PART 3. FORMING A NEW LIFE Flashcards
1
Q
time period when conception is possible
A
fertile window
2
Q
also known as conception; when ovum and sperm combine to make a zygote
A
fertilization
3
Q
a one-celled organism that is formed through fertilization
A
zygote
4
Q
once every 28 days; characterized by the rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum
A
ovulation
5
Q
result of 2 separate eggs being fertilized by 2 different sperm to form 2 unique individuals
A
dizygotic twins or fraternal twins
6
Q
result from cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally identical
A
monozygotic twins or identical twins
7
Q
genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring
A
heredity
8
Q
chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life
A
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
9
Q
4 main nucleobases of DNA and RNA
A
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
10
Q
If RNA, adenine bonds with?
A
Uracil
11
Q
True or False. A child’s sex is determined by a father’s sperm.
A
True
12
Q
Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule which governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functioning of living cells.
A
genetic code
13
Q
coils of DNA that consists of genes
A
chromosomes
14
Q
smallest unit of heredity
A
genes
15
Q
complete sequence of genes in the human body
A
human genome
16
Q
permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics
A
mutation
17
Q
chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression
A
autosomes
18
Q
it is the 23rd pair that governs the baby’s sex
A
sex chromosome
19
Q
the gene for maleness
A
SRY gene
20
Q
alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait
A
alleles
21
Q
2 identical alleles for a trait
A
homozygous
22
Q
2 different alleles for a trait
A
heterozygous
23
Q
when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is shown
A
dominant inheritance
24
Q
when a child receives identical pair of recessive alleles
A
recessive inheritance
25
multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait
polygenic inheritance
26
observable characteristics
phenotype
27
genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and suppressed characteristics
genotype
28
combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
multiple transmission
29
mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells
epigenesis
30
child receives 2 different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait
incomplete dominance
31
certain traits on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male/female offspring
sex-linked characteristics
32
A birth defect that is characterized by enzyme deficiency that can lead to cirrhois of the liver in early infancy and emphysema and degenerative lung disease in middle age
Alpha, antitrypsin deficiency
33
Severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Alpha thalassemia
34
Severe anemia resulting in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness.
Beta thalassemia (Cooley's anemia)
35
Overproduction of mucus which collects in the lung and digestive tract.
Cystic fibrosis
36
Usually in males, marked by muscle weakness; minor mental retardation, respiratory failure, and death
Ducheme muscular dystrophy
37
Excessive bleeding usually in males; in its severe form can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood.
Hemophilia
38
Absence of brain tissues
Anencephaly
39
Incompletely closed spinal canal, resulting in muscle weakness or paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus.
Spina bifida
40
Metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
41
Infantile form: enlarged kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure
Adult form: kidney pain, stones, hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure
Polycystic kidney disease
42
Deformed, fragile RBC that clogs blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen
Sickle-cell anemia
43
Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells resulting in death bero 5 yrs old.
Tay-sachs disease
44
SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
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XYY
XXX (triple X)
XXY (Klinefelter)
XO (Turner)
Fragile X
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45
A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
MALE
-tall stature
-tendency to have low IQ, especially verbal
XYY
46
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A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
FEMALE
-normal appearance
-menstrual irregularities
-learning disorders
-mental retardation
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XXX (triple X)
47
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A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
FEMALE
-short stature
-webbed neck
-impaired spatial intelligence
-no menstruation
-infertility
-underdeveloped sex organs
-incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics
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XO (Turner)
48
A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
MALE
-sterility
-underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics
-learning disorders
-small testes
XXY (Klinefelter)
49
A sex chromosome abnormality that is indicated by:
- minor-to-severe mental retardation
- delayed speech and motor development
- speech impairments
- hyperactivity
Fragile X
50
Most common chromosomal abnormality; moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward sloping skinfold at the inner corners of the eye. Also known as trisomy-21.
Down syndrome
51
Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.
Genetic counseling
52
photograph that shows a chromosome when they are separated and aligned for cell division
karyotype
53
quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior
Behavioral genetics
54
statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population
heretability
55
describes tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder
concordant
56
potential variability depending on environmental conditions in the expression of a hereditary trait
reaction range
57
illustrates how heredity restricts the range of development for some traits
canalization
58
portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions
Genotype-Environment Interaction
59
tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other
Genotype-Environment Correlation
60
3 Ways of Genotype-Environment Correlation
Passive Correlations
Reactive (evocative) Correlations
Active Correlations
Note: passive and reactive correlations are common among younger kids
61
parents' who provide genes that predispose a child toward a trait, tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of such trait
Passive Correlations
62
As we grow older, we tend to actively select or create experiences consistent with our genetic tendencies.
Active Correlations
63
our tendency to seek environments compatible with our genotype
niche-picking
64
unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another
non-shared environment
65
extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type
obesity
66
characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations
temperament
67
mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality
schizophrenia
68
the process from conception to birth
gestation
69
age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's menstrual cycle
gestational age
70
Stages of Prenatal Development
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Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)
Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)
Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)
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71
A stage in prenatal development marked by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation and implantation in the wall of uterus.
Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)
72
A stage in prenatal development marked by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.
Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)
73
The process of growth and development of major body systems and organs.
organogenesis
74
miscarriage; natural expulsion from uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb
spontaneous abortion
75
formed from the outer cells that provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby in the womb
placenta
76
formed from the inner cells and is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism
embryo
77
This germ layer gives rise to the skin and nervous system.
Ectoderm
78
This germ layer gives rise to the digestive and respiratory system.
Endoderm
79
This germ layer gives rise to the muscle and skeletal system.
Mesoderm
80
A stage in prenatal development marked by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged bodysize.
Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)
81
environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities
teratogen
82
mental, motor, and development abnormalities of offspring due to women drinking heavily while pregnant
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
83
disease that undermines effective functioning of immune system
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
84
physical or psychological demand on a person or organism
stress
85
PRENATAL ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
- Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology
- Embryoscopy, fetoscopy
- Amniocentesis
- Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
- Umbilical cord sampling (cordocentesis/fetal blood sampling
- Maternal blood test
86
uses high frequency sound waves to detect fetus outline and its movements
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology
87
Tiny viewing scope inserted in woman's abdomen to view embryo.
Assists diagnosis of nonchromosomal genetic disorders
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy
88
Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn under guidance of ultrasound and analyzed.
Amniocentesis
89
Tissues from hair-like chorionic villi (projections of membrane surrounding fetus) are removed from placenta and analyzed.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
90
After in vitro fertilization, a sample cell is removed from blastocyst and analyzed.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
91
Needle guided by ultrasound is inserted to blood vessels of umbilical cord.
Umbilical cord sampling (cordocentesis/fetal blood sampling
92
Sample of prospective mother's blood is tested for alpha fetoprotein.
Maternal blood test
93
Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others.
Reactive (evocative) Correlations
