Endocrine System

Question 1

What breeds have adenohypophyseal hypoplasia as a genetic defect?

Answer 1

guernsey and jersey cattle

Question 2

What plant causes cyclopia when ingested by pregnant sheep?

Answer 2

veratrum californicum (skunk plant)

Question 3

Why is there prolonged gestation during fetal adenohypophyseal hypoplasia?

Answer 3

failure of fetus to convert pregesterone to estrogen surge

Question 4

What causes pituitary cysts?

Answer 4

failure of rathke’s pouch to differentiate into pars distalis

Question 5

What characterizes pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 5

slow growth, alopecia, hyperpigmentation of skin

Question 6

What lesion is seen with pituitary cysts?

Answer 6

enlarging cyst in sella turcica and absence of adenohypophysis

Question 7

What pituitary neoplasm is seen in young animals?

Answer 7

craniopharyngiomas

Question 8

What 2 pituitary neoplams are seen in older animals?

Answer 8

adenomas and carcinomas

Question 9

How can adenomas of the pituitary gland be distinguished from nodular hyperplasia?

Answer 9

large size and presence of a capsule

Question 10

What is the most common pituitary neoplasm in horses?

Answer 10

adenomas of the pars intermedia

Question 11

What are the sequlae of INACTIVE adenomas of the pars intermedia in dogs?

Answer 11

hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus

Question 12

What are the sequalae of ACTIVE adenomas of the pars intermedia in dogs?

Answer 12

cushings disease

Question 13

What happens with adenomas of the pars intermedia in horses?

Answer 13

compression of hypothalamus –>PU/PD, hyperhidrosis, hypertrichosis (cushings)

Question 14

What lesion will be seen in a dog with ACTH-secreting adenoma?

Answer 14

bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands

Question 15

What species have been seen with endocrinologically inactive chromophobe adenoma?

Answer 15

dogs, cats, rodents, parakeets

Question 16

What is the sequlae of endocrinologically inactive chromophobe adenoma?

Answer 16

compression atrophy/space occupying lesion –> blindness

Question 17

What is the sequlae of craniopharyngiomas in young animals?

Answer 17

failure to attain somatic maturation
diabetes insipidis (no ADH)
CNS dysfunction

Question 18

Why do dogs with pituitary dwarfism have short life spans?

Answer 18

secondary endocrine dysfunction –>hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticocism

Question 19

What pituitary neoplasm is functionally inactive but space occupying leading to panhypopituitarism in older dogs and cows?

Answer 19

pituitary gland carcinoma

Question 20

What species get sporadic pituitary abscesses?

Answer 20

ruminants and swine

Question 21

What is the cause of pituitary abscesses?

Answer 21

bacteria or mycotic agents

Question 22

What form of diabetes insipidus interferes with the ADH synthesis or secretion?

Answer 22

hypophyseal form

Question 23

What form of diabetes insipidus is a heriditary defect resulting in lack of adenylate cyclase in kidney?

Answer 23

nephrogenic form (cells don’t respond to ADH)

Question 24

What can cause hypophyseal diabetes insipidus?

Answer 24

Growth disturbances that cause:
severance of infundibular stalk
or destruction of pars nervosa

Question 25

When is hemorrhage of the adrenal cortex usually seen and what causes it?

Answer 25

newborn - trauma, severe stress, or septicemia/toxemia

Question 26

What are the causes of adrenalitis?

Answer 26

Viruses - intranuclear inclusion bodies Bacteria - gram negatives (myco-->granulomatous) Fungi --> granulomatous Parasites

Question 27

What is the 2nd most common neoplasm reported in ferrets?

Answer 27

adrenal gland neoplasm

Question 28

What is a risk factor for ferrets getting adrenal gland neoplasms? Why?

Answer 28

gonadectomized at an early age, chronic trophic stimulation of zona reticularis by LH

Question 29

What are the 2 causes of primary hyperadrenocorticocism?

