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Parental Involvement Flashcards

1
Q

How is the number of gametes produced by males described?

A

Large

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2
Q

How is the number of gametes produced by females described?

A

Small

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3
Q

How is the size of energy store in males described?

A

Small

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4
Q

How is the size of energy store in females described?

A

Large

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5
Q

When it comes to parental investment in most species is it the male or female who invests the most?

A

Females

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6
Q

Apart from parental investment what do females also have an investment in?

A

Egg structure in non-mammals or in the uterus and during gestation in mammals

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7
Q

Is parental investment costly?

A

Yes but it increases the probability of production and survival of young

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8
Q

How can parental behaviour be classified?

A

either in the r-selected group or the K-selected group

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9
Q

What would the size of the R-selected species be described as?

A

small with short lifespan

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10
Q

What would the size of the K-selected species be described as?

A

large with long lifespan

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11
Q

What would the generation time of the R-selected species be described as?

A

short

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12
Q

What would the generation time of the K-selected species be described as?

A

long

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13
Q

What would the maturation speed of the R-selected species be described as?

A

quick

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14
Q

What would the maturation speed of the K-selected species be described as?

A

slow

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15
Q

What would the amount of reproduction of the R-selected species be described as?

A

often only once

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16
Q

What would the amount of reproduction of the K-selected species be described as?

A

multiple times

17
Q

What would the number of offspring produced of the R-selected species be described as?

A

large amount of small offspring

18
Q

What would the number of offspring produced of the K-selected species be described as?

A

small amount of large offspring

19
Q

What would the level of parental care of the R-selected species be described as?

A

limited

20
Q

What would the level of parental care of the K-selected species be described as?

A

high

21
Q

What would the energy input by parents of the R-selected species be described as?

A

small

22
Q

What would the energy input by parents of the K-selected species be described as?

A

large

23
Q

What would the offspring survival probability of the R-selected species be described as?

A

low

24
Q

What would the offspring survival probability of the K-selected species be described as?

A

high

25
Q

Where do R-selected tend to occur?

A

in unstable environments where the species has not reached its reproductive capacity

26
Q

Where do K-selected tend to occur?

A

In stable environments

27
Q

What is the definition of internal fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation occurs inside the female’s body

28
Q

What is the definition if external fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation occurs outside the female’s body

29
Q

What are the benefits of internal fertilisation?

A

-fewer gametes needed
-higher offspring survival rate
-offspring can be retained internally for protection and/or development

30
Q

What are the costs of internal fertilisation?

A

-a suitable mate must be found which requires energy expenditure
-require direct transfer of one gamete to another
-move parental care so greater parental energy invested in developing young

31
Q

What are the benefits of external fertilisation?

A

-less/no parental care so no parental energy invested in rearing young
-very large numbers of offspring can be produced

32
Q

What are the costs of external fertilisation?

A

-many gametes predated
-many gametes not fertilised
-courtship behaviour important to ensure mature sperm meet ripe eggs
-few offspring survive

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