Path Final - Newton Flashcards
Female and male repro Tricias
1
Q
What defines a true hermaphrodite?
A
has gonads of both sexes (ovotestes)
2
Q
What breed of goats get XX sex reversal? (Polled Intersex Syndrome)
A
saanan and toggenburg
3
Q
What breed of dog most commonly gets XX sex reversal?
A
cocker spaniel
4
Q
What is an XX sex reversal dog missing?
A
SRY gene
5
Q
What is the pathogenesis of androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization of horses)?
A
- Androgens produced, but cells has no receptors or can’t respond, or
- lack of 5-alpha-reductase
regression of both Wolffian & Mullerian-duct derived organs
External genitalia is female
6
Q
What breed of dog gets persistent mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS)?
A
mini schnauzers
7
Q
What are the lesions associated with PMDS?
A
cryptorchid, persistence of Mullerian ducts
8
Q
What species most commonly gets ovarian HYPOplasia?
A
Cattle
Swedish Highland
9
Q
What disease can cause hemoperitoneum and is seen in the follicular cysts of the bitch and atretic follicles of cows?
A
intrafollicular hemorrhage
10
Q
What virus causes viral oophoritis?
A
BVD
11
Q
What are paraovarian cysts made of?
A
remnants of either mesonephric or paramesonephric tubules or ducts
12
Q
What species most commonly get cystic rete ovarii (cystic tubules)?
A
bitch and queen
13
Q
What is the most common intraovarian cyst in the mare?
A
epithelial inclusion cyst - epithelium trapped during ovulation
14
Q
What are the different types of cystic ovarian disease?
A
anovulatory follicles (follicular, leuteinized cysts) ovulatory follices (cystic corpora lutea)
15
Q
What defines a follicular cyst (cystic graffian follicle)?
A
greater than 25 mm, persists longer than 10 days
16
Q
What is the cause of a follicular cyst and luteal cyst?
A
failure of mature follicle to rupture and ovulate –> LH release is altered
17
Q
What defines a luteal cyst?
A
single, luteal tissue present
18
Q
What ovarian cyst in cows is non-pathologic?
A
cystic corpora lutea
19
Q
What are predisposing factors for ovarian cysts in cattle?
A
genetics, high milk yields, negative energy balance in early postpartum
20
Q
What germ cell neoplasm of the ovary is analogous to the seminoma in the testicles?
A
dysgerminoma
21
Q
What species get ovarian teratomas? What do they arise from?
A
bitches
primoridal germ cells
22
Q
What species get granulosa cell neoplasms in the ovary?
A
mare and cow
23
Q
What are some clinical signs of cystadenomas/carcinomas?
A
bitches - ascites
sometimes bilateral
24
Q
What is inflammation of the oviduct called?
A
salpingitis
25
What is the term for accumulation of pus in the oviduct?
pyosalpinx
26
What can cause hydrosalpinx?
obstruction of oviduct lumen by fibrosis, etc
| often follows chronic salpingitis
27
What is perisalpingeal adhesions secondary to?
peritonitis, severe salpingitis
28
What developmental abnormality is seen of the uterus in shorthorn cattle?
segmental aplasia (white heifer dz)
29
Where are the fixed points of cow uterus?
mesovarium, cervix
30
What happens in uterine torsion of dogs and cats?
only one horn twists - no intercorneal ligament
31
What conditions is prolapse of the uterus associated with?
dystocia, uterine atony, retained placenta, milk fever
32
Where can rupture of the uterus occur?
uterine body adjacent to pelvic brim
33
When is infection of the uterus most common?
postpartum after abnormal partruition (abortion)
34
What species gets post coital endometritis?
mares with poor conformation
35
What is it called when all layers of the uterine wall are infected?
metritis
36
What is the term for inflammation of uterine serosa?
perimetritis
37
What is the term for inflammation of the uterine suspensory ligaments?
parametritis
38
What conditions is atrophy of the uterus associated with?
inactive ovaries, pituatary problems, old age, seasonal
39
What species most commonly get hyperplasia of the uterus (3)?
dog, cat, sheep
40
What are the different causes of hyperestrogenism leading to uterine hyperplasia in each species?
Ewe - estrogenic pasture
Cow - cystic follicles, granulosa cell tumor, estrogenic pasture
sow - mycotoxin in feed
41
What are the causes of hyperPROGesterone leading to uterine hyperplasia in different species?
dog - retained CL, pseudopregnancy, iatrogenic
cat - retained CL
dog, cat, mares - ovarian tumors
42
What term is used for the hyperplastic growth of endometrial glands seen in dogs?
adenomyosis
43
What is the term for a pedunculated growth that is rare in old dogs and cats in the uterus?
endometrial polyp
44
What is the term for endometrium implanting in the peritoneal cavitiy and happens in primates?
endometriosis
45
What is a secondary lesion commonly seen with cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the bitch?
pyometra
46
Which species gets subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)?
bitch
47
What are the clinical signs of subinvolution of placental sites?
discharge (lochia) that lasts to weeks to moonths, presistence of placental trophoblasts
48
What are pathological changes that can be seen inn a endometrial biopsy of a mare?
damage, inflammation, fibrosis, dilated lymphatics, cystic glands, atrophy
49
What type of uterine neoplasm do bitches get?
leiomyoma/sarcoma
50
What 2 uterine neoplasms is most commonly seen in the cow?
adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma
51
What abnormalities of development of the cervix are commonly seen in the dog?
double cervix, bifuracated cervical canal, dilates, diverticula
52
What development anomaly of the vagina is caused by a non-patent connection of mullerian duct with the urogenital sinus?
imperforate hymen
53
What development abnormality forms a tortuous tube in the lateral floor of the vagina between cervix and urethral opening?
persistent mesonephric ducts (gartner's ducts)
54
When can vestibular glands of the vagina become cystic?
when obstruction of their opening
55
What neoplasm can arise in smooth muscle of the uterus, cervix, or vagina in the bitch?
leiomyoma
56
What species get squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva?
cows, ewes, mares
57
What are the 2 anatomical defenses against mammary diseases?
teat end sphincter
| keratin lining of teat canal - bacteriostatic substances and cationic proteins
58
What are the 4 soluble factors that aid in defense against mammary disease?
