PART 6. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST YEARS Flashcards
A relatively consistent mix of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which makes one unique.
Personality
BASIC ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY
Emotions
Temperament
Early Social Relationships
process wherein social relationships play a role in personality development
psychosocial development
subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes
Emotions
in infants, these are due to subcortical nervous system activity
smiling and laughing
realization that one is separate and different from the world
self-awareness
4 PATTERNS OF CRY (infants)
hunger cry
angry cry
pain cry
frustration cry
most powerful way of babies to communicate their needs
crying
feelings that depends on self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior
self-evaluative emotions
feelings which depends on self-awareness (ex: empathy)
self-conscious emotions
smile-linked vocalization
lauhing
It is smiling that is described by infants gazing at their parents and smiling at them.
Social smiling
infants smile at an object then gazes at an adult while still smiling
Anticipatory smiling
it is a mild form of shame that is developed during 2 1/2 to 3 years
evaluative embarrasment
activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward
altruistic behavior
neurons that fire when one does or observes something another person is doing
mirror neurons
ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what they feel
empathy
ability to understand that others have mental states and to be able to gauge their feelings and actions
social cognition
style of approaching and reacting to situations
temperament
3 Main Types of Temperament (in kids)
easy children
difficult children
slow-to-warm-up children
a child that is irritable and harder to please (10%)
difficult children
a child that is generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences (40%)
easy children
a kid that is mild but slow to adapt to new situations (15%)
slow-to-warm-up children
appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament; key to healthy adjustments
goodness of fit
has to do with a child’s boldness or cautiousness in approaching unfamiliar objects or events
behavioral inhibition
born with unusually excitable amygdala and is high in behavioral inhibition
inhibited
relaxed when presented with a new stimulus and is low in behavioral inhibition
uninhibited
theory which proposes that infants and parents are biologically predisposed to become attached to each other
Ethological Theory
significance of being male or female
gender
the gender that is less reactive to stress
girls
gender that is born with 10% larger brain and is physically more vulnerable from conception and on
boys
socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles
gender-typing
first stage on Erikson’s psychosocial development when we develop a sense of reliability
sense of trust versus mistrust
reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between caregiver and baby
attachment
a laboratory technique by Mary Ainsworth used to study infant attachment
Strange Situation
3 Main Patterns of Attachment
secure attachment
avoidant attachment
ambivalent/resistant attachment
in other researches they included a fourth pattern of attachment which is
disorganized-disoriented attachment
True or False. The patterns of attachment is universal to all cultures.
true
True or False. The patterns of attachment is influenced by baby’s temperament and mother’s sensitivity.
true
most common attachment wherein the infant cries when caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his/her return
secure attachment
infant rarely cries when separated from caregiver and avoids contact on his/her return
avoidant attachment
infant is anxious before caregiver leaves, upset on caregiver’s absence, and both seeks and avoid contact on his/her return
ambivalent attachment
after separation, infant shows contradictory, repetitious, and misdirected actions on the caregiver’s return
disorganized-disoriented attachment
lack cohesive strategy to deal with stress and is a reliable predictor of later behavioral and adjustment problems
disorganized-disoriented attachment
2 possible explanations of disorganized-disoriented attachment
gene-environment interaction
gene-environment correlation
It is one of the causes for disorganized-disoriented attachment in which a variant of DRP4 gene interacts with a mother’s unresolved loss
gene-environment interaction
It is one of the causes for disorganized-disoriented attachment wherein a baby’s inborn characteristics pose stressful demands on parents. Hence, the parents elicit behaviors that promote disorganized-disoriented attachment.
gene-environment correlation
a questionnaire that home observers answer by sorting descriptive phrases to describe infant’s behavior
Attachment Q-Set (AQS)
wariness of a person a baby does not know
stranger anxiety
distress when caregiver leaves the infant
separation anxiety
infant and caregiver can communicate emotional states and respond properly
mutual regulation
triggered by dramatic drop of estrogen and progesterone after childbirth and may be caused by the challenges faced by a new mom
Postpartum depression
3 psychological issues
emerging sense of self
growth autonomy
socialization/internalization of behavioral standards
understanding unclear situation by seeking another person’s perception of it
social referencing
sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits
self-concept
2nd stage of psychosocial development wherein kids balance self-determination and being controlled by others
autonomy versus shame & doubt
it is the virtue that emerges on the 2nd stage of psychosocial development
will
tendency of toddlers to resist authorities
negativism
process in kids develop skills, habits, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of society
socialization
process by which kids accept societal standards of conduct as their own
internalization
a child’s independent control of behavior to conform to social expectation
self-regulation
internal standards of behavior and controls conduct and produce emotional discomfort if violated
conscience
The origin of conscience by Grazyna Kochanska
situational compliance
committed compliance
eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions
receptive cooperation
when one obey to a parent’s order only when he/she is around
situational compliance
when an infant wholeheartedly obeys parent’s order without reminders
committed compliance
Quality of Care Measurements
structural characteristics
process characteristics
refers to the staff training and ratio of caregivers to infants
structural characteristics
pertains to the warmth, sensitivity, and responsiveness of caregivers and developmental appropriateness of activities
process characteristics
most essential element in child care
caregiver
deliberate endangerment of a child
maltreatment
Forms of Maltreatment
physical abuse
neglect
sexual abuse
emotional maltreatment
failure to meet child’s basic needs
neglect
slowed physical growth with no known medical causes, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning
nonorganic failure to thrive
form of maltreatment in which shaking a baby can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death
shaken baby syndrome
4 major shifts in brain organization which change emotional processing
- cerebral cortex becomes functional
- frontal lobes and limbic system
- myelination of frontal lobes
- hormonal changes in autonomic nervous system
NICHD means
National Institute for Child Health and Human Development
