Part2 Hallamarks Flashcards

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1
Q

BCR-ABL fusion

A

Consitutive active Tyrosine Kinase

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2
Q

Development of Imatinib (Gleevec) for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

A

Aimed to block fusion protein • 80% of patients showed disappearance of cells carrying Philadelphia chromosome

Imatinib (gleevec) is an inhibitor of constitutive active tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL. Imatinib has improved the % survival chance of CML patients to over 90%.

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3
Q

oncogenes

A

Their wild-type precursors participate in signalling for cell growth and proliferation, but their activity is tightly regulated in normal cells and in cancer cells they further activate these genes •

They promote growth/cell cycle entry at G1/S when activated

  • Generally, mutation of a single copy in cancer cells is sufficient (the mutated variant is dominant)
  • Genetic changes in neoplasms cause dominant gain of function
  • overexpression or constitutive activation
  • various mechanisms
  • This results in uncontrolled proliferation
  • The mutant proteins are found specifically in cancer cells, and are (potential) targets for drug therapy
  • Examples include EGF-R, Ras, Myc, Src, Bcr-Abl
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4
Q

Normal regulation of the cell cycle Extrinsic Regulation

A

Extrinsic regulation: 

Allows cell cycle to respond to external cues that promote cell growth and division

 Allows cell cycle to be inhibited when new cells are not needed

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5
Q

Normal regulation of the cell cycle Intrinsic Regulation

A

Intrinsic regulation 

Orchestrates the sequence of events to ensure faithful replication of DNA and distribution into daughter cells: 
Key players include cyclins, Cdk’s, and their activators  Key regulated stages are G1/S, G2/M, and metaphase/anaphase 

Progression is inhibited if criteria are not met 

Apoptosis is triggered if damage is excessive

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6
Q

Is cancer a genetic Disease ?

A

Is cancer a genetic disease? Yes. Always genetic but not always inherited.

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7
Q

How does the C arise ?

A

Genetic and epigenetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes •

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8
Q

Which genes, when mutated, can give rise to cancer?

A

Oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes

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9
Q

Which of these can be an oncogene?

A

A) C-myc Yes 

B) RB NO 

C) cdk YES 

D) RAS YES 

E) MAPK YES

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10
Q

Summary

A

Cancer is a genetic disease due to genetic and epigenetic mutations in genes known as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes 

Cancer characteristics include: immortality, independence from growth/death cues, capacity of invasion, metastasis, escape to immune system. 

Cell cycle and apoptosis are severely deregulated in cancer. 

Oncogenes regulate cell cycle entry and survival 

Examples of oncogenes: RAS, EGFR, MAPK, BCR-ABL

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