[Part 2]- B11- hormonal coordination 🫥🚺🚹

Question 1

How many types of diabetes are there ?

Answer 1

• there are two types of diabetes- type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Question 2

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

Hint: pancreas has an inability to produce- why?

Answer 2

• in type 1 diabetes, the pancreas has an inability to a produce sufficient amount of insulin [a little or no amount of insulin].
• This is because, the body’s immune system attacks the islet cells in the pancreas, that make insulin. [as it doesn’t recognise it’s own beta cells]

Question 3

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes ?

Hint: body cells stop responding- why?

Answer 3

• in type 2 diabetes, the body cells stop responding to insulin produced by the pancreas.
• This is because: the body either builds up a resistance to insulin [as cells of the body are resistant to it]
• or because the pancreas isn’t producing a sufficient amount of insulin therefore, the body cells don’t respond to it.
• ; the pancreas keeps making more insulin to try to make cells respond, but the pancreas can’t keep up, so blood glucose keeps rising.

Question 4

What is the difference in the causes of type 1 and type 2 diabetes ?

Answer 4

• in type 1 diabetes, the pancreas doesn’t produce sufficient insulin [a little or no amount of insulin].
• ; in type 2 diabetes, the body cells stop responding to insulin produced by the pancreas.

Question 5

What are the The Islets of Langerhans ?

Hint: cluster of cells, produce hormones

Answer 5

• the Islets of Langerhans, are a clusters of cells located in the pancreas.
• These cells work to produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.
• There are two types of islet cells known as: alpha cells and beta cells.

Question 6

What do alpha and beta cells produce ?

Answer 6

• alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin.
• these two cells are known as islet cells- ‘the islets of langerhans’ and are found in the pancreas.

Question 7

How can type I diabetes be treated ?

Answer 7

• type one diabetes can be treated through insulin therapy- which is several injections of insulin, throughout the day [typically at mealtimes]
• This is because, people who have type one diabetes monitor their blood glucose concentration, and then inject themselves with insulin, if their blood glucose rises too much.

Question 8

How can type II diabetes be treated ?

Answer 8

• type two diabetes, can often be treated with a diet, containing a controlled level of carbohydrates- this tries to prevent the blood glucose concentration, from rising too high
• ; people who have type two diabetes, are encouraged and advised to take up exercise. This is because, exercise makes the body sensitive to insulin

Question 9

What happen if the blood glucose level rises too high ?

Answer 9

• if there’s too high of a level of glucose in the blood, this can lead to cells of the body losing water by osmosis.
• ; this can be dangerous, as they may not function properly.

Question 10

Why is type I diabetes, treated with insulin injections ?

Hint: allows glucose

Answer 10

• type I diabetes is treated with insulin injections because, the insulin injections allows glucose to be taken into your body cells, and converted into glycogen, in the liver.
• [; as the blood glucose levels fall, this glycogen is then converted back to glucose- therefore keeping blood glucose levels stable.]

Question 11

Evaluate treating type I diabetes, with insulin injections 💉

Answer 11

• type I diabetes is treated with insulin injections, meaning the insulin injections can allow glucose to be taken into your body, and converted to glycogen
• ; if the insulin is long-acting this can cause pain, or even reduce your blood glucose level to a significantly low level

Question 12

Evaluate treating type I diabetes, with transplanting pancreatic cells 🧫

Answer 12

• scientists have tried to transplant the pancreatic cells that make insulin but although this has had success, this success has been limited.

Question 13

Evaluate treating type I diabetes, with transplanting a pancreas transplants 🩺

Hint: immunosuppressants

Answer 13

• scientists have also been able to successfully transplant a pancreas which means the caused by diabetes is slowed down; this operation is risky and difficult.
• and the patient has to now go on immunosuppressants instead of insulin.
• this weakens your immune system, and your body is more prone to infections, that will be harder to treat.

Question 14

How has the production of insulin for diabetics, developed over time ?

Hint: obtained

Answer 14

• the production of insulin for diabetics has developed over time because, insulin was typically obtained from animals such as pigs and cattle.
• ; because of an increase in the number of diabetics, more insulin is required than ever before.

Question 15

Explain [in detail] how lifestyle choices, can affect the risk of developing type II diabetes ?

Hint: risk factor

Answer 15

• lifestyle choices can affect the risk of developing type II diabetes.
• For example, obesity is a risk factor for diabetes, which can increase the risk of developing type II diabetes.
• This is because, the increase in [body] fat will block the glucose receptors on cells, leading to a decreased glucose absorption

Question 16

Summarise how scientists are working to find a cure, for diabetes [2]

Answer 16

• to find a cure, for diabetes:
• scientists have tried to transplant the pancreatic cells that make insulin, from both dead and living donors; this has had limited success
• scientists have also tried to transplant pancreas; there aren’t enough donors, and this operation is very difficult and risky.

Question 17

How are scientists using mouses to find a cure, for diabetes ? 🐁 [1]

Answer 17

• to find a cure, for diabetes:
• scientists have tried to turn mouse pancreas cells that typically make enzymes, to insulin producing cells [by genetic engineering]

Question 18

Give one way, how scientists are working to find a cure, for diabetes [1]

Answer 18

• to find a cure, for diabetes:
• scientists have considered using stem cells from embryonic stem cells- though this has ethical issues.

Question 19

What are the overall symptoms of diabetes ? [7]

Answer 19

• weight loss
• excessive thirst
• tiredness
• trembling
• excessive sweating
• general weakness
• and, a coma

Question 20

What are the typical symptoms for type I diabetes ?

Answer 20

• excessive thirst- because, glucose is detected in urine, and is then excreted by the kidneys [as it attempts to get rid of sugar].
• this produces lots of urine and this makes you constantly feel thirsty as you lose fluids.
• tiredness- glucose can’t get into body cells, so there’s less respiration and energy- which makes you feel more tired.
• weight loss- since fats and proteins, are broken down as fuel.

Question 21

What are the typical symptoms for type II diabetes ?

Hint: milder

Answer 21

• the typical symptoms for type II diabetes, are usually the same symptoms for type I diabetes; these are milder