Part XIII - XIV Flashcards
ripe 6.1
j/ (of fruit or grain) developed to the point of readiness for harvesting and eating.
The oil is made by crushing and pressing ripe olives.
:: olgunlaşmış
ruin 4.2
v/ mahvetmek, berbat etmek, içine etmek
syn: mess up, fuck up
Huge modern hotels have ruined this once unspoilt coastline.
n/ harabe, döküntü
rust 10.5
n/ pas
The current approach is to plant those seeds assumed to be most rust resistant.
sage 8.3
n/ wise, especially as a result of great experience
n/ adaçayı
s-age
saga: destan, efsane
saint 5.2
n/ a person acknowledged as holy or virtuous and typically regarded as being in heaven after death.
:: aziz, evliya, seyit?
He has the patience of a saint with those kids
salient 9.6
j/ The salient facts about something or qualities of something are the most important things about them.
She began to summarize the salient features/points of the proposal.
:: belirgin, belli başlı, en göze çarpan
salute 9.1
v/ (especially of people in the armed forces) to make a formal sign of respect to someone, especially by raising the right hand to the side of the head.
Whenever you see an officer, you must salute.
:: selamlamak, selam durmak
salvation 5.5
n/ (a way of) being saved from danger, loss, or harm.
:: selamet, kurtuluş, ruhun kurtuluşu
salavat getirerek salvation umdu.
salva= save
sanction 3.2
n/ a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.
Many nations have imposed* sanctions on* the country because of its attacks on its own people.
Trade/economic sanctions will only be lifted (= stopped) when the aggressor nation withdraws its troops.
:: yaptırım
sanctuary 6.0
n/ a place of refuge or safety.
Illegal immigrants found/sought/took sanctuary in a local church
:: sığınak, barınak, koruma bölgesi
satellite 2.6
n/ a device sent up into space to travel around the earth, used for collecting information or communicating by radio, television,
The World Cup was transmitted around the world by satellite
:: uydu
satire 10.7
n/ the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
Her play was a biting/cruel satire on life in the 80s
:: hiciv, yergi (satirik şiir)
satisfy 3.0
v/ to please someone by giving them what they want or need.
Come on, satisfy my curiosity
gratify, content, satiate
:: memnun etmek, tatmin etmek
saviour - savior 10.0
n/ a person who saves someone from danger or harm
:: kurtarıcı (rescuer)
savor - savour 8.4
v/ taste (good food or drink) and enjoy it completely.
He wanted to savor his time with Henrietta and their grown children
:: tadını çıkarmak, zevkine varmak
scarce 6.8
j/ (especially of food, money, or some other resource) insufficient for the demand.
syn: meager, deficient, insufficient, inadequate
Food and clean water were becoming scarce.
:: kıt, yetersiz, ender
scarcity 10.0
n/ the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage.
A scarcity of flour makes bread, cake, and other baked goods more expensive
anto: plenty, abundance
:: azlık, az bulunurluk
scare 3.8
v/ cause great fear or nervousness in; frighten.
scared: korkmuş
He scared me out of my wits
:: korkutmak, korkmak
scatter 3.7
scattered
v/ throw in various random directions.
Debris from the aircraft was scattered over a large area.
I scattered grass seed all over the lawn
:: saçmak, dağıtmak
schedule 2.1 - 2.6v
n/ a plan for carrying out a process or procedure, giving lists of intended events and times.
Everything went according to schedule (= as had been planned).
v/ arrange or plan (an event) to take place at a particular time.
The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow afternoon.
:: program, tarife
scheme 3.0
n/ an organized plan for doing something, especially something dishonest or illegal that will bring a good result for you.
:: tasarı, plan, entrika
There’s a new scheme in our town for recycling plastic bottles
scholar 2.1
scholarly 6.3
n/ a specialist in a particular branch of study, especially the humanities; a distinguished academic.
:: akademisyen, bilgin
j/ containing a serious, detailed study of a subject.
syn: scientific, scholarly, academic
Her research was published in a scholarly journal.
scrape 5.5
v/ to remove an unwanted covering or a top layer from something, especially using a sharp edge or something rough.
We’ll have to scrape the snow off the car before we go out in it
:: kazımak, sıyırmak
scrutiny 5.0
n/ the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it.
The government’s record will be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny in the weeks before the election
:: dikkatli inceleme, detaylı soruşturma
sculpture 3.4
n/ the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster.
The museum has several life-sized sculptures of people and animals.