Lysozyme (cleaves peptidoglycans)
lactoferrin
lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system (bacteriostatic)
complement
59
What are the 4 contagious mastitis bacteria? (transmitted thru milking machines)
Streptococcus agalactiae
Strep dysgalactiae
Staph aureus
Mycoplasma spp.
60
Which contagious mastitis bacteria forms clots and flakes in forestrippings of milk?
Strep dysgalactiae
61
Which contagious mastitis causes loss of milk production due to fibrosis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
62
What can cause environmental coliform mastitis?
E.coli and Klebsiella spp.
63
What are the 4 types of environmental mastitis in cattle?
Coliform
Strep uberis
Coag - staph
Summer mastitis Trueperella pyogenes
64
What type of environmental mastitis is a common cause of abcess? Where do the abcesses occur?
Summer mastitis - Trueperella pyogenes
| large and small lactiferous ducts
65
What bacteria cause subclinical mastitis in small ruminants?
coag - staph
66
What are 4 bacteria that cause clinical mastitis in small ruminants?
Staph aureus
Mannhemia hemolytica
Coliforms
mycoplasma agalactiae
67
What are the 3 common agents that cause canine mastitis?
staph, strep, e. coli
68
Which species has the highest incidence of mammary gland neoplasia? Are they usually benign or malignant?
dogs
| benign
69
What kind of neoplams do cats get in their mammary gland?
carcinoma (dont buy a big bag of food-lol!)
70
What may look like a mammary gland neoplasm in young intact female cats?
fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
71
What kind of cryptorchid is more likely to develop a sertoli cell tumor? What about a seminoma?
Sertoli - abdominal
| seminoma - inguinal
72
When can you diagnose a testicle as "hypoplastic"?
not until puberty
73
What are some causes of hypoplastic testicles?
zinc deficiency, cytogenetic abnormalities, endocrine deficiences
74
What cytogenetic abnormality do tricolor male cats have?
klinefelter syndrome - XXY
75
What is the most common cause of infertility in the male animal?
testicular atrophy
76
What changes do atrophying testicles go through?
initial edema -->death of cells in seminiferous tubules
77
How can you tell the difference between a hypoplastic and atrophied testical?
hypoplastic is freely moveable in scrotum
78
What are some of the important causes of testicular atrophy in regards to nutrition?
obesity, Vit A deficiency, Zinc deficiency
79
What does the regeneration of testicular damage depend on? (2) How long does it actually take?
persistance of spermatogonia and sertoli cells
| 3-6 months
80
What 2 stromal tumors can occur in the testicle?
leydig cell tumor (interstitial)
| sertoli cell tumor
81
What are the 3 conditions are associated with sertoli cell tumors?
feminization, prostatic dz, bone marrow suppression
82
What 2 germ cell tumors can develop in the testes?
Seminoma, teratoma
83
What is the term for dilation and tortuosity of the spermatic veins? Which species?
varicocele - rams
84
What is the term for inflammation of the spermatic cord?
funiculitis - during castration
85
What is the primary developmental anomly affecting the seminal vesicles and ampullae?
segmental aplasia or hypoplasia of mesonephric duct (wolffian)
86
What species is seminal vesiculitis most important in?
bull
87
What can cause bulbourethral metaplasia in male sheep?
grazing clover pastures high in phytoestrogens
88
What species is prostatic disease only important in?
dogs
89
What type of hyperplasia does androgen cause to the prostate?
acinar hyperplasia
90
What type of hypertrophy does estrogen cause to the prostate?
fibromuscular hypertrophy
91
What causes squamous metaplasia of the prostate in dogs?
excess estrogen - most commonly a sertoli tumor
92
What problem can happen in acute prostatitis? chronic?
acute - abscesses
| chronic - fibrosis
93
What is the most common neoplasm in the prostate of old dogs?
adenocarcinoma
94
What is the term for failure of the urogenital groove on the VENTRAL surface of the penis to close?
hypospadia
95
What is the term for failure of closure of the urogenital groove on DORSAL surface of penis?
epispadias
96
What causes penile hematomas?
rupture of tunica albugenia in bulls during mating
97
What are some causes of phimosis?
preputial opening too small, penis too large, developmental, neoplasm
98
What is the term for inflammation of the penis?
balanitis
99
What is the term for inflammation of the preputial epithelium?
posthitis
100
What virus causes infectious balanoposthitis?
bovine herpes 1
101
What virus causes equine coital exanthema?
equine herpesvirus 3
102
What parasite can cause eosinophilic granulomatous inlammation in the penis?
cutaneous habronemiasis
103
What bacteria causes pizzle rot in wethers?
Corynebacterium renale
104
What penis tumor invades the sheath and penis of aged horses?
squamous cell carcinoma
105
What neoplasm can be seen in young bulls?
fibropapillomas
