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Path Final - Newton Flashcards

Female and male repro Tricias

1
Q

What defines a true hermaphrodite?

A

has gonads of both sexes (ovotestes)

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2
Q

What breed of goats get XX sex reversal? (Polled Intersex Syndrome)

A

saanan and toggenburg

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3
Q

What breed of dog most commonly gets XX sex reversal?

A

cocker spaniel

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4
Q

What is an XX sex reversal dog missing?

A

SRY gene

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization of horses)?

A
  1. Androgens produced, but cells has no receptors or can’t respond, or
  2. lack of 5-alpha-reductase
    regression of both Wolffian & Mullerian-duct derived organs
    External genitalia is female
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6
Q

What breed of dog gets persistent mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS)?

A

mini schnauzers

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7
Q

What are the lesions associated with PMDS?

A

cryptorchid, persistence of Mullerian ducts

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8
Q

What species most commonly gets ovarian HYPOplasia?

A

Cattle

Swedish Highland

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9
Q

What disease can cause hemoperitoneum and is seen in the follicular cysts of the bitch and atretic follicles of cows?

A

intrafollicular hemorrhage

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10
Q

What virus causes viral oophoritis?

A

BVD

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11
Q

What are paraovarian cysts made of?

A

remnants of either mesonephric or paramesonephric tubules or ducts

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12
Q

What species most commonly get cystic rete ovarii (cystic tubules)?

A

bitch and queen

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13
Q

What is the most common intraovarian cyst in the mare?

A

epithelial inclusion cyst - epithelium trapped during ovulation

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14
Q

What are the different types of cystic ovarian disease?

A 
anovulatory follicles (follicular, leuteinized cysts)
ovulatory follices (cystic corpora lutea)
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15
Q

What defines a follicular cyst (cystic graffian follicle)?

A

greater than 25 mm, persists longer than 10 days

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16
Q

What is the cause of a follicular cyst and luteal cyst?

A

failure of mature follicle to rupture and ovulate –> LH release is altered

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17
Q

What defines a luteal cyst?

A

single, luteal tissue present

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18
Q

What ovarian cyst in cows is non-pathologic?

A

cystic corpora lutea

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19
Q

What are predisposing factors for ovarian cysts in cattle?

A

genetics, high milk yields, negative energy balance in early postpartum

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20
Q

What germ cell neoplasm of the ovary is analogous to the seminoma in the testicles?

A

dysgerminoma

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21
Q

What species get ovarian teratomas? What do they arise from?

A

bitches

primoridal germ cells

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22
Q

What species get granulosa cell neoplasms in the ovary?

A

mare and cow

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23
Q

What are some clinical signs of cystadenomas/carcinomas?

A

bitches - ascites

sometimes bilateral

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24
Q

What is inflammation of the oviduct called?

A

salpingitis

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25
Q

What is the term for accumulation of pus in the oviduct?

A

pyosalpinx

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26
Q

What can cause hydrosalpinx?

A

obstruction of oviduct lumen by fibrosis, etc

often follows chronic salpingitis

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27
Q

What is perisalpingeal adhesions secondary to?

A

peritonitis, severe salpingitis

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28
Q

What developmental abnormality is seen of the uterus in shorthorn cattle?

A

segmental aplasia (white heifer dz)

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29
Q

Where are the fixed points of cow uterus?

A

mesovarium, cervix

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30
Q

What happens in uterine torsion of dogs and cats?

A

only one horn twists - no intercorneal ligament

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31
Q

What conditions is prolapse of the uterus associated with?

A

dystocia, uterine atony, retained placenta, milk fever

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32
Q

Where can rupture of the uterus occur?

A

uterine body adjacent to pelvic brim

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33
Q

When is infection of the uterus most common?

A

postpartum after abnormal partruition (abortion)

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34
Q

What species gets post coital endometritis?

A

mares with poor conformation

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35
Q

What is it called when all layers of the uterine wall are infected?

A

metritis

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36
Q

What is the term for inflammation of uterine serosa?