:: heykel
sculptor: heykeltraş
seasoning 9.2
n/ salt, herbs, or spices added to food to enhance the flavor.
spice: baharat
flavor: lezzet, çeşni
sect 10.4
n/ a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong. (cult?)
When he was 16 he ran away from home and joined a religious sect
:: mezhep, tarikat, cemaat
sedentary 14.2
j/ (of a person) tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive.
My doctor says I should start playing sport because my lifestyle is too sedentary.
a sedentary job/occupation
:: inaktif, oturan, yerleşik
seek 0.6 (sought)
v/ attempt to find (something).
They sought to reassure the public.
segregate 12.3
v/ set apart from the rest or from each other; isolate or divide.
syn: seperate, set apart
The psychiatric section is segregated from the rest of the prison
:: ayrı tutmak, ayrım yapmak
seize 3.2
v/ to take something quickly and keep or hold it.
syn: grab, grasp, snatch, grip, clutch
He seized the chance/opportunity of a free flight with both hands
Troops yesterday seized control of the broadcasting station
:: yakalamak, ele geçirmek, kavramak
selfish 7.5
j/ (of a person, action, or motive) lacking consideration for others; concerned chiefly with one’s own personal profit or pleasure.
Am I being selfish to want more?
:: bencil
senile 22.3
j/ showing poor mental ability because of old age, especially being unable to think clearly and make decisions.
I’m always losing my keys these days. I think I must be going senile.
:: bunak
sense 0.4
n/ an ability to understand, recognize, value, or react to something, especially any of the five physical abilities to see, hear, smell, taste, and feel.
My cold is so bad I’ve lost my sense of smell
She has a really good sense of humour
:: duyu, akıl, sağduyu, mantık
sensible 6.2
j/ (of a statement or course of action) chosen in accordance with wisdom or prudence; likely to be of benefit.
syn: sensible, logical, reasonable, rational, plausible
a sensible answer/approach/compromise/option
:: mantıklı, akla uygun, makul
sensitive: hassas
separate 1.9
j/v/ existing or happening independently or in a different physical space.
I try to keep meat separate from other food in the fridge
/to (cause to) divide into parts
The north and south of the country are separated by a mountain range
:: ayırmak, ayrı (separation: ayrılık)
sequel 9.0
n/ a book, film, or play that continues the story of a previous book.
I’m reading the sequel to “Gone with the Wind”
:: bir şeyin devamı, sonrası
severe 2.3
j/ (of something bad or undesirable) very great; intense.
a severe chest infection/leg injury/toothache
:: şiddetli, sert, haşin
sew 6.5 (:so:) b1
v/ join, fasten, or repair (something) by making stitches with a needle and thread or a sewing machine.
:: dikmek, dikiş dikmek
I made this skirt just by sewing two pieces of material together.
sewage 7.3
n/ waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers.
:: kanalizasyon, lağım pisliği
Raw/untreated sewage is being pumped into the sea, from where it pollutes our beaches.
shabby 11.2
j/ looking old and in bad condition because of being used for a long time or not being cared for.
:: hırpani, pejmürde
He wore a shabby old overcoat.
shade 3.0
n/ slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun.
:: yarı gölge, karaltı
The children played in/under the shade of a large beach umbrella
50 shades of grey
shareholder 4.6
n/ a person who owns shares in a company and therefore gets part of the company’s profits and the right to vote on how the company is controlled.
:: hissedar
Existing shareholders subscribed to only 49% of the new share issue.
shatter 5.5
v/ break or cause to break suddenly and violently into pieces.
:: kırmak, paramparça etmek
syn: smash, break, shatter, crack
The earthquake shattered all the windows in the building
shattered 10.4
j/ broken into many pieces.
:: paramparça
Shattered glass lay all over the road
The family were shattered by the news of Annabel’s suicide.
scattered: dağılmış, dağınık
shelter 2.8
n/ a place giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger.
:: barınak, sığınak, korunak
The trees gave/provided some shelter from the rain
v/ protect or shield from something harmful, especially bad weather.
:: koru(n)mak, barındırmak
A group of us were sheltering from the rain under the trees
shepherd 9.0
n/ a person who tends and rears sheep.
:: çoban
herd: sürü
sürünün şefi :D
shift 1.6
v/ move or cause to move from one place to another, especially over a small distance.
:: yer değiştirmek, vites değiştirmek, kaydırmak
She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other
n/ a slight change in position, direction, or tendency.
