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VETMED: Dealing With Threats > Parasitology: Dipterans > Flashcards

Parasitology: Dipterans Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Dipterans undergo complete metamorphosis.

A

True

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2
Q

What are the life stages of a dipteran?

A

egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult

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3
Q

With some exceptions, adult dipterans have how many pairs and what type of characteristic in their wings?

A
  • 1 pair of membranous wings
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4
Q

Why do we dislike flies?

A
  • can cause fly worry
  • fly bites, leading to decreased production
  • disease transmission
  • parasitism by larval flies (obligate and facultative)
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5
Q 
Musca (filth flies):
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • General hosts
  • nonbiting
  • housefly-like
  • fly worry
  • no preferred site
  • filth!
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6
Q 
Musca autumnalis:
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • cattle
  • nonbiting
  • looks like house fly
  • tearing, FW, transmits Moraxella
  • face, around eyes
  • fresh feces
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7
Q 
Haematobia irritans:
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • cattle and horses
  • biting
  • sit on dorsum, heads pointing down
  • FW, production loss, FBD
  • dorsum, ventrum in hot weather
  • fresh feces
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8
Q 
Stomoxys calcitrans:
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • livestock and others
  • biting
  • house fly-like, mouth parts at right angle to head
  • FW, FBD
  • legs, lower body
  • decaying organic material
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9
Q 
Simulidae (black flies):
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • mammals and birds
  • biting
  • small, black, humpbacked
  • FW, FBD, vector for avian hemprotozoa
  • upper body, thin hair
  • rapidly flowing water
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10
Q 
Culicoides (midges, no-see-ums):
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • mammals and birds
  • biting
  • tiny
  • FW, FBD, transmits EHD, bluetongue
  • thin-haired areas
  • aquatic or semiaquatic
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11
Q 
Tabanids:
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • cattle and horses
  • biting
  • big eyes, deer flies have wing stripes
  • FW, good mechanical vectors
  • FW, FBD, disease vector
  • no preferred site
  • water
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12
Q 
Moquitoes:
Main hosts
biting vs. nonbiting
distinguishing characteristics
importance
preferred sites on animals
locations of immature stages
A
  • all
  • biting
  • proboscis longer than head + thorax
  • FW, FBD, disease vectors
  • no prefered sites
  • water
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13
Q

T/F: Musca domestica and others (filth flies, gnats, and nuisance flies) are parasites.

A

false, they are not parasites

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14
Q

What are the biggest concerns of Musca domestica and similar flies?

A
  • disease vectors

- FW can interfere with normal behavior and production

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15
Q

Where are Musca domestica eggs typically laid?

A

decaying organic material

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16
Q

What is the generation time of the housefly?

A

2 week cycle

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17
Q

What is the common name for Musca autumnalis?

A

face fly

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18
Q

what is the scientific name for the face fly

A

Musca autumnalis

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19
Q

What is the importance of Musca autumnalis?

A
  • cause fly worry
  • irritate mucosa, cause inflammation and tearing
  • *** transmits Bovine pinkeye (mechanical vector of Moraxella bovis)
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20
Q

Musca autumnalis is an important fly of what species?

A

cattle

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21
Q

What do female Musca autumnalis eat?

A

protein-rich secretions (tears, mucus, etc.)

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22
Q

What are some general concerns regarding adult biting flies?

A
  • cause fly worry
  • can transmit disease
  • can cause fly bit dermatitis
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23
Q

What is fly bite dermatitis

A

an allergic reaction to antigens injected during fly bites

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24
Q

What are some examples of biting flies?

A
  • Stomoxys calcitrans
  • Haematobia irritans
  • Simuliidae (black flies)
  • Tabanidae (horse/deer flies)
  • Culicidae (mosquitoes)
  • Culicoides
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25
Q

What is the common name of Stomoxys calcitrans?

A

the stable fly

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26
Q

What is the scientific name of the stable fly?

A

Stomoxys calcitrans

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27
Q

Physical characteristics of Stomoxys calcitrans

A
  • looks like a house fly, but with a proboscis
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28
Q

How often do stable flies visit the host?

A

1-2x per day

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29
Q

T/F: stable fly bites aren’t painful.

A

BULL FUCKING SHIT THEY DON’T

False.

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30
Q

Where do stable flies spend most of their time?

A

in the environment

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31
Q

Where do Stomoxys prefer to bite?

A

legs and flanks

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32
Q

What are some reactions to Stomoxys bites that we can see?

A
  • host stamps foot, livestock bunch together

- lesions on the tips of dog ears

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33
Q

Where do Stomoxys calcitrans lay their eggs?

A

in decaying organic material

love manure mixed with straw

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34
Q

What important issues are caused by Stomoxys calcitrans?

