PART 3. FORMING A NEW LIFE Flashcards
time period when conception is possible
fertile window
also known as conception; when ovum and sperm combine to make a zygote
fertilization
a one-celled organism that is formed through fertilization
zygote
once every 28 days; characterized by the rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum
ovulation
result of 2 separate eggs being fertilized by 2 different sperm to form 2 unique individuals
dizygotic twins or fraternal twins
result from cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally identical
monozygotic twins or identical twins
genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring
heredity
chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
4 main nucleobases of DNA and RNA
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
If RNA, adenine bonds with?
Uracil
True or False. A child’s sex is determined by a father’s sperm.
True
Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule which governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functioning of living cells.
genetic code
coils of DNA that consists of genes
chromosomes
smallest unit of heredity
genes
complete sequence of genes in the human body
human genome
permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics
mutation
chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression
autosomes
it is the 23rd pair that governs the baby’s sex
sex chromosome
the gene for maleness
SRY gene
alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait
alleles
2 identical alleles for a trait
homozygous
2 different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is shown
dominant inheritance
when a child receives identical pair of recessive alleles
recessive inheritance
multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait
polygenic inheritance
observable characteristics
phenotype
genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and suppressed characteristics
genotype
combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
multiple transmission
mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells
epigenesis
child receives 2 different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait
incomplete dominance
certain traits on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male/female offspring
sex-linked characteristics
A birth defect that is characterized by enzyme deficiency that can lead to cirrhois of the liver in early infancy and emphysema and degenerative lung disease in middle age
Alpha, antitrypsin deficiency
Severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Alpha thalassemia
Severe anemia resulting in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness.
Beta thalassemia (Cooley’s anemia)
Overproduction of mucus which collects in the lung and digestive tract.
Cystic fibrosis
Usually in males, marked by muscle weakness; minor mental retardation, respiratory failure, and death
Ducheme muscular dystrophy
Excessive bleeding usually in males; in its severe form can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood.
Hemophilia