to what?

A

Hyperhidrosis (incr. sweating)

Hirsutism/hypertrichosis

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64
Q

What are the C.S. of hyperestrogenism?

A

symmetric alopecia
follicular hyperkeratosis
Enlarged nipples, prepuce & vulva

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65
Q

What causes hyperestrogenism in females?

A

ovarian cysts or tumors

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66
Q

What causes hyperestrogenism in males?

A

Functional Sertoli cell tumor

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67
Q

Urticaria is most common in what 2 species?

A

dogs

horses

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68
Q

What is the immunologic mechanism of urticaria?

A

Type I & Type III hypersensitivities

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69
Q

What 3 things can cause non-immunologic urticaria?

A

heat
exercise
stress

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70
Q

What species commonly get atopic dermatitis?

A

dogs
cats
horses

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71
Q

What is the immunologic mechanism of atopic dermatitis?

A

Type I hypersensitivity w/ IgE Abs to environmental allergens

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72
Q

What is the predominant sign of atopic dermatitis?

A

Pruritis w/ frequent excoriations & secondary bacT & yeast infection

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73
Q

What is the immunologic mechanism of insect bite hypersensitivity?

A

Type I & Type IV hypersensitivity rxn to insect saliva

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74
Q

What are the gross lesions of insect bite hypersensitivity?

A

papular to exudative dermatitis

Miliary dermatitis

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75
Q

Which species commonly get miliary dermatitis?

A

cats!

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76
Q

What species of insect causes Sweet Itch in horses?

A

Culicoides

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77
Q

What is the immunologic mechanism of Allergic Contact Dermatitis?

78
Q

Gross lesions of allergic contact dermatitis.

A

Erythema
Papules
Exudation in contact areas

79
Q

What is the immunologic mechanism of drug hypersensitivies?

A

any of the types

80
Q

What are the 6 autoimmune dzs of the skin?

A 
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF)
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV)
Bullous pemphigoid (BP)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
Erythema Multiforme (EM)
81
Q

Which form of pemphigus is milder & most common?

A

pemphigus foliaceus

82
Q

What is another name for pemphigus foliaceus?

A

superficial pemphigus

83
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pemphigus foliaceus?

A

AutoAbs against Desmoglain 1 & acantholysis of superficial dermis

84
Q

Gross lesions of Pemphigus foliaceus.

A

vesicles–> rapidly become pustules

May be localized on face & feet or generalized

85
Q

What is the histologic lesion commonly seen w/ Pemphigus foliaceus?

A

acantholytic keratinocytes

86
Q

What is the other name for Pemphigus vulgaris & is more severe?

A

Deep pemphigus

87
Q

Pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris? (TQ)

A

AutoAbs against desmoglein 3 & acantholysis of deep dermis

88
Q

Gross lesions associated w/ Pemphigus Vulgaris?

A

Vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (mucocutaneous jxns)

89
Q

Histological lesions are seen w/ Pemphigus Vulgaris?

A

suprabasilar vesicles
Pustules
Acantholytic keratinocytes
“Tombstoning” of basal cells

90
Q

Pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid (BP)?

A

AutoAbs directed against hemidesmosomal proteins & subepidermal vesicle formation

91
Q

Which animals get Bullos Pemphigoid?

A

horses
dogs
cats
Yucatan minipigs (awe!!!)

92
Q

Gross lesions of Bullos Pemphigoid?

A 
vesicles
erosions
ulcers
crusts
variable locations & severity
93
Q

Histologic lesions of Bullos Pemphigoid.

A

Subepidermal vesicles & bullae

94
Q

Pathogenesis of SLE in dogs?

A

Type III hypersensitivity –> multi systemic

immune-complex deposition & AutoAbs

95
Q

What titer is raised in dogs w/ SLE & can be used as a DX aid? (TQ)

A

elevated anitnuclear Ab titer

ANA titer

96
Q

Gross lesions of SLE?

A 
erythema
depigmentation
alopecia
scaling
crusting
ulceration
lesions start on face & extend to the trunk & extremities
97
Q

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) only involves which organ?

98
Q

Gross lesions of DLE are located where?

A 
nasal planum
dorsal nose
pinnae
lips
periocular areas
99
Q

What is the ANA titer of DLE patients?

A

NEGATIVE ANA titer

100
Q

What can DLE lesions be indistinguishable from? How do you DX it ?

A

Mucocutaneous pyoderma

responsiveness to TX

101
Q

Gross lesions of erythema multiforme (EM)?

A

localized or generalize erythema & circular/linear erosions or ulcerations

102
Q

Histologic lesions of erythma mulitforme (EM)?

A

Numerous apoptotic keratinocytes w/in multiple layers of the epidermis

103
Q

What is the often life-threatening form of EM that can result in full thickness epidermal necrosis?

A

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

104
Q

Which form of Poxvirus is the most pathogenic?

A

Sheeppox & Goatpox (FAD)

105
Q

Pathogenesis of Poxviruses.

