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VETMED: Dealing With Threats > Parasitology: Ticks > Flashcards

Parasitology: Ticks Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of ticks in parasitology?

A

the can cause:

  • bite wounds
  • blood loss
  • tick paralysis
  • transmit disease agents
  • threaten the human-animal bond
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2
Q

What is tick paralysis?

A

a condition associated with some ticks, where the females attach near the spinal cord and release a paralytic agent that affects the host.

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3
Q

What are some tick-borne diseases?

A
  • Lyme borreliosis
  • anaplasmosis
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  • Cytauxzoonosis
  • Babesiosis
  • Hepatozoonosis
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4
Q

Why has tick control concern increased recently?

A
  • tick-borne disease issues are becoming more prominent

- several ticks are changing their distribution patterns

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5
Q

What are the two families of ticks?

A

Ixodidae: the “hard” ticks

Argasidae: the “soft” ticks

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6
Q

Which tick family is more common in western states than eastern states?

A

Argasidae

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7
Q

Differentiate between hard and soft ticks.

A

Hard ticks: family Ixodidae. have a shiny, firmer appearance

soft ticks: Family Argasidae, look soft and squashy compared to hard ticks

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8
Q

What is one species of Argasidae that one might see further west? Where are you most apt to find it on a host?

A

Otobius sp.

the Spinose ear tick (which will be found… in the ears)

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9
Q

What are some defining characteristics of Family Ixodidae?

A
  • the hard ticks
  • have a hard, shiny appearance
  • mouthparts project forward
  • have a scutum on dorsal surface
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10
Q

How does the scutum help determine gender of the adult tick?

A

Female ticks have a smaller scutum because they cannot afford to be restricted in size because she needs to drink a large amount of blood in order to lay the eggs

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11
Q

What are the life stages of the tick?

A

egg => larva => nymph => adult

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12
Q

T/F: There is a blood meal between each life stage in ticks.

A

True

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13
Q

T/F: Ticks will molt between stages.

A

True

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14
Q

T/F: a tick will stay on their host between stages in the lifecycle.

A

False, ticks are 3-tick hosts. After each blood meal, they fall off to molt, and then attach to a new host.

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15
Q

Tick infestation is_____ from the environment.

A

ALWAYS

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16
Q

What is a larval tick called?

A

a “seed tick”

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17
Q

where do female ticks lay their eggs?

A

in the environment

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18
Q

how many legs does a larval tick have?

A

6

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19
Q

If one wanted to most accurately identify a tick, which life stage would they look at?

A

the adult stage. Species and gender can be determined

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20
Q

T/F: Ticks begin to feed as soon as they get onto a host.

A

False, ticks can wander around for a bit, plus it takes time to properly attach. During that time, very little feeding occurs

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21
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of the tick nymph.

A
  • 8 legs

- lack a genital opening

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22
Q

At what stage is the genital opening open?

A

the adult stage

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23
Q

Where do many tick species mate?

A

on the host

some do mate in the environment

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24
Q

Does the female survive after laying eggs?

A

nope

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25
Q

What is a hypostome?

A

a part of the tick located near the head that has barbs on it. Ticks insert the hypostome into the host to attach.

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26
Q

What are some methods that ticks can improve attachment to host?

A
  • can secrete a cementing substance from salivary glands

- can use chelicerae to cut the skin in order to better insert the hypostome

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27
Q

T/F: Ticks feed very early after attachement.

A

false, feeding is very slow, then increases rapidly as they consume their blood meal before detachment

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28
Q

Describe the process of tick feeding.

A

Initial period of slow feeding which can last for several days

this is followed by rapid feeding. a period of 12-36 hrs before the tick detaches.

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29
Q

How does the period of feeding vary among ticks?

A
  • larval ticks may be attached for a few days, females may be attached for a week
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30
Q

What are the four major species of ticks covered in this course?