A
  • fly worry

- FBD

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35
Q

T/F: Stomoxys calcitrans are not an important disease vector.

A

true

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36
Q

What is the most important external parasite of cattle?

A

Haematobia irritans (the horn fly)

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37
Q

What is the scientific name of the horn fly?

A

Haematobia irritans

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38
Q

What is the common name of Haematobia irritans

A

the horn fly

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39
Q

General characteristics of Haematobia irritans?

A
  • small flies

- sit on dorsum (ventrum when hot) of cattle and horses (when cattle are nearby)

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40
Q

T/F: Adult H. irritans are resident parasites.

A

true

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41
Q

Where are H. irritans legs laid?

A
  • fresh manure
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42
Q

how often do H. irritans feed on host?

A

up to 20x per day

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43
Q

What are the major issues associated with H. irritans?

A
  • decreased production
  • FW
  • FBD
  • may carry bacteria carrying mastitis
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44
Q

What dipterans belong in family Tabanidae?

A

horse and deer flies

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45
Q

What is the general physical appeance of dipterans from Tabanidae?

A
  • in general, big flies, big eyes, stout body

- deer flies often have striped wings

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46
Q

Where do Tabanids lay their eggs

A

near water

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47
Q

What are the importance of Tabanids in hosts?

A
  • annoyance (very painful bites)

- excellent mechanical vectors of disease

48
Q

T/F: Tabanids have mouth parts with a kind of “knife” that they use to cut the host in order to feed

A

true

49
Q

Why are Tabanids such good mechanical vectors?

A

they move from animal to animal rapidly

50
Q

What flies are typically associated with family Culicidae?

A

mosquitoes

51
Q

General physical appearance of Culicidae

A

small, delicate flies, long mouthparts

52
Q

Where do members of family Culicidae lay their eggs

A

in water (some variation occurs between genera regarding standing vs moving water)

53
Q

What are the important issues regarding family Culicidae?

A
  • FW, FBD

- IMPORTANT disease vector!!!!

54
Q

What kinds of diseases can family members of Culicidae be vectors for?

A
  • heartworms
  • equine encephalitis viruses
  • avian malaria
55
Q

What flies are associated with family Simuliidae?

A

black flies, buffalo gnats

56
Q

What’s a key physical characteristic of a buffalo gnat?

A

the lil hump on its back

57
Q

What are some concerns regarding simuliidae?

A
  • intense fly worry, capable of interrupting feeding, can cause stampedes in large numbers
58
Q

Where do Simuliidae typically lay their eggs?

A

rapidly movign water

59
Q

Where do simuliidae typically bite or cause fly worry?

A

upper body of host

60
Q

Where are Simuliidae more of a problem geographically?

A

the northeast, Canadian plains, and other areas

61
Q

What diseases can Simuliidae be a vector for?

A
  • Avian hemoprotozoa
  • Eastern Equine Enchephalitis
  • vesicular stomatitis
62
Q

What flies are associated with family Culicoides?

A

No-see-ums, midges

63
Q

General physical characteristics of culicoides

A

tiny flies, able to get through screens

64
Q

where would you find Culicoides larvae?

A

moist soil or water

65
Q

Concerns regarding Culicoides

A
  • Fly worry
  • FBD in horses
  • disease transmission
66
Q

Which diseases can Culicoides be vectors?

A
  • bluetongue in ruminants
  • epizootic Hemorrhagic disease in deer
  • some nematodes
67
Q

What are some mechanical methods of fly control for large animals?

A
  • window screens, doors
  • bug zappers (only emotionally satisfying)
  • traps
68
Q

What are some method of fly control in manure?

A
  • get rid of it
  • feed-through pesticides that kill the larvae
  • parasitic (parasitoid) wasps
69
Q

What is a parasitoid wasp?

A

a wasp whose larvae feed on the fly pupa

70
Q

What are some methods of fly control for food animals?

A
  • dust bags, back rubbers
  • ear tags that have insecticide on them
  • pour-ons (pyrethroids, macrolides, most common)
71
Q

What are some methods of fly control for horses?

A
  • repellents, sprays, pour-ons

- masks, fly sheets, screens in barns

72
Q

What is myiasis?

A

Any infection due to the invasion of the tissues or cavities of the body by the larvae of dipterous insects

73
Q

What flies are involved in cutaneous myiasis?

A
  • fly strike

- maggots

74
Q

What flies are involved in internal myiasis?

A
  • grubs
  • warbles
    bots
75
Q

what flies are associated with bot fly family?

A

bot flies

76
Q

What is a representative species of bot flies?

A
  • Gastrophilus spp
  • Cutererbra spp
  • other animals and birds have their own
77
Q

What is common name of Gastrophilus?

