[Part 4]- B11- hormonal coordination 🫥🚺🚹

Question 1

What are the four key hormones, in the menstrual cycle ? [4]

Answer 1

• follicle stimulating hormone [FSH]
• luteinising hormone [LH]
• oestrogen
• and progesterone

Question 2

How do the four key hormones in the menstrual cycle, interact ? [6] 🚺

Answer 2

1) follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] is firstly released by the pituitary gland, and FSH then travels to the ovaries, where it causes an egg to mature.

2) follicle stimulating hormone, then triggers the ovaries to make oestrogen.

3) oestrogen then causes the lining of the uterus to become thick, and stops the pituitary gland from releasing more FSH

4) ; the pituitary gland now releases luteinising hormone [LH]- LH triggers ovulation.

5) and once the ovary has releases its egg, the ovary will now produce the hormone: progesterone

6) and if fertilisation doesn’t take place: the level of progesterone falls, the uterus lining and the egg are now released and, the woman has a period.

Question 3

RECAP: What’s the function of progesterone ?

Answer 3

• the role of progesterone is to:
• stop the pituitary gland, from releasing more follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] and, luteinising hormone [LH]-preventing more eggs from maturing, or being released.
• ; progesterone, also keeps the lining of the uterus thick, incase a fertilised egg implants.

Question 4

What happens, if fertilisation doesn’t take place ?

Answer 4

• if fertilisation doesn’t take place:
• the level of progesterone falls, meaning the uterus lining and the egg are now released.
• and therefore, the woman has a period.

Question 5

Describe how to interpret graphs of hormones, during the menstrual cycle [5] 🚺

Answer 5

• firstly, the level of follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] rises- triggering the ovaries, to release oestrogen
• ; as the level of oestrogen increases, this inhibits the production of follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] therefore, the level of FSH falls.
• and oestrogen, triggers the release of luteinising hormone [LH], so the LH level rises to a leak around day 14.
• luteinising hormone [LH] then triggers ovulation and once this happens, the ovary now releases progesterone
• ; fertilisation, may not. take place

Question 6

Why does fertility change with age, in women ?

Answer 6

• fertility change with age, in women because:
• in females, her supply of eggs will eventually run out and women also go through the menopause- approaching the menopause, means a woman is less fertile
• ; this also means, she has a higher risk of having a baby, with genetic problems

Question 7

Why does fertility change with age, in men ?

Answer 7

• fertility change with age, in men because:
• although males keep producing sperm throughout their life, the amount of sperm produced is lowered with age

Question 8

What gland produces follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] ?

Answer 8

• follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], is produced in the pituitary gland

Question 9

What gland produces luteinising hormone [LH] ?

Answer 9

• luteinising hormone [LH], is produced by the pituitary gland

Question 10

What gland produces oestrogen ?

Answer 10

• oestrogen, is produced in the ovaries

Question 11

What gland produces progesterone ?

Answer 11

• progesterone, is produced in the ovaries by there an softhearted follicle, after ovulation

Question 12

What’s steps one to two, of how the four key hormones in the menstrual cycle, interact ? [2] 🚺

Answer 12

1) follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] is firstly released by the pituitary gland, and FSH then travels to the ovaries, where it causes an egg to mature.

2) follicle stimulating hormone, then triggers the ovaries to make oestrogen.

Question 13

What’s steps three to four, of how the four key hormones in the menstrual cycle, interact ? [3] 🚺

Answer 13

• after FSH has triggered the ovaries to make oestrogen:

3) oestrogen then causes the lining of the uterus to become thick, and stops the pituitary gland from releasing more FSH

4) ; the pituitary gland now releases luteinising hormone [LH]- LH triggers ovulation.

Question 14

What’s steps five to six, of how the four key hormones in the menstrual cycle, interact ? [3] 🚺

Answer 14

• after the pituitary gland now releases luteinising hormone [LH], which LH triggers ovulation:

5) and once the ovary has releases its egg, the ovary will now produce the hormone: progesterone

6) ; if fertilisation doesn’t take place: the level of progesterone falls, the uterus lining and the egg are now released and, the woman has a period.

Question 15

What is contraception ?

Answer 15

• contraception, is the [intentional] prevention of a fertilised egg, implanting in the uterus

Question 16

Name all the forms of contraception [10]

Answer 16

• the pill [an oral contraceptive]
• an implant [a hormonal contraceptive]
• a skin patch [a hormonal contraceptive]
• an injection [a hormonal contraceptive]
• a condom [a barrier-method contraceptive]
• a diaphragm [a barrier-method contraceptive]
• an IUD
• female sterilisation [a surgical form of contraception]
• and, male sterilisation [a surgical form of contraception]
• abstaining from sexual intercourse [a natural form of contraception]

Question 17

What’s an example, of an oral contraceptive ?

Answer 17

• the pill [an oral contraceptive]

Question 18

What are some examples, of a hormonal contraceptive ?

Answer 18

• an implant [a hormonal contraceptive]
• a skin patch [a hormonal contraceptive]
• an injection [a hormonal contraceptive]

Question 19

What are some examples, of a barrier-method contraceptive ?

Answer 19

• a condom [a barrier-method contraceptive]
• a diaphragm [a barrier-method contraceptive]

Question 20

What’s some examples, of a natural contraceptive ?

Answer 20

• abstaining from sexual intercourse [a natural form of contraception]

Question 21

What’s some examples, of a surgical contraceptive ?

Answer 21

• female sterilisation [a surgical form of contraception]
• and, male sterilisation [a surgical form of contraception]

Question 22

What are examples of ‘the pill’ ? [3]

Answer 22

• the pill [a mixed pill, containing low doses of oestrogen and progesterone]
• the progesterone only pill
• [and, the contraceptive pill]

Question 23

How does ‘the pill’ work ?

Answer 23

• the pill, is a oral contraceptive, containing hormones [oestrogen and progesterone].
• these two hormones, prevents the body from producing follicle stimulating hormone [FSH]- meaning no eggs will mature in the ovary.

Question 24

What are two other ways, of how ‘the pill’ works ? [2]

Answer 24

• the pill, also stops the development of the lining- preventing implantation.
• and finally, the progesterone in the pill, makes the mucus in the cervix thick, to prevent the entry of sperm

Question 25

What are the side-effects of ‘the pill’?

Answer 25

• the pill, has multiple side-effects such as:
• raised blood pressure
• thrombosis
• and, breast cancer

Question 26

What are some advantages and disadvantages, of the progesterone only pill ?

Answer 26

• advantage- the progesterone only pill [mini pill] has fewer side effects than the mixed pill
• disadvantage- ; it must be taken regularly to be effective [once a day, for 24 days] and if one pill is missed, an unexpected egg may be released- leading to unexpected pregnancy