:: kaydırma, vardiya, değişim
There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations.
shrewd 11.3 (c2)
j/ having or based on a clear understanding and good judgment of a situation, resulting in an advantage.
:: açıkgöz, uyanık, akıllı, cin gibi
Malcolm is a shrewd businessman.
She was shrewd enough to guess who was responsible.
significant 0.6
significance 2.9
j/ having an important effect or influence, especially on what will happen in the future.
:: önemli, kayda değer, anlamlı
The result is highly significant for the future of the province.
syn: significant, substantial, considerable, remarkable, dramatic, drastic
anto: insignificant, unimportant, trivial
signify 6.7
v/ to be a sign of something; to mean.
:: delalet etmek, işaret etmek
She signified (that) she was in agreement by nodding her head. The image of the lion signified power and strength.
= show, indicate
simplify 8.6
v/ make (something) simpler or easier to do or understand.
:: basitleştirmek, sadeleştirmek
He tried to simplify the story for the younger audience.
sink 2.8
[sank, sunk]
v/ go down below the surface of something, especially of a liquid; become submerged.
:: batmak, gömülmek
The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank (to the bottom of the ocean) in 1912
sink (n) = lavabo
skilled 4.9
j/ having or showing the knowledge, ability, or training to perform a certain activity or task well.
:: usta, ehil, vasıflı, kalifiye
You can’t offer such a low salary to someone who is so highly skilled.
slight 3.0
slightly 1.4
j/ small in degree; inconsiderable.
:: pek az, hafif, önemsiz
I don’t have the slightest idea what he’s talking about.
r/ to a small degree; not considerably.
:: hafifçe, belli belirsiz, az
She’s slightly taller than her sister.
slippery 7.8
j/ (of a surface or object) difficult to hold firmly or stand on because it is smooth, wet, slimy or greasy.
:: kaygan, kaypak
He is a slippery fellow, full of schemes.
These boots give a good grip, even on slippery rocks.
slipper: terlik
radiant 9.9
j/ sending out light; shining or glowing brightly.
:: ısı-ışık saçan, radyant
He gave a radiant smile when he heard her news
j/ full of happiness and love, in a way that shows in your face and makes you look attractive
rage 4.0
n/ (a period of) extreme or violent anger.
syn: anger, rage, fury
:: büyük öfke, hiddet, gazap
I was frightened because I had never seen him in such a rage before.
raid 5.1
raider
n/ a sudden attack on an enemy by troops, aircraft, or other armed forces in warfare.
:: akın, saldırı, baskın
The commandos made/staged/carried out a daring raid (on the enemy).
v/ conduct a raid on.
:: akın etmek, saldırmak, baskın yapmak
The nomads raided the enemy camp and captured over 100 camels.
raise 0.4
v/ lift or move to a higher position or level.
:: kaldırmak, yükseltmek, artırmak, yetiştirmek
Would all those in favour please raise their hands?
The government plan to raise taxes [increase]
v// to cause to exist
Her answers raised doubts/fears/suspicions in my mind.
She was raised by her grandparents.
After three weeks the siege was raised.[lift]
I’ve been trying to raise Jack/Tokyo all day
ramifications 10.3
n/ a consequence of an action or event, especially when complex or unwelcome.
:: dallanıp budaklanma ve neticeler
Have you considered all the ramifications of changing careers at this stage of your life
rank 2.4 (n)
rank 3.4 (v)
n/ a position in an organization, such as the army, showing the importance of the person having it.
:: rütbe, derece, sıra
He has just been promoted to the rank of captain
v/ give (someone or something) a rank or place within a grading system.
:: sıralamak, sıraya koymak, yer almak
In my opinion, he ranks among* the theatre’s greatest actors
rapid 3.0
j/ happening in a short time or at a fast pace.
syn: fast, quick, rapid, swift
The 1990s were a period of rapid change/growth
rate 0.6 (n)
rate 3.1 (v)
n/ a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure.
:: oran, kur
Australia’s unemployment/birth/crime rate rose to 6.5% in February.
I told my assistants to work at their own rate.
v/ assign a standard or value to (something) according to a particular scale.
How do you rate him as a football player?
She is rated very highly by the people she works for.
::
ratify 9.2
v/ (especially of governments or organizations) to make an agreement official.
:: resmi onay, anlaşma yapmak
We hope that the republics will be willing to ratify the treaty.
The decision will have to be ratified (= approved) by the executive board
ratio 3.1
n/ a relationship between two amounts, represented by a pair of numbers showing how much bigger one amount is than the other.
