PART 7. PHYSICAL & COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Flashcards
True or False. In early childhood, kids usually gain weight and grow slower.
False. In early childhood, kids slim down and shoot up.
True or False. In early childhood, kids need lesser people.
True
It is the repeated urination in clothing or in bed.
enuresis
True or False. At about 3 to 6 years old, there is rapid brain growth in the back areas that regulates planning and goal setting.
False. At about 3 to 6 years old, there is rapid brain growth in the FRONTAL areas that regulates planning and goal setting.
It is the thick band of nerve fibers that connects both hemispheres of the brain.
corpus callosum
This is the preference for using a certain hand.
handedness
She studied about 1 million children’s drawing to know more on early graphic expression.
Rhoda Kellog
It is the abnormal immune system response to a specific food.
food allergy
This is the 2nd stage of Piaget’s theory in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic.
preoperational stage
A cognitive advance during early childhood wherein kids do not need sensorimotor contact in order to think about an object, person, or event.
Use of symbols
A cognitive advance during early childhood wherein kids can imagine that objects or people have properties other than they actually have.
Use of symbols
A cognitive advance during early childhood that is marked by kids’ awareness that superficial alterations do not change the nature of things.
Understanding of identities
A cognitive advance during early childhood wherein kids realize that events have causes.
Understanding of cause and effect (causality)
A cognitive advance during early childhood in which kids organize, objects, people, and events into meaningful categories.
Ability to classify
A cognitive advance during early childhood that is indicated by children’s ability to count and deal with numbers.
Understanding of number
A cognitive advance during early childhood that is characterized by children’s capability to imagine how others might feel.
Empathy
A cognitive advance during early childhood that is marked by kids becoming more aware of mental activity and the functioning of the mind.
Theory of mind
A limitation of a preoperational child wherein they focus on one aspect and neglect others.
centration: inability to decenter
“lacks concept of conservation”
This is a limitation of a preoperational child wherein they fail to understand that some actions can be reversed, restoring the original situation.
irreversibility
It is a limitation of a preoperational child in which they are not able to understand the significance of the transformation between states.
focus on stress rather than transformation
A limitation of a preoperational child wherein kids do not use deductive or inductive reasoning. Instead, they jump from one event to another and see cause where none exists.
transduction or transductive reasoning
This is a limitation of a preoperational child wherein they assume everyone else thinks, perceives, and feels as they do.
egocentrism (a form of centration)
This is a limitation of a preoperational child wherein kids attribute life to object not alive.
animism
This is a limitation of a preoperational child marked by children’s confusion on what is real with outward appearance.
inability to distinguish appearance from reality
Refers to the ability to use mental representations to which a child has attached meaning.
symbolic functioning
It is playing with imaginary people and situations. Also called fantasy play, dramatic play, imaginative play.
pretend play
It is the concept of comparing quantities that seem to begin around 9 to 11 months.
ordinality
Ability to think simultaneously about several parts of a situation.
decenter
The awareness that 2 objects remain equal as long as nothing has been added or taken away.
conservation
This is the memory process that records information.
encoding
This is the memory process which saves information for future use.
storage
This is the memory process that recovers stored information.
retrieval
Is a short-term memory that is characterized by active, temporary memory that stores information for a short period of time (15-25 seconds).
working memory
This is an initial, brief, temporary storage of information lasting only in an instant.
sensory memory
It is the memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it might be difficult to retrieve.
long-term memory
A memory task in which specific information must be retrieved.
recall
A memory task in which individuals recognize and identify an option from a list of alternatives.
recognition
It pertains to the recollection of circumstances and episodes from our lives.
autobiographical memory
This is the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.
executive functioning
In Baddley’s model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information.
central executive
Conservation tasks
number length liquid matter (mass) weight area volume
A memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.
generic memory
It is a genreally remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event used to guide behavior.
script
A long-term memory of specific event linked to time and place.
episodic memory
A model based on Vygotsky’s theory, that proposes kids construct autobiographical memory through conversation with adults about shared events.
social interaction model
This promotes talk autobiographical memory.
elaborative talks
low elaborative styles
high elaborative styles
This scale is for ages 2 and above that measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual spatial processing, and working memory.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
This scale is for ages 2 1/2 to 7 years that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.
Wechlser Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-IV)
It is the process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in a conversation.
fast mapping
A practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative processes.
pragmatics
A speech intended to be understood by a listener.
social speech
A speech indicated by talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.
private speech
It is the development of fundamental skills that eventually lead to being able to read.
emergent literacy
2 Types of Prereading Skills
- oral language skills
2. specific phonological skills
The type of preschool that is based on the belief that kid’s natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects. Here, it is important that children learn at their own pace.
Montessori method by Maria Montessori
The type of preschool wherein teachers follow children’s interests and supports them in exploring and investigating ideas through words, movements, dramatic plays, and music.
Reggio Emilia Approach
This program is for kids who would enter school poorly prepared to learn.
Compensatory Preschool Programs
