PART 6. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST YEARS

Question 1

A relatively consistent mix of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which makes one unique.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

BASIC ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

Answer 2

Emotions
Temperament
Early Social Relationships

Question 3

process wherein social relationships play a role in personality development

Answer 3

psychosocial development

Question 4

subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

Answer 4

Emotions

Question 5

in infants, these are due to subcortical nervous system activity

Answer 5

smiling and laughing

Question 6

realization that one is separate and different from the world

Answer 6

self-awareness

Question 7

4 PATTERNS OF CRY (infants)

Answer 7

hunger cry
angry cry
pain cry
frustration cry

Question 8

most powerful way of babies to communicate their needs

Answer 8

crying

Question 9

feelings that depends on self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior

Answer 9

self-evaluative emotions

Question 10

feelings which depends on self-awareness (ex: empathy)

Answer 10

self-conscious emotions

Question 11

smile-linked vocalization

Answer 11

lauhing

Question 12

It is smiling that is described by infants gazing at their parents and smiling at them.

Answer 12

Social smiling

Question 13

infants smile at an object then gazes at an adult while still smiling

Answer 13

Anticipatory smiling

Question 14

it is a mild form of shame that is developed during 2 1/2 to 3 years

Answer 14

evaluative embarrasment

Question 15

activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward

Answer 15

altruistic behavior

Question 16

neurons that fire when one does or observes something another person is doing

Answer 16

mirror neurons

Question 17

ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what they feel

Answer 17

empathy

Question 18

ability to understand that others have mental states and to be able to gauge their feelings and actions

Answer 18

social cognition

Question 19

style of approaching and reacting to situations

Answer 19

temperament

Question 20

3 Main Types of Temperament (in kids)

Answer 20

easy children
difficult children
slow-to-warm-up children

Question 21

a child that is irritable and harder to please (10%)

Answer 21

difficult children

Question 22

a child that is generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences (40%)

Answer 22

easy children

Question 23

a kid that is mild but slow to adapt to new situations (15%)

Answer 23

slow-to-warm-up children

Question 24

appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament; key to healthy adjustments

Answer 24

goodness of fit

Question 25

has to do with a child's boldness or cautiousness in approaching unfamiliar objects or events

Answer 25

behavioral inhibition

Question 26

born with unusually excitable amygdala and is high in behavioral inhibition

Answer 26

inhibited

Question 27

relaxed when presented with a new stimulus and is low in behavioral inhibition

Answer 27

uninhibited

Question 28

theory which proposes that infants and parents are biologically predisposed to become attached to each other

Answer 28

Ethological Theory

Question 29

significance of being male or female

Answer 29

gender

Question 30

the gender that is less reactive to stress

Answer 30

girls

Question 31

gender that is born with 10% larger brain and is physically more vulnerable from conception and on

Answer 31

boys

Question 32

socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles

Answer 32

gender-typing

Question 33

first stage on Erikson's psychosocial development when we develop a sense of reliability

Answer 33

sense of trust versus mistrust

Question 34

reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between caregiver and baby

Answer 34

attachment

Question 35

a laboratory technique by Mary Ainsworth used to study infant attachment

Answer 35

Strange Situation

Question 36

3 Main Patterns of Attachment

Answer 36

secure attachment avoidant attachment ambivalent/resistant attachment

Question 37

in other researches they included a fourth pattern of attachment which is

Answer 37

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 38

True or False. The patterns of attachment is universal to all cultures.

Answer 38

true

Question 39

True or False. The patterns of attachment is influenced by baby's temperament and mother's sensitivity.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

most common attachment wherein the infant cries when caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his/her return

Answer 40

secure attachment

Question 41

infant rarely cries when separated from caregiver and avoids contact on his/her return

Answer 41

avoidant attachment

Question 42

infant is anxious before caregiver leaves, upset on caregiver's absence, and both seeks and avoid contact on his/her return

Answer 42

ambivalent attachment

Question 43

after separation, infant shows contradictory, repetitious, and misdirected actions on the caregiver's return

Answer 43

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 44

lack cohesive strategy to deal with stress and is a reliable predictor of later behavioral and adjustment problems

Answer 44

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 45

2 possible explanations of disorganized-disoriented attachment

Answer 45

gene-environment interaction | gene-environment correlation

Question 46

It is one of the causes for disorganized-disoriented attachment in which a variant of DRP4 gene interacts with a mother's unresolved loss

Answer 46

gene-environment interaction

Question 47

It is one of the causes for disorganized-disoriented attachment wherein a baby's inborn characteristics pose stressful demands on parents. Hence, the parents elicit behaviors that promote disorganized-disoriented attachment.

Answer 47

gene-environment correlation

Question 48

a questionnaire that home observers answer by sorting descriptive phrases to describe infant's behavior

Answer 48

Attachment Q-Set (AQS)

Question 49

wariness of a person a baby does not know

Answer 49

stranger anxiety

Question 50

distress when caregiver leaves the infant

Answer 50

separation anxiety

Question 51

infant and caregiver can communicate emotional states and respond properly

Answer 51

mutual regulation

Question 52

triggered by dramatic drop of estrogen and progesterone after childbirth and may be caused by the challenges faced by a new mom

Answer 52

Postpartum depression

Question 53

3 psychological issues

Answer 53

emerging sense of self growth autonomy socialization/internalization of behavioral standards

Question 54

understanding unclear situation by seeking another person's perception of it

Answer 54

social referencing

Question 55

sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits

Answer 55

self-concept

Question 56

2nd stage of psychosocial development wherein kids balance self-determination and being controlled by others

Answer 56

autonomy versus shame & doubt

Question 57

it is the virtue that emerges on the 2nd stage of psychosocial development

Answer 57

will

Question 58

tendency of toddlers to resist authorities

Answer 58

negativism

Question 59

process in kids develop skills, habits, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of society

Answer 59

socialization

Question 60

process by which kids accept societal standards of conduct as their own

Answer 60

internalization

Question 61

a child's independent control of behavior to conform to social expectation

Answer 61

self-regulation

Question 62

internal standards of behavior and controls conduct and produce emotional discomfort if violated

Answer 62

conscience

Question 63

The origin of conscience by Grazyna Kochanska

Answer 63

situational compliance | committed compliance

Question 64

eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions

Answer 64

receptive cooperation

Question 65

when one obey to a parent's order only when he/she is around

Answer 65

situational compliance

Question 66

when an infant wholeheartedly obeys parent's order without reminders

Answer 66

committed compliance

Question 67

Quality of Care Measurements

Answer 67

structural characteristics | process characteristics

Question 68

refers to the staff training and ratio of caregivers to infants

Answer 68

structural characteristics

Question 69

pertains to the warmth, sensitivity, and responsiveness of caregivers and developmental appropriateness of activities

Answer 69

process characteristics

Question 70

most essential element in child care

Answer 70

caregiver

Question 71

deliberate endangerment of a child

Answer 71

maltreatment

Question 72

Forms of Maltreatment

Answer 72

physical abuse neglect sexual abuse emotional maltreatment

Question 73

failure to meet child's basic needs

Answer 73

neglect

Question 74

slowed physical growth with no known medical causes, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning

Answer 74

nonorganic failure to thrive

Question 75

form of maltreatment in which shaking a baby can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death

Answer 75

shaken baby syndrome

Question 76

4 major shifts in brain organization which change emotional processing

Answer 76

1. cerebral cortex becomes functional 2. frontal lobes and limbic system 3. myelination of frontal lobes 4. hormonal changes in autonomic nervous system

Question 77

NICHD means

Answer 77

National Institute for Child Health and Human Development