Hydrophilic Signals And Transduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Hydrophobic signalling molecules bind to?

A

Transmembrane receptors and they do not enter the cytosol

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2
Q

What are some examples of hydrophilic extracellular signalling molecules?

A

Peptide hormones and neurotransmitters

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3
Q

When does the transmembrane molecule go through a conformational change?

A

When the ligand binds to the extracellular molecule

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4
Q

Does the signal molecule enter the cell?

A

No but the signal is transduced across the plasma membrane.

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5
Q

How do the transmembrane receptor act as signal transducers?

A

By converting the extracellular ligandbinding event into intracellular signals which alter the behaviour of the cell

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6
Q

What do transduced hydrophilic signals often involve?

A

G-proteins or cascade of phosphorylation by kinase enzyme

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7
Q

What does G-protein do?

A

They relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins such as enzymes and ion channels

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8
Q

What is an active protein?

A

They are receptors that have bound a signalling molecule

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9
Q

What does a phosphorylation cascades allow to be activated?

A

more than one intracellular signalling pathway to be activated

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10
Q

What does a phosphorylation cascades involve?

A

It involves a series of events with one kinase activating the next in the sequence and so on. Phosphorylation cascades can result in the phosphorylation of many proteins as a result of the original signalling event

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11
Q

What does the binding of the peptide hormone insulin to its receptor result in?

A

An intracellular signalling cascade that triggers recruitment of GLUT4 glucose transporter proteins to the cell membrane of fat and muscle cells

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12
Q

What does the binding of insulin to its receptors cause?

A

A conformational change that triggers phosphorylation of the receptors. This starts a phosphorylation cascade inside the cell which eventually leads to GLUT4 containing vesicles being transported to the cell membrane

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13
Q

How can diabetes mellitus be caused by?

A

By failure to produce insulin (type 1) or loss of receptor function (type 2)

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14
Q

What is type 2 generally associated with?

A

Obesity

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15
Q

What does exercise trigger the recruitment of?

A

It triggers the recruitment of GLUT4 so exercise can improve uptake of glucose to fat and muscle cells in subjects with type 2

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