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Pathology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What breeds have adenohypophyseal hypoplasia as a genetic defect?

A

guernsey and jersey cattle

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2
Q

What plant causes cyclopia when ingested by pregnant sheep?

A

veratrum californicum (skunk plant)

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3
Q

Why is there prolonged gestation during fetal adenohypophyseal hypoplasia?

A

failure of fetus to convert pregesterone to estrogen surge

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4
Q

What causes pituitary cysts?

A

failure of rathke’s pouch to differentiate into pars distalis

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5
Q

What characterizes pituitary dwarfism?

A

slow growth, alopecia, hyperpigmentation of skin

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6
Q

What lesion is seen with pituitary cysts?

A

enlarging cyst in sella turcica and absence of adenohypophysis

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7
Q

What pituitary neoplasm is seen in young animals?

A

craniopharyngiomas

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8
Q

What 2 pituitary neoplams are seen in older animals?

A

adenomas and carcinomas

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9
Q

How can adenomas of the pituitary gland be distinguished from nodular hyperplasia?

A

large size and presence of a capsule

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10
Q

What is the most common pituitary neoplasm in horses?

A

adenomas of the pars intermedia

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11
Q

What are the sequlae of INACTIVE adenomas of the pars intermedia in dogs?

A

hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus

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12
Q

What are the sequalae of ACTIVE adenomas of the pars intermedia in dogs?

A

cushings disease

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13
Q

What happens with adenomas of the pars intermedia in horses?

A

compression of hypothalamus –>PU/PD, hyperhidrosis, hypertrichosis (cushings)

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14
Q

What lesion will be seen in a dog with ACTH-secreting adenoma?

A

bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands

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15
Q

What species have been seen with endocrinologically inactive chromophobe adenoma?

A

dogs, cats, rodents, parakeets

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16
Q

What is the sequlae of endocrinologically inactive chromophobe adenoma?

A

compression atrophy/space occupying lesion –> blindness

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17
Q

What is the sequlae of craniopharyngiomas in young animals?

A 
failure to attain somatic maturation
diabetes insipidis (no ADH)
CNS dysfunction
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18
Q

Why do dogs with pituitary dwarfism have short life spans?

A

secondary endocrine dysfunction –>hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticocism

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19
Q

What pituitary neoplasm is functionally inactive but space occupying leading to panhypopituitarism in older dogs and cows?

A

pituitary gland carcinoma

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20
Q

What species get sporadic pituitary abscesses?

A

ruminants and swine

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21
Q

What is the cause of pituitary abscesses?

A

bacteria or mycotic agents

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22
Q

What form of diabetes insipidus interferes with the ADH synthesis or secretion?

A

hypophyseal form

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23
Q

What form of diabetes insipidus is a heriditary defect resulting in lack of adenylate cyclase in kidney?

A

nephrogenic form (cells don’t respond to ADH)

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24
Q

What can cause hypophyseal diabetes insipidus?

A

Growth disturbances that cause:
severance of infundibular stalk
or destruction of pars nervosa

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25
Q

When is hemorrhage of the adrenal cortex usually seen and what causes it?

A

newborn - trauma, severe stress, or septicemia/toxemia

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26
Q

What are the causes of adrenalitis?

A

Viruses - intranuclear inclusion bodies
Bacteria - gram negatives (myco–>granulomatous)
Fungi –> granulomatous
Parasites

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27
Q

What is the 2nd most common neoplasm reported in ferrets?

A

adrenal gland neoplasm

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28
Q

What is a risk factor for ferrets getting adrenal gland neoplasms? Why?

A

gonadectomized at an early age, chronic trophic stimulation of zona reticularis by LH

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29
Q

What are the 2 causes of primary hyperadrenocorticocism?

A 
cortical neoplasm (esp. adenoma)
idiopathic hyperplasia
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30
Q

What is the cause of secondary hyperadrenocorticism?

A

pituatary tumor

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31
Q

What can cause cushings besides primary, secondary, and iatrogenic?

A

ectopic cancer that produces ACTH

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32
Q

What is the cause of primary hypoadrenocorticism in young female dogs?

A

bilateral idiopathic adrenal cortical atrophy

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33
Q

What can cause bilateral destruction of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenalitis, infarction, hemorrhage, tumor

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34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of secondary hypoadrenocorticocism?

A

ACTH deficiency from pituatary lesion –> atrophyl of only the two inner zones (mineralcorticoids not affected)

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35
Q

What is the hallmark clinical sign of hypoadrenocorticism?

A

hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

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36
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the adrenal medulla of animals?

A

pheochromocytoma

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37
Q

How can you diagnose a pheochromocytoma?

A

apply zenkers solution to freshly cut surface –> dark brown coloration after a few minutes

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38
Q

What animals get lymphocytic (immune mediated) thyroiditis?

A

dogs, obese strains of chickens, primates, buffalo rats

39
Q

What are the lesions associated with lymphocytic thyroiditis?

A

infiltrate of lymps, plasma cells and macrophages

later replacement fibrosis, colloid vacuolated, may develop hypothyroidism

40
Q

What are the causes of goiter(4)?

A 
iodine deficient
excess iodide
goitrogenic compounds (brassica)
genetic enzyme defects in hormone synthesis
41
Q

What are the 4 morphological types of goiter?

A

Diffuse hyperplastic goiter
colloid goiter
multifocal nodular hyperplasia
congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter

42
Q

What is the phase of goiter once hyperplastic goiter has been treated with iodide?