:: oran, orantı
The ratio of men to women at the conference was ten to one/10:1.
reactionary 14.3
j/n/ (of a person or a set of views) opposing political or social liberalization or reform.
:: gerici, irtica yanlısı(mürteci)
Reactionary forces/elements in the industry are preventing its progress towards greater efficiency.
realm 3.9
n/ an area of interest or activity.
:: alan (ilgi ya da uğraş için), krallık
Her interests are in the realm of practical politics.
the realm of art/literature/music
the economic/political realm
n// a country ruled by a king or queen.
The matter was hotly debated in all the towns of the realm.
reap 7.7
v/ to get something, especially something good, as a result of what you have done.
:: hasatı kaldırmak, elde etmek
Those who do take risks often reap the rewards.
His company has reaped more than $800 million in federal contracts over the past five years
v// to cut and collect a grain crop.
:: hasat etmek, biçmek (harvest)
rear 4.0
j/n/ at the back of something. (ant: front)
:: arka, arkadaki
There’s a sticker on the rear door/window.
The horse had injured one of its rear legs
We walked round to the rear of the house (n)
v/ bring up and care for (a child) until they are fully grown, especially in a particular manner or place.
:: çocuk yetiştirmek (raise, bring up)
Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
reason 5.5
v/ to try to understand and to make judgments based on practical facts.
Newton reasoned (that) there must be a force such as gravity I spent hours reasoning out the solution to the puzzle
reasonable: akla uygun, makul, mantıklı
recede 7.8
v/ to move further away into the distance, or to become less clear or less bright.
:: giderek uzaklaşmak, gözden kaybolmak
As the boat picked up speed, the coastline receded into the distance until finally it became invisible.
The painful memories gradually receded in her mind.
re+cedere (back+go)
recession 3.6
n/ a period when the economy of a country is not successful and conditions for business are bad.
:: ekonomik durgunluk
Demand for new cars has fallen due to the recession.
The recession has led to many small businesses going bankrupt.
recipient 3.9
n/ a person or thing that receives or is awarded something.
:: alıcı
/Lund was the first female recipient of an artificial heart.
/The recipient organization is responsible for monitoring expenditure
/Former Nobel Peace Prize recipients include Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama.
reciprocal 10.9
j/ a reciprocal arrangement or relationship is one in which two people or groups do or give the same things to each other. (mutual)
:: karşılıklı, çift taraflı, işteş
> a reciprocal arrangement/agreement/relationship
We have agreed to exchange information about our two companies, but strictly on a reciprocal basis.
reciprocity 14.1
n/ the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another.
:: mütekabiliyet, karşılıklı olmak (bimukabele)
We offer to all our trading partners a commitment to reciprocity and fairness.
recite 6.4
v/ to say a piece of writing aloud from memory, or to publicly say a list of things.
:: ezberden okumak, resital vermek
The opposition party recited a long list of the government’s failings.
He was nervous about reciting in front of the class.
recital: resital
reckless 8.7
j/ (of a person or their actions) without thinking or caring about the consequences of an action. (careless)
:: umursamaz, pervasız
He was found guilty of reckless driving.
These punks have a reckless disregard for the law
> reckless borrowing/lending/spending
recollection 8.0
recollect (v) 18.9
n/ something from the past that you remember
:: hatırlama, anımsama, anı
syn: memory, remembrance, recollection
I have many pleasant recollections of the time we spent together.
His powers of recollection are extraordinary
reconcile 6.6
v/ restore friendly relations between.
:: uzlaştırmak, barıştırmak, bağdaştırmak
> How can you reconcile your fur coat and/with your love of animals?
We need to reconcile all transactions with the bank statements and cancelled cheques.
reconnaissance 12.2
n/ the process of getting information about enemy forces or positions by sending out small groups of soldiers or by using aircraft, etc.
:: keşif amaçlı harekat, keşif harekatı
> Aerial reconnaissance of the enemy position showed they were ready to attack.
reconstruct 7.7
v/ to build or create again something that has been damaged or destroyed.
:: yeniden inşa etmek, yeniden kurmak
The post-war government had the enormous task of reconstructing the city
> The police tried to reconstruct the crime using the statements of witnesses.
recover 2.1
v/ return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength.
:: geri kazanmak, iyileşmek, kurtarmak
> It took her a long time to recover from/after* her heart operation
Police only recover a very small percentage of stolen goods
In everyday English, people usually say someone gets better rather than recovers, especially when talking about less serious illnesses, injuries, or operations.