Answer 29

``` cortical neoplasm (esp. adenoma) idiopathic hyperplasia ```

Question 30

What is the cause of secondary hyperadrenocorticism?

Answer 30

pituatary tumor

Question 31

What can cause cushings besides primary, secondary, and iatrogenic?

Answer 31

ectopic cancer that produces ACTH

Question 32

What is the cause of primary hypoadrenocorticism in young female dogs?

Answer 32

bilateral idiopathic adrenal cortical atrophy

Question 33

What can cause bilateral destruction of the adrenal glands?

Answer 33

adrenalitis, infarction, hemorrhage, tumor

Question 34

What is the pathogenesis of secondary hypoadrenocorticocism?

Answer 34

ACTH deficiency from pituatary lesion --> atrophyl of only the two inner zones (mineralcorticoids not affected)

Question 35

What is the hallmark clinical sign of hypoadrenocorticism?

Answer 35

hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

Question 36

What is the most common neoplasm of the adrenal medulla of animals?

Answer 36

pheochromocytoma

Question 37

How can you diagnose a pheochromocytoma?

Answer 37

apply zenkers solution to freshly cut surface --> dark brown coloration after a few minutes

Question 38

What animals get lymphocytic (immune mediated) thyroiditis?

Answer 38

dogs, obese strains of chickens, primates, buffalo rats

Question 39

What are the lesions associated with lymphocytic thyroiditis?

Answer 39

infiltrate of lymps, plasma cells and macrophages | later replacement fibrosis, colloid vacuolated, may develop hypothyroidism

Question 40

What are the causes of goiter(4)?

Answer 40

``` iodine deficient excess iodide goitrogenic compounds (brassica) genetic enzyme defects in hormone synthesis ```

Question 41

What are the 4 morphological types of goiter?

Answer 41

Diffuse hyperplastic goiter colloid goiter multifocal nodular hyperplasia congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter

Question 42

What is the phase of goiter once hyperplastic goiter has been treated with iodide?

Answer 42

colloid goiter

Question 43

What happens in colloid goiter that still causes it to be enlarged?

Answer 43

decreased endocytosis of colloid from lumen

Question 44

Which species is multifocal nodular hyperplasia functional?

Answer 44

cats, the rest are nonfunctional

Question 45

What kind of animals is multifocal nodular hyperplasia usually seen?

Answer 45

older animals

Question 46

What molecule can't be synthesized in congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter?

Answer 46

thyroglobulin

Question 47

What species get follicular cell adenoma?

Answer 47

more common in cats than dogs and horses

Question 48

What species commonly gets follicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid?

Answer 48

dogs

Question 49

Where may follicular cell carcinomas arrise from in dogs

Answer 49

accessory thyroids - between base of tongue and cr. mediastinum

Question 50

What is the cause of hyperthyroidism in dogs?

Answer 50

thyroid neoplasms

Question 51

What is the cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?

Answer 51

many different lesions (adenomas and multinodular hyperplasia)

Question 52

What are some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats?

Answer 52

restlessness, polyphagia, 2ry hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 53

What are the 2 causes of hypothyroidism in dog?

Answer 53

idiopathic follicular collapse/atrophy | lymphocytic thyroiditis

Question 54

What are some of the CS associated with hypothyroidism?

Answer 54

hyperkeratosis, alopecia, myxedema, infertility

Question 55

What can lead to arthrosclerosis in hypothyroidism?

Answer 55

hypercholesterolemia (decreased lipid metabolism)

Question 56

What breeds get lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

Answer 56

adult dogs - schnauzers and terriers

Question 57

What is thought to be the cause of lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

Answer 57

immune mediated

Question 58

What are the 2 forms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 58

lymphocytic parathyroiditis | parturient paresis

Question 59

What is the cause of parturient paresis?

Answer 59

fed high calcium diet before parturition | anorexia from estrogen

Question 60

What are symptoms of dogs with lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

Answer 60

neuromuscular excitiabilty, blood P are increased (reabsorbed from tubules)

Question 61

What are the lesions associated with lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

Answer 61

extensive degeneration of chief cells and replacement fibrosis

Question 62

What are the 3 causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 62

parathyroid hyperplasia parathyroid adenomas parathyroid carcinomas

Question 63

What cells does primary hyperparathyroidism effect?