A

colloid goiter

43
Q

What happens in colloid goiter that still causes it to be enlarged?

A

decreased endocytosis of colloid from lumen

44
Q

Which species is multifocal nodular hyperplasia functional?

A

cats, the rest are nonfunctional

45
Q

What kind of animals is multifocal nodular hyperplasia usually seen?

A

older animals

46
Q

What molecule can’t be synthesized in congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter?

A

thyroglobulin

47
Q

What species get follicular cell adenoma?

A

more common in cats than dogs and horses

48
Q

What species commonly gets follicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid?

A

dogs

49
Q

Where may follicular cell carcinomas arrise from in dogs

A

accessory thyroids - between base of tongue and cr. mediastinum

50
Q

What is the cause of hyperthyroidism in dogs?

A

thyroid neoplasms

51
Q

What is the cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

many different lesions (adenomas and multinodular hyperplasia)

52
Q

What are some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

restlessness, polyphagia, 2ry hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

53
Q

What are the 2 causes of hypothyroidism in dog?

A

idiopathic follicular collapse/atrophy

lymphocytic thyroiditis

54
Q

What are some of the CS associated with hypothyroidism?

A

hyperkeratosis, alopecia, myxedema, infertility

55
Q

What can lead to arthrosclerosis in hypothyroidism?

A

hypercholesterolemia (decreased lipid metabolism)

56
Q

What breeds get lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

A

adult dogs - schnauzers and terriers

57
Q

What is thought to be the cause of lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

A

immune mediated

58
Q

What are the 2 forms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

lymphocytic parathyroiditis

parturient paresis

59
Q

What is the cause of parturient paresis?

A

fed high calcium diet before parturition

anorexia from estrogen

60
Q

What are symptoms of dogs with lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

A

neuromuscular excitiabilty, blood P are increased (reabsorbed from tubules)

61
Q

What are the lesions associated with lymphocytic parathyroiditis?

A

extensive degeneration of chief cells and replacement fibrosis

62
Q

What are the 3 causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid hyperplasia
parathyroid adenomas
parathyroid carcinomas

63
Q

What cells does primary hyperparathyroidism effect?

A

functional neoplasms of CHIEF cells

64
Q

What are the sequlae of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

excess PTH –> osteolytic/clastic bone resorption –>fibrous osteodystrophy

65
Q

How is primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosed?

A

total blood calcium and phosphorus, circulating PTH

66
Q

What are the 2 types of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

secondary to nutrition

secondary to renal disease

67
Q

What causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

generally low calcium, high phosphorus diets (bran, meat)

68
Q

What species get hyperparathyroidism due to renal disease?

A

cats and dogs

69
Q

What are the lesions associated with secondary renal hyperparathyroidism?

A

bilateral enlargement of parathyroids

big head in horses, rubber jaws in dogs and cats

70
Q

How can renal disease causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

decreased renal degradation of PTH resulting in less Ca uptake in intestine (from renal disease)

71
Q

What causes hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A

imbalance of Ca released from bones, Ca excreted by kidneys, or Ca absorbed from GI

72
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that can cause pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (humoral factors) (HHM)
metastases of solid neoplasms to bone (local bone resorption)
hematologic malignancies (lymphosarcoma, multiple myeloma)

73
Q

What causes hypercalcemia in lymphosarcomas in dogs and cats?

A

production by neoplastic cells of humoral substances

74
Q

What kind of dogs is adenocarcinomas of apocine glands of anal sacs seen? (causes pseudohyperparathyrodism)

A

female dogs

75
Q

What cells of the pancreas produce somatostatin?

A

delta cells

76
Q

Does diabetes cause acidosis or alkalosis?

A

acidosis

77
Q

What virus can cause diabetes in cattle?

A

FMD

78
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

destruction of beta cells -> progressive loss of insulin

79
Q

What is the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes?

A

insulin resistance

80
Q

What is the cause of secondary diabetes melitus?

A

antagonism in peripheral tissues between insulin and other hormones

81
Q

What hormones can cause secondary diabetes?

A

glucagon, growth hormone, glucocorticoids

82
Q

What type of diabetes mellitus do dogs get?

A

type 1

83
Q

What happens to the islets of the pancreas of type 2 diabetes in cats?

A

amyloidosis of islets

severe vaculoation of islet beta cells –> exhaustion

84
Q

what is hepatocutaneous syndrome associated with?

A

glucagonomas

85
Q

What is another name for chemoreceptor organs?

A

nonchromaffin paraganglia

86
Q

In animals, are aortic body tumors or carotid body tumors more common?

A

aortic body tumors

87
Q

How do aortic body tumors cause damage?

A

space occupying in pericardium

88
Q

What should aortic bodies be differentiated from as a heart base tumor?

A

tumor of ectopic thyroid

89
Q

Are carotid body tumors unilateral or bilateral usually?

A

unilateral

90
Q

How many “heart base tumors” are from ectopic thyroid gland tissue?

A

5 to 10%

91
Q

How do ectopic thyroid gland tumors cause damage?

A

compress or invade cr. mediastinum near base of heart

92
Q

What are the 3 diseases associated with adenohypophyseal hyperfunction?

A

cushings
hyperthyroidism
gigantism/acromegaly

93
Q

What are 3 diseases that are from adenohypophyseal hypofunction?

A 
addisons
hypothyroidism
dwarfism
anestrus
ovarian follicular cysts
94
Q

What is a disease associated with neurohypophyseal hypofunction?

A

diabetes insipidus

Pathology (13 decks)

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