> Don’t worry. You’ll soon get better.
recruit 3.3
v/ to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army.
:: adam toplamak, askere almak
We’re having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.
recruit (n) : acemi er
recurrence 11.0
n/ an occasion when something that has happened before happens again.
:: tekerrür, tekrarlama, nüks etme
The doctor told him to go to the hospital if there was a recurrence of his symptoms
recurrent 11.6
j/ happening again many times.
:: tekrarlayan, nüks eden
The patient has a two-month history of recurrent episodes of pancreatitis.
The ‘what ifs’ of history is a recurrent theme in her writing.
redundant 13.3
j/ not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous.
:: ihtiyaç fazlası, lüzumsuz (unnecessary)
In the sentence “She is a single unmarried woman”, the word “unmarried” is redundant.
j// British English > if you are redundant, your employer no longer has a job for you.
To keep the company alive, half the workforce is being made redundant
refine 6.6
j/ remove impurities or unwanted elements from (a substance), typically as part of an industrial process.
:: arıtmak, rafine etmek, saflaştırmak
Crude oil is industrially refined to purify it and separate out the different elements, such as benzene.
refined: rafine (refined copper/oil)
reflect 1.0
v/ (of a surface or body) throw back (heat, light, or sound) without absorbing it.
:: yansıtmak
He saw himself reflected in the water/mirror/shop window.
The light reflected off the surface of the water
The statistics reflect a change in people’s spending habits
v// to think carefully, especially about possibilities and opinions.
:: dikkatlice düşünmek
She felt she needed time to reflect on what to do next.
She reflected that this was probably the last time she would see him
reflection 2.7
v/ the image of something in a mirror or on any reflective surface.
:: yansıma (mecazi olarak da kullanılabilir)
In Greek mythology, Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection in a pool of water.
His speech was an accurate reflection of the public mood.
v// serious and carefull thought or consideration.
:: derinlikli düşünce
On reflection (= after considering it), I decided I had been wrong. After 30 years as a judge, her reflections on/about justice were well worth listening to
refrain (from) 9.2
v/ to avoid doing or stop yourself from doing something.
:: sakınmak, kaçınmak, kendini tutmak
We refrained from* talking until we knew that it was safe.
The sign on the wall said “Please refrain from smoking.”
syn: avoid, refrain, abstain, evade
refugee 2.6
n/ a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
:: mülteci, sığınmacı, muhacir
Thousands of refugees fled across the border.
He had to show that he had a well-founded fear of persecution on religious or political grounds to qualify as a refugee.
fugitive: kaçak, firari (runaway)
refund 11.1
n/ a repayment of a sum of money, typically to a dissatisfied customer.
:: geri ödeme, para iadesi
I took the radio back to the shop and asked for/demanded/got/was given a refund.
refute 11.3
v/ prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove.
:: çürütmek, yanlışlığını doğrulamak, aksini ispatlamak
> to refute a person/theory/argument/claim
refuse: reddetmek, kabul etmemek
regard 2.0
v/ to consider or have an opinion about something or someone.
:: olarak bakmak, dikkate almak
> Environmentalists regard GM technology with* suspicion.
Her parents always regarded her as* the smartest of their children.
He is generally/widely regarded as the father of international law
regard 4.8 (n)
n/ respect or admiration for someone or something.
:: takdir, saygı, ilgi
The company holds her in high regard.
He has no regard for other people’s feelings.
Burt had high regard for his old law professor, Dr. Finch (=he respected him a lot).
regression 5.4
n/ a return to a previous and less advanced or worse state, condition, or way of behaving.
:: geriye gitme, değer kaybetme
Virtually no regime was immune from the economic regression of the early 1980s.
opp: progression
rehearsal 5.4
n/ a practice or trial performance of a play or other work for later public performance.
:: prova
They didn’t have time for (a) rehearsal before the performance.
He’s a producer with three plays in rehearsal.
improvisation, impromptu: doğaçlama, provasız
rejection 5.0
n/ the dismissing or refusing of proposal, idea, etc..
syn: rejection, refusal, denial
:: ret, reddetme
> The governments rejection of the plans is a setback for us.
He never asked her to marry him out of fear of rejection
relapse 16.0
v/ to become ill or start behaving badly again, after making an improvement.
:: nüks etmek (iyileştikten sonra)
she managed to stop using drugs for a month, but then relapsed.
n> she was looking quite healthy on friday, but she had/suffered a relapse over the weekend and was taken back into hospital.