A

perimetritis

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37
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the uterine suspensory ligaments?

A

parametritis

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38
Q

What conditions is atrophy of the uterus associated with?

A

inactive ovaries, pituatary problems, old age, seasonal

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39
Q

What species most commonly get hyperplasia of the uterus (3)?

A

dog, cat, sheep

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40
Q

What are the different causes of hyperestrogenism leading to uterine hyperplasia in each species?

A

Ewe - estrogenic pasture
Cow - cystic follicles, granulosa cell tumor, estrogenic pasture
sow - mycotoxin in feed

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41
Q

What are the causes of hyperPROGesterone leading to uterine hyperplasia in different species?

A

dog - retained CL, pseudopregnancy, iatrogenic
cat - retained CL
dog, cat, mares - ovarian tumors

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42
Q

What term is used for the hyperplastic growth of endometrial glands seen in dogs?

A

adenomyosis

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43
Q

What is the term for a pedunculated growth that is rare in old dogs and cats in the uterus?

A

endometrial polyp

44
Q

What is the term for endometrium implanting in the peritoneal cavitiy and happens in primates?

A

endometriosis

45
Q

What is a secondary lesion commonly seen with cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the bitch?

46
Q

Which species gets subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)?

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of subinvolution of placental sites?

A

discharge (lochia) that lasts to weeks to moonths, presistence of placental trophoblasts

48
Q

What are pathological changes that can be seen inn a endometrial biopsy of a mare?

A

damage, inflammation, fibrosis, dilated lymphatics, cystic glands, atrophy

49
Q

What type of uterine neoplasm do bitches get?

A

leiomyoma/sarcoma

50
Q

What 2 uterine neoplasms is most commonly seen in the cow?

A

adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma

51
Q

What abnormalities of development of the cervix are commonly seen in the dog?

A

double cervix, bifuracated cervical canal, dilates, diverticula

52
Q

What development anomaly of the vagina is caused by a non-patent connection of mullerian duct with the urogenital sinus?

A

imperforate hymen

53
Q

What development abnormality forms a tortuous tube in the lateral floor of the vagina between cervix and urethral opening?

A

persistent mesonephric ducts (gartner’s ducts)

54
Q

When can vestibular glands of the vagina become cystic?

A

when obstruction of their opening

55
Q

What neoplasm can arise in smooth muscle of the uterus, cervix, or vagina in the bitch?

56
Q

What species get squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva?

A

cows, ewes, mares

57
Q

What are the 2 anatomical defenses against mammary diseases?

A

teat end sphincter

keratin lining of teat canal - bacteriostatic substances and cationic proteins

58
Q

What are the 4 soluble factors that aid in defense against mammary disease?

A

Lysozyme (cleaves peptidoglycans)
lactoferrin
lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system (bacteriostatic)
complement

59
Q

What are the 4 contagious mastitis bacteria? (transmitted thru milking machines)

A

Streptococcus agalactiae
Strep dysgalactiae
Staph aureus
Mycoplasma spp.

60
Q

Which contagious mastitis bacteria forms clots and flakes in forestrippings of milk?

A

Strep dysgalactiae

61
Q

Which contagious mastitis causes loss of milk production due to fibrosis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

62
Q

What can cause environmental coliform mastitis?

A

E.coli and Klebsiella spp.

63
Q

What are the 4 types of environmental mastitis in cattle?

A

Coliform
Strep uberis
Coag - staph
Summer mastitis Trueperella pyogenes

64
Q

What type of environmental mastitis is a common cause of abcess? Where do the abcesses occur?

A

Summer mastitis - Trueperella pyogenes

large and small lactiferous ducts

65
Q

What bacteria cause subclinical mastitis in small ruminants?

A

coag - staph

66
Q

What are 4 bacteria that cause clinical mastitis in small ruminants?

A

Staph aureus
Mannhemia hemolytica
Coliforms
mycoplasma agalactiae

67
Q

What are the 3 common agents that cause canine mastitis?