A

proliferation & necrosis

106
Q

2 dermatotropic herpesviruses

A

BHV-2: ulcerative mammilitis

BHV-4: mammary pustular dermatitis

107
Q

Vesicular-ulcerative dermatitis is a common lesion of _____.

A

Herpesviruses

108
Q

What are the 2 oncogenic herpesviruses that cause cutaneous tumors?

A

Marek’s dz of chickens

Sea turtle fibropapillomatosis

109
Q

Marek’s Dz of chickens causes what type of lymphoma?

A

Cutaneous follicular lymphoma

110
Q

Papillomaviruses causes what type of benign masses?

111
Q

Papillomaviruses causes what types of malignant tumors?

A

Carcinoma

Sarcoid

112
Q

How does the papillomavirus cause tumor formation?

A

inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (p53 & Rb)

113
Q

Papillomaviruses commonly cause sarcoid in what 2 species?

A

cats

horses

114
Q

What other viruses cause cutaneous lesions? (5)

A 
Picorna
Rhabdo
Calici
Parvo
Retro
115
Q

What are the 4 portals of entry for bacterial infections?

A

Pores
Hematogenous spread
Disruption of the physical barrier
Disruption of immunological barrier

116
Q

BacT skin infections most commonly affect which species?

117
Q

K9 superficial pyoderma is caused by what?

A

Staph. pseudintermedius

118
Q

What are the 4 layers of the skin?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

119
Q

What is the typical transit time of a single keratinocyte?

120
Q

4 things that make up the basement membrane zone

A

Hemidesmosomes
Lamina lucida
Lamina densa
Desmosomes

121
Q

What is the composition and fxn of the dermis?

A

Composed of collagen, elastin fibers & glycosaminoglycans

Support of other structures

122
Q

What affects hair growth?

A

photoperiod, nutrition & health status

123
Q

Which pathogens can penetrate intact skin?

A

hookworm larvae

Schistosoma

124
Q

Which dermatophytes often affect hair & claws?

A

Microsporum canis

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

125
Q

Which pathogen often enters via puncture wounds?

A

Clostridium tetani

126
Q

Which 2 pathogens often enter through hair follicle openings?

A

Demodex

Staph.

127
Q

What is the most important barrier against infection & fluid loss?

A

Stratum corneum

128
Q

How do keratintocytes provide structural integrity?

A

by producing keratin filaments, desomosomes & hemidesmosomes

129
Q

What comprises the Innate immunity of the skin? (6)

A 
Stratum corneum barrier
Macrophages & dentritic cells
Phagocytes
Endothelial cells
Coagulation system
Complement cascade
130
Q

What comprises the Adaptive immunity of the skin? (6)

A 
Langerhans cells
CD8 T cells (CTLs) 
CD4 Th-1 (activate macrophages)
CD4 Th-2 (activates B-cells, etc)
Endothelial cells
Keratinocytes
131
Q

When does blood clotting occur in the skin?

A

0-12 hrs post injury

132
Q

What does inflammation occur?

A

12-24 hrs. post injury

133
Q

Recruitment of inflammatory cells.

A
  1. Phagocytes –> remove debris

2. Macrophages secrete collagenase –> debridement & tissue remodeling

134
Q

When does re-epithelialization occur?

A

3-7 d. post injury

135
Q

2 things that occur during re-epithelialization

A
  1. Keratinocytes produce proteases

2. Re-establishment of basement membrane zone

136
Q

Fibroplasia occurs when? What mediates it?

A

3-7 d post injury

Cytokines & growth factors

137
Q

What do fibroblasts do during fibroplasia?

A

produce proteolytic enzymes & extracellular matrix proteins

138
Q

When does angiogenesis occur?

A

3-7 d post injury

139
Q

When does wound contraction occur?

A

after 7 d. post injury

140
Q

When does tissue remodeling occur?

A

wks to mos post injury

141
Q

What are the primary cornification disorders (less common)?

A

primary seborrhea of cocker spaniel

ichthyosis

142
Q

What causes secondary cornification disorders (more common)?

A

chronic stimuli

vit. A deficiency

143
Q

Disruption of stratum corneum predisposes animals to infections by ____ & _____.

A

bacT & yeast

144
Q

What is a common response to chronic stimuli like inflammation or trauma?

A

Acanthosis

145
Q

3 causes of dyskeratosis

A

Zinc-responsive dermatosis
Actinic keratosis
SCC

146
Q

What 2 immune mediated dzs cause apoptosis of the epidermis?

A

Lupus erythematosus

Erythema multiforme

147
Q

3 things that result in atrophy of the epidermis

A

hormone imbalances
partial ischemia
severe malnutrition

148
Q

2 common causes of Spongiosis.

A

Staph.

