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VETMED: Dealing With Threats > Parasitology: Ectoparasiticides > Flashcards

Parasitology: Ectoparasiticides Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of parasite prevention should pets be on?

A

year round prevention

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2
Q

What is mode of action?

A

How the drug works

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3
Q

What is spectrum of action

A

organism affected (broad spectrum vs. narrow spectrum)

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4
Q

Efficacy

A

how effective the drug is against an organism

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5
Q

how is efficacy usually measured

A

measured in % reduction for parasites that can be counted

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6
Q

What is residual activity

A

length of time a drug maintains efficacy after administration

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7
Q

Which agency regulates drugs given internally?

A

the FDA (approves and regulates them)

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8
Q

Which agency regulates drugs that are given topically, but are absorbed?

A

FDA

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9
Q

Which agency regulates drugs that are given topically, and are meant strictly for external activity only?

A

The EPA

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10
Q

Which agency also looks for environmental impact?

A

The EPA

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11
Q

What does it mean when the FDA or EPA say a product will treat for parasites/pests?

A

you get the assurance that there will be at least a 90% removal of existing burden from parasites

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12
Q

Does FDA use the word