Answer 63

functional neoplasms of CHIEF cells

Question 64

What are the sequlae of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 64

excess PTH --> osteolytic/clastic bone resorption -->fibrous osteodystrophy

Question 65

How is primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosed?

Answer 65

total blood calcium and phosphorus, circulating PTH

Question 66

What are the 2 types of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 66

secondary to nutrition | secondary to renal disease

Question 67

What causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 67

generally low calcium, high phosphorus diets (bran, meat)

Question 68

What species get hyperparathyroidism due to renal disease?

Answer 68

cats and dogs

Question 69

What are the lesions associated with secondary renal hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 69

bilateral enlargement of parathyroids | big head in horses, rubber jaws in dogs and cats

Question 70

How can renal disease causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 70

decreased renal degradation of PTH resulting in less Ca uptake in intestine (from renal disease)

Question 71

What causes hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in pseudohyperparathyroidism?

Answer 71

imbalance of Ca released from bones, Ca excreted by kidneys, or Ca absorbed from GI

Question 72

What are the 3 mechanisms that can cause pseudohyperparathyroidism?

Answer 72

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (humoral factors) (HHM) metastases of solid neoplasms to bone (local bone resorption) hematologic malignancies (lymphosarcoma, multiple myeloma)

Question 73

What causes hypercalcemia in lymphosarcomas in dogs and cats?

Answer 73

production by neoplastic cells of humoral substances

Question 74

What kind of dogs is adenocarcinomas of apocine glands of anal sacs seen? (causes pseudohyperparathyrodism)

Answer 74

female dogs

Question 75

What cells of the pancreas produce somatostatin?

Answer 75

delta cells

Question 76

Does diabetes cause acidosis or alkalosis?

Answer 76

acidosis

Question 77

What virus can cause diabetes in cattle?

Answer 77

FMD

Question 78

What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

Answer 78

destruction of beta cells -> progressive loss of insulin

Question 79

What is the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 79

insulin resistance

Question 80

What is the cause of secondary diabetes melitus?

Answer 80

antagonism in peripheral tissues between insulin and other hormones

Question 81

What hormones can cause secondary diabetes?

Answer 81

glucagon, growth hormone, glucocorticoids

Question 82

What type of diabetes mellitus do dogs get?

Answer 82

type 1

Question 83

What happens to the islets of the pancreas of type 2 diabetes in cats?

Answer 83

amyloidosis of islets | severe vaculoation of islet beta cells --> exhaustion

Question 84

what is hepatocutaneous syndrome associated with?

Answer 84

glucagonomas

Question 85

What is another name for chemoreceptor organs?

Answer 85

nonchromaffin paraganglia

Question 86

In animals, are aortic body tumors or carotid body tumors more common?

Answer 86

aortic body tumors

Question 87

How do aortic body tumors cause damage?

Answer 87

space occupying in pericardium

Question 88

What should aortic bodies be differentiated from as a heart base tumor?

Answer 88

tumor of ectopic thyroid

Question 89

Are carotid body tumors unilateral or bilateral usually?

Answer 89

unilateral

Question 90

How many "heart base tumors" are from ectopic thyroid gland tissue?

Answer 90

5 to 10%

Question 91

How do ectopic thyroid gland tumors cause damage?

Answer 91

compress or invade cr. mediastinum near base of heart

Question 92

What are the 3 diseases associated with adenohypophyseal hyperfunction?

Answer 92

cushings hyperthyroidism gigantism/acromegaly

Question 93

What are 3 diseases that are from adenohypophyseal hypofunction?

Answer 93

``` addisons hypothyroidism dwarfism anestrus ovarian follicular cysts ```

Question 94

What is a disease associated with neurohypophyseal hypofunction?

Answer 94

diabetes insipidus