A
  • Dermacentor variabilis: the American Dog Tick
  • Rhipicephalus sanguineus: the Brown Dog Tick
  • Amblyomma americanum: the Lone Star Tick
  • Ixodes scapularis: the Deer tick (aka the black-legged tick)
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31
Q

What is the common name of Dermacentor variabilis?

A

the American Dog Tick

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32
Q

what is the scientific name of the American Dog Tick?

A

Dermacentor variabilis

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33
Q

What is the common name of Ixodes scapularis

A

the Deer tick or the Black-legged tick

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34
Q

What is the scientific name of the Deer Tick

A

Ixodes scapularis

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35
Q

what is the common name of Amblyomma americanum?

A

the Lone Star Tick

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36
Q

What is the scientific name of the Lone Star Tick?

A

Amblyomma americanum

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37
Q

What is the common name of Rhipicephalus sanguineus?

A

Brown Dog Tick

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38
Q

What is the scientific name of the brown dog tick?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

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39
Q

T/F: The American Dog Tick is a 3-host tick

A

true

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40
Q

what hosts do the life stages of Dermacentor variabilis prefer?

A

larvae- rodents
nymphs: small to medium animals
adults medium to large animals

41
Q

Describe the physical appearnce of Dermacentor variabilis.

A
  • an ornate tick (there are enamel-like markings on the scutum which differ between males and females)
  • short mouth parts
  • a square basis capitulum
42
Q

would you expect a Dermacentor bite to be superficial or deep? why?

A

a Dermacentor bite would be superficial because it has short mouthparts

43
Q

What is the typical environment one would expect to see Dermacentor?

A

grassy meadows, along roadways and trails, young forests

44
Q

The life cycle length for Dermacentor varies by region. Differentiate.

A
  • 3 month life cycle in the south

- up to 2+ years in the north

45
Q

What is the general geographic distribution of Dermacentor?

A

predominantly in Eastern US

46
Q

T/F: Male Dermacentor can cause tick paralysis in the host.

A

False. Only females can

47
Q

What can Dermcentor be a vector for?

A
  • Cytauxzoonosis
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  • Tularemia
  • Anaplasmosis (in cattle)
48
Q

Dermacentor variabilis is the primary vector for which disease? How is it transmitted?

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

transmitted Transtadially and transovarially

49
Q

What are the preferred hosts of Ixodes scapularis?

A

Larvae and nymphs: small mammals, birds (north), lizards (south)

adults prefer deer, large mammals

50
Q

What is the life cycle of Ixodes scapularis in temperate climates?

A

2 year, spiral-pattern life cycle.

51
Q

Which is currently the most commonly seen tick in the Virginia Mountain area?

A

The Deer Tick

52
Q

What tick is the smallest of the Big 4?

A

the Deer Tick

53
Q

Do Deer ticks have a long or short mouthpart?

A

long mouthpart, leads to deep bite wounds

54
Q

What’s a very helpful way to recognize Ixodes?

A

Look for the anterior anal groove

55
Q

In what season would you expect to see Ixodes larvae?

A

late summer and early fall

56
Q

In what season would you expect to see Ixodes nymphs?

A

late winter, though they can be present through summer, depending on the region

57
Q

In what season would you expect to see Ixodes Adults?

A

active in spring, but can overwinter.

58
Q

What is the geographical general distribution of Ixodes scapularis?

A

Eastern, southeastern US

59
Q

Where do Ixodes typically quest?

A

Dense woodlands with leaf/fir needle litter. Can also be very common in residential properties

60
Q

Which is the proposed Ixodes life stage that transmits Lyme Disease to humans?

A

Nymphs

61
Q

Which is the proposed Ixodes life stage that transmits Lyme disease to dogs?

A

adults

62
Q

What are the diseases of concern that Deer Ticks transfer?

A

-Lyme Disease
- Anaplasmosis
- Ehrlichiosis
- Babesiosis in humans
- Powassen virus / Deer tick virus
and more

63
Q

T/F: Lyme Disease prevalence is growing in the region.

