Parasitology - Worms and Flukes

Question 1

What are the Intestinal Nematodes? (4)

Answer 1

1) Enterobius Vermicularis (pinworm)
2) Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
3) Strongyloides Stercoralis
4) Ancylostoma Duodenale, Necator Americanus (hookworms)

Question 2

What is the transmission and symptoms of Enterobius Vermicularis?

Answer 2

Fecal-Oral route

Intestinal infection causing Anal Pruritis

Question 3

How do you diagnose an Enterobius Vermicularis infection?

Answer 3

Scotch Tape Test

Question 4

What is the treatment of Enterbius Vermicularis?

Answer 4

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

Bendazoles because worms are bendy

Question 5

What is the transmission and symptoms of Ascaris Lumbricoides?

Answer 5

Fecal-Oral route; intestinal infection

Question 6

Treatment of Ascaris Lumbricoides?

Answer 6

Bendazoles or pyrantel

Question 7

What is the transmission and symptoms of Strongyloides stercoralis?

Answer 7

Larvai in skin penetrate the skin

Cause intestinal infection = vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may be peptic ulcer like)

Question 8

Treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis?

Answer 8

Ivermectin or Albendazole

Question 9

What is the transmission and symptoms of Ancylostoma duodenal, Necator Americanus?

Answer 9

Larvae penetrate skin causing an intestinal infection = anemia b/c sucking blood fro intestinal walls

Question 10

Treatment of Ancylostoma Duodenale, Necator Americanus?

Answer 10

Bendazoles or pyrantel

Question 11

What syndrome can Ascaris Lumbricoides, Strongyloids Stercoralis, Ancylostoma Duodenale, and Necator Americanus cause? What are the symptoms?

Answer 11

Lofflers Eosinophilic Pneumonitis; Disease in which eosinophils accumulate in lungs in response to parasitic infection; Cardiac damage is caused by the damaging effects of eosinophilic granule proteins = Loeffler Endocarditis (idiopathic or parasitic infection response)

Question 12

What are the worms that infect tissue? (4)

Answer 12

1) Onchocerca Volvulus
2) Loa Loa
3) Wuchereria bancrofti
4) Toxocara canis

Question 13

How is Onchocerca volvulus transmitted?

Answer 13

Female blackly bite

Question 14

What are the symptoms of an Onchocerca volvulus infection?

Answer 14

Hyperpigemented skin and river blindness (black flies, black skin nodules, black sight); allergic reaction possible to microfilaria is possible

Question 15

How do you treat Onchocerca volvulus?

Answer 15

Ivermectin (ivermectin for river blindness)

Question 16

How is loa loa transmitted?

Answer 16

Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly

Question 17

What are the symptoms of a loa loa infection?

Answer 17

Swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva

Question 18

What is the treatment for loa loa?

Answer 18

Diethylcarbamazine

Question 19

How is Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?

Answer 19

Female mosquito

Question 20

What are the symptoms of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Answer 20

Blocks lymphatic vessels = elephantitis; takes 9mo-1yr after bite to become symptomatic

Question 21

How do you treat Wuchereria bancrofti?

Answer 21

Diethylcarbamazine

Question 22

How is toxocara canis transmitted?

Answer 22

Fecal-Oral

Question 23

Symptoms of Toxocara Canis?

Answer 23

Visceral Larva migrans

Question 24

Treatment of Toxocara Canis?

Answer 24

Albendazole or Mebendazole

Question 25

What are the nemotodal routes of infection? (3 mnemonics)

Answer 25

1) Ingested - Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara (You'll get sick if you EAT these) 2) Cutaneous - Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator (These get into your feet from the SANd) 3) Bites - Loa Loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wucheria bancrofti (Lay LOW to avoid getting bit)

Question 26

What are the Cestodes (tapeworms)? (3)

Answer 26

1) Taenia Solium 2) Diphyllobothrium datum 3) Echinococcus granulosus

Question 27

How is Taenia solium transmitted?

Answer 27

Ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork Ingestion of eggs Prevalent in mexican, central/south american, and southeast asian immigrants

Question 28

What is the result of a Taenia solium infection?

Answer 28

Intestinal infection, cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis

Question 29

What is the treatment of Taenia solium? (Different for intestinal infection vs Cystcercosis/neurocystercosis)

Answer 29

``` Intestinal = Praziquantel Cysticercosis/Neurocystitis = Praziquentel; albendazole for neuro ```

Question 30

How is Diphyllobothrium latum transmitted?

Answer 30

Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish

Question 31

What are the symptoms of Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 31

Vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm compete for B12 in intestine) --> anemia

Question 32

What is the treatment for Diphyllobothrium latum?

Answer 32

Praziquentel

Question 33

What is the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus?

Answer 33

Ingestion of eggs from dog feces

Question 34

What happens in an Echinococcus granulosa infection?

Answer 34

Hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens are released

Question 35

How do you remove an Echinococcus granulosa cyst?

Answer 35

Surgeon will pre inject with ethanol to kill cyst before removal

Question 36

How do you treat Echinococcus granulosa?

Answer 36

Albendazole

Question 37

What are the Trematodes? (Flukes) (2)

Answer 37

1) Schistosoma | 2) Clonorchis Sinensis

Question 38

How is Schistosoma transmitted?

Answer 38

Snails are host; cercariae penetrate skin of humans; "Swimmer's Itch"

Question 39

What are the symptoms of a Shistosoma infection?

Answer 39

Liver and Spleen granulomas, fibrosis, inflammation

Question 40

What does a chronic infection with S. Haematobium lead to?

Answer 40

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the bladder

Question 41

Egyptian immigrant presents with painless hematuria?

Answer 41

Schistosoma Haematobium

Question 42

What is the treatment for Schistosoma?

Answer 42

Praziquantel

Question 43

How does Clonorchis Sinensis get transmitted?

Answer 43

Undercooked fish

Question 44

What are the symptoms of Clonorchis Sinensis infection?

Answer 44

Biliary tract inflammation = pigmented gallstones

Question 45

What cancer is Clonorchis sinensis associated with?

Answer 45

Cholangiocarcinoma

Question 46

What is Clonorchis sinensis treated with?

Answer 46

Praizuquantel

Question 47

Association: Biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma

Answer 47

Clonorchis sinensis

Question 48

Association: Brain cysts, seizures

Answer 48

Taenia Solium (cysticercosis)

Question 49

Association: Hematuria, bladder cancer

Answer 49

Schistosoma haematobium

Question 50

Association: Liver (hydatid) cysts

Answer 50

Echinococcus granulosus

Question 51

Association: Microcytic anemia

Answer 51

Ancylostoma, Necator

Question 52

Association: Perianal pruritis

Answer 52

Enterobius

Question 53

Association: Portal HTN

Answer 53

Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum

Question 54

Association: Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 54

Diphyllobothrium latum