A

staph, strep, e. coli

68
Q

Which species has the highest incidence of mammary gland neoplasia? Are they usually benign or malignant?

A

dogs

benign

69
Q

What kind of neoplams do cats get in their mammary gland?

A

carcinoma (dont buy a big bag of food-lol!)

70
Q

What may look like a mammary gland neoplasm in young intact female cats?

A

fibroadenomatous hyperplasia

71
Q

What kind of cryptorchid is more likely to develop a sertoli cell tumor? What about a seminoma?

A

Sertoli - abdominal

seminoma - inguinal

72
Q

When can you diagnose a testicle as “hypoplastic”?

A

not until puberty

73
Q

What are some causes of hypoplastic testicles?

A

zinc deficiency, cytogenetic abnormalities, endocrine deficiences

74
Q

What cytogenetic abnormality do tricolor male cats have?

A

klinefelter syndrome - XXY

75
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in the male animal?

A

testicular atrophy

76
Q

What changes do atrophying testicles go through?

A

initial edema –>death of cells in seminiferous tubules

77
Q

How can you tell the difference between a hypoplastic and atrophied testical?

A

hypoplastic is freely moveable in scrotum

78
Q

What are some of the important causes of testicular atrophy in regards to nutrition?

A

obesity, Vit A deficiency, Zinc deficiency

79
Q

What does the regeneration of testicular damage depend on? (2) How long does it actually take?

A

persistance of spermatogonia and sertoli cells

3-6 months

80
Q

What 2 stromal tumors can occur in the testicle?

A

leydig cell tumor (interstitial)

sertoli cell tumor

81
Q

What are the 3 conditions are associated with sertoli cell tumors?

A

feminization, prostatic dz, bone marrow suppression

82
Q

What 2 germ cell tumors can develop in the testes?

A

Seminoma, teratoma

83
Q

What is the term for dilation and tortuosity of the spermatic veins? Which species?

A

varicocele - rams

84
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the spermatic cord?

A

funiculitis - during castration

85
Q

What is the primary developmental anomly affecting the seminal vesicles and ampullae?

A

segmental aplasia or hypoplasia of mesonephric duct (wolffian)

86
Q

What species is seminal vesiculitis most important in?

87
Q

What can cause bulbourethral metaplasia in male sheep?

A

grazing clover pastures high in phytoestrogens

88
Q

What species is prostatic disease only important in?

89
Q

What type of hyperplasia does androgen cause to the prostate?

A

acinar hyperplasia

90
Q

What type of hypertrophy does estrogen cause to the prostate?

A

fibromuscular hypertrophy

91
Q

What causes squamous metaplasia of the prostate in dogs?

A

excess estrogen - most commonly a sertoli tumor

92
Q

What problem can happen in acute prostatitis? chronic?

A

acute - abscesses

chronic - fibrosis

93
Q

What is the most common neoplasm in the prostate of old dogs?

A

adenocarcinoma

94
Q

What is the term for failure of the urogenital groove on the VENTRAL surface of the penis to close?

A

hypospadia

95
Q

What is the term for failure of closure of the urogenital groove on DORSAL surface of penis?

A

epispadias

96
Q

What causes penile hematomas?

A

rupture of tunica albugenia in bulls during mating

97
Q

What are some causes of phimosis?

A

preputial opening too small, penis too large, developmental, neoplasm

98
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the penis?

99
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the preputial epithelium?

100
Q

What virus causes infectious balanoposthitis?

A

bovine herpes 1

101
Q

What virus causes equine coital exanthema?

A

equine herpesvirus 3

102
Q

What parasite can cause eosinophilic granulomatous inlammation in the penis?

A

cutaneous habronemiasis

103
Q

What bacteria causes pizzle rot in wethers?

A

Corynebacterium renale

104
Q

What penis tumor invades the sheath and penis of aged horses?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

105
Q

What neoplasm can be seen in young bulls?

A

fibropapillomas

Pathology (13 decks)

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