A

True

64
Q

How do you recognize a female Amblyomma?

A

they have a white dot on posterior margin of scutum

65
Q

General appearance of Amblyomma

A
  • Long mouthpart
  • males: reddish brown with faint white markings
  • Females: trademark white dot on scutum
66
Q

What hosts do the life stages prefer?

A

While all prefer deer, all stages are markedly promiscuous feeders

67
Q

Which sized animals do Amblyomma nymphs and adults typically attach to?

A

small medium sized mammals

68
Q

How long is the Amblyomma life cycle in temperate areas?

A

~2 years

69
Q

Though it varies by location, when are Amblyomma adults typically seen?

A

late winter to June

70
Q

When are Amblyomma larvae seen?

A

late summer and autumn

71
Q

When are Amblyomma nymphs seen?

A

spring and summer

72
Q

What is the general geographical of Amblyomma in the US?

A

previously a more southern distribution, now widely distributed in eastern half of US

73
Q

T/F: We see Lone Star ticks frequently in the Blacksburg area.

A

False

74
Q

What is the general questing habitat of Amblyomma?

A

Woodlands, young second-growth forests, dense underbrush

75
Q

T/F: newly discovered red meat allergies are induced by lone star tick.

A

True

76
Q

T/F: long mouthparts of Amblyomma don’t cause irritation.

A

False, they totes do

77
Q

T/F: Large tick populations can completely exsanguinate fauns because how easy it is as a host.

A

true

78
Q

What are some known diseases to be transferred by Amblyomma?

A
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Rickettsiois
  • Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI)
    Cytauxzoonosis
  • Tularemia
  • Tick paralysis in North America
79
Q

Which of the tick species has a hexagonal basis capitulum

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

80
Q

T/F: Rhipicephalus have no ornamentation.

A

true

81
Q

Which size mouth parts do Rhipicephalus have?

A

shorter

82
Q

What is the preferred host of Rhipicephalus?

A

dogs

83
Q

How long do Rhipicephalus larvae feed?

A

3-7 days

84
Q

how long do Rhipicephalus nymphs feed?

A

4-9 days

85
Q

how long do Rhipicephalus adults feed?

A

6-12 days

86
Q

T/F: males feed and mate only once before dying.

A

False, males feed and mate intermittenly for several weeks to months

87
Q

Where do Rhipicephalus adults mate?

A

on the host

88
Q

What is the general geographical distribution of the Rhipicephalus?

A

the Entire US

89
Q

What is the habitat of Rhipicephalus?

A
  • inside homes and kennels
  • yards/gardens when warm
  • always around dogs
90
Q

Ticks are _____ in temperate areas, and ____ in warmer areas.

A
  • seasonal

- year-round

91
Q

T/F: Rhipicephalus seasonality is obscured by the fact that it can be inside.

A

True

92
Q

What are some disease agents that are transmitted by Rhipicephalus?

A
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Anaplasmosis
  • Babesiosis
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
  • Hepatozoonosis

can cause life-threatening anemia when population progress is unchecked

93
Q

T/F: The cattle tick can transmit Babesia in cattle.

A

True

94
Q

What is the scientific name of the tick that causes babesia in cattle?

A

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus

95
Q

Key points to identifying Ixodes scapularis

A
  • anal groove arches anterior to anus
  • long mouth parts
  • scutum, mouthparts, and legs are black
96
Q

Key points to identifying Amblyomma americanum.

A
  • long mouthparts
  • white spots on female
  • edge of scutum patterned on male
  • scutum, mouthparts, and legs reddish brown
97
Q

key points to identifying Rhipicephalus sanguineus

A
  • short mouthparts
  • flared hexagonal basis capitulum
  • scutum, mouthparts, and legs solid dark brown
98
Q

Key points to identifying Dermacentor variabilis

A
  • short mouthparts
  • “Lacy” patterned scutum on male and female
  • scutum, mouthparts, and legs are reddish brown

VETMED: Dealing With Threats (11 decks)

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