Malassezia

149
Q

3 things that cause Hydropic Degeneration

A
  1. Lupus erythematosus
  2. Dermatomyositis
  3. Drug eruptions
150
Q

2 things that cause ballooning degeneration

A

Poxviruses

FMD virus

151
Q

What viruses commonly cause vesicle formation? (5)

A 
Herpes
Pox
Morbilli
Rhabdo
Picorna
152
Q

Pathogenesis of epidermitis

A

exocytosis–> spongiosis –> pustules

153
Q

3 common causes of pustule formation.

A
  1. ectoparasite bites
  2. pemphigoid rxns
  3. feline eosinophilic dz
154
Q

2 common causes of exocytosis of lymphocytes.

A

lupus erythematosus

Malassezia sp. infections

155
Q

Gross lesion associated w/ K9 superficial pyoderma.

A

collarettes

156
Q

Common bacterial causes of impetigo in puppies: (4)

A

S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. pseudointermedius, & S. schleiferi (all are coagulase + species)

157
Q

Gross lesions of impetigo.

A

multifocal pustules & crusts

158
Q

Histological features of impetigo

A

NON-FOLLICULAR subcorneal pustules w/ serocellular crusting

159
Q

K9 mucocutaneous pyoderma is an example of ______ pyoderma.

A

superficial

160
Q

Exudative epidermitis of pigs is also known as? Cause?

A

Greasy Pig Dz

Staph. hyicus

161
Q

Common name for dermatophilosis? Cause?

A

Rain Rot/Scald

D. congolensis

162
Q

Gross lesions of dermatophilosis

A

papules, pustules & THICK CRUSTS that coalesce w/ matted wool/hair

163
Q

Cause of Ovine fleece rot? Predisposes sheep to?

A

Pseudomonas spp.

myiasis (fly strike)

164
Q

Deep pyoderma occurs most frequently in what species? cause?

A

dog

Staph pseudointermedius

165
Q

Folliculitis often leads to _____.

A

furunculosis

166
Q

Furunculosis results in:

A

infection & FB type inflammation

167
Q

Species that commonly gets furunculosis.

168
Q

SQ abscessation is most common in what species?

169
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis is known as ___. common or rare?

A

flesh-eating bacT syndrome

rare - in dogs & people

170
Q

Cause of Necrotizing fasciitis.

A

Strep. canis

171
Q

Why can necrotizing fasciitis be life threatening?

A

due to concurrent septic shock

172
Q

How do mycobacteria survive inside macrophages?

A

preventing the fusion of phagosomes & lysomes

173
Q

2 acid-fast stains used to ID mycobacteria.

A

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Fite-Faraco stain

174
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites cause ___ & _____.

A

tuberculosis, leprosy

175
Q

M. tuberculosis & M. bovis _____ cause cutaneous lesions.

176
Q

Cause of feline leprosy

A

M. lepraemurium via bites from cats or rats

177
Q

Opportunistic pathogens like saprophytic Mycobacterium sp. cause _____.

A

mycobacteriosis

178
Q

Non-mycobacterial granulomas are caused by _____ & ______.

A

non-filamentous bacT granulomas (Botryomycosis), filamentous bacT granulomas

179
Q

4 examples of idiopathic granulomatous dermatitis (non-infectious)

A

sterile granuloma
pyogranuloma syndrome
juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatits
lymphadenitis

180
Q

3 things that can cause lymphadenitits.

A

juvenile cellulitis
juvenile pyoderma
puppy strangles

181
Q

Sterile granuloma & pyogranuloma syndrome are common in ____; rare in ___ & ______

A

dogs

horse & cats

182
Q

Gross lesions of sterile granuloma & pyogranuloma syndrome.

A

single or mulitfocal papuples, plaques or nodules on head & extremities

183
Q

Juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis & lymphadenitis occurs in what animals?

A

puppies < 4 mo.

184
Q

Lesions of juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis & lymphadenitis.

A

similar to sterile granuloma & pyogranuloma syndrome; includes lymph node involvement; pathogenesis unknown

185
Q

4 mechanisms affecting blood vessles.

A
  1. bacT embolization
  2. bacT toxins
  3. direct infection of vascular endothelial cells
  4. Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex vasculitits)
186
Q

E. rhusiopathiae creates skin lesions by ____ ____.

A

bacT embolization

187
Q

6 bacT w/ cutaneous lesions

A 
R. rickettsia - RM spotted fever
Strep. canis 
Staph. aureus - TSS in dogs
E. coli 
Salmonella 
E. rhusiopathiae - Diamond skin dz
188
Q

Septicemic salmonellosis causes _____.

A

endotoxin-induced venous thrombosis = cyanosis & necrosis of distal extremities

189
Q

E. coli produces _____. Causes?

A

Shiga toxin 2e

endothelial damage, vasculitis, resultant edema dz of pigs

190
Q

Strep. canis & staph. aureus produce ______.

191
Q

R. rickettsia directly infects ____. causes?

A

endothelial cells

vasculitis & necrotic skin lesions

Pathology (13 decks)

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