A

horse bots

78
Q

what is the common of Cuterebra?

A

rodent bot flies

79
Q

What is fly strike caused by?

A
  • larvae of blow flies (calliporids) and some others

- these are commonly called maggots

80
Q

What are the physical appearance of blow flies?

A
  • metallic green, blue, bronze
81
Q

What flies are associated with family Calliphoridae

A

blow flies, fly strike flies

82
Q

What is the life cycle of flies involved in myiasis?

A
  • eggs are laid in organic material

- the larvae then feed on that necrotic material

83
Q

What are females attracted by when looking for places to lay eggs?

A
  • secretions from wounds, fecal material, etc.

- They’re attracted to the smell of necrosis and putrefaction)

84
Q

What are some clinical signs of fly strike?

A
  • presence of maggots

- animal may be depressed due to toxemia

85
Q

How do you treat fly strike?

A

remove the maggots, maybe place patient on antibiotic after

86
Q

What are some methods of preventing fly strike?

A
  • wound spray in fly season

- castrate, dehorn, etc. before fly season

87
Q

T/F: Fly strike maggots are obligatory parasites.

A

false

female adult couldn’t tell difference between a living and dead animal.

88
Q

T/F: Medical use of maggot in wound healing exists.

A

true

89
Q

What is the scientific name of the screwworm fly

A

Cochliomyia hominovorax

90
Q

What is the common name of Cochliomyia hominovorax?

A

screwworm, screwworm fly

91
Q

What sets screwworm fly strike apart from other fly strikes?

A

It requires living tissue

92
Q

T/F: Screwworm infestations are a reportable disease.

A

true

93
Q

How did the US eradicate screwworms previously?

A

sterile male release program

94
Q

T/F: screwworm outbreak is occurring currently in the Florida Keys

A

true

95
Q

What are the bot fly larvae called?

A

bots, grubs, or warbles

96
Q

T/F: bot fly larvae are obligate internal parasites

A

true

97
Q

When do bot fly larvae pupate?

A

in the environment, after they leave the host

98
Q

T/F: Bot flies are very hairy

A

true

99
Q

Where are Gastrophilus eggs laid?

A

on the face or legs of equids

100
Q

How do Gastrophilus larvae enter the host?

A

they are licked off from the site of egg attachment by the host, and then enter the GI tract

101
Q

Where do Gastrophilus larvae prefer to be?

A

in the stomach

102
Q

how long do Gastrophilus larvae remain in the stomach

A

10-12 months

103
Q

Describe the life cycle of Gastrophilus.

A
  1. Eggs laid on face or legs of equids
  2. eggs hatch move into mouth
  3. migrate in gums and tongue briefly
  4. move to stomach, remain 10-12 months
  5. pass out in manure
  6. pupate on the ground
  7. become adults, then mate, cycle restarts
104
Q

Clinical signs of Gastrophilus

A
  • very few clinical signs
  • not very pathogenic
  • sometimes see mouth lesions or stomach ulceration
105
Q

How does one diagnose Gastrophilus infestation

A

see the flies, eggs on the legs

106
Q

How do you treat for Gastrophilus

A
  • Typically an annual treatment in fall (after the first frost)
  • can use warm water to stimulate egg hatching, then wash the larvae away
  • use bot combs
107
Q

What is the primary host of Cuterebra spp?

A

rodents and rabbits

108
Q

Where are Cuterebra eggs typically laid

A

near burrows or along trails

109
Q

Where do Cuterebra larvae develop on the host?

A

a subcutaneous cyst

110
Q

T/F: Cuterebra spp infections cannot occur in dogs and cats

A

false

they can be infested

111
Q

Where do Cuterebra Larvae pupate

A

they pupate on the ground

112
Q

Where would you find Cuterebra spp on dogs or cats?

A
  • around the head or neck

- looks like a boil (furuncle)

113
Q

Clinical Signs of Cuterebra

A
  • observation of lump
  • may develop a secondary infection
  • occasional cases of abnormal migration, resulting in eye lesions or CNS disease
114
Q

Treatment of Cuterebra

A
  • remove carefully, and use antibiotics as needed for secondary infection prevention
  • DO NOT SQUEEZE IT, ITS NOT A ZIT
115
Q

Which bugs belong to the order Hemiptera?

A

Triatomid bugs, aka Kissing bugs (“true bugs”)

  • Cimex (bed bugs
116
Q

What is the primary concern regarding Triatomids

A

they can transmit the protozoan illness Chagas Disease to humans

117
Q

T/F: if a house is infested with bed bugs, you won’t see bites on pets.

A

false, they’ll definitely be there

VETMED: Dealing With Threats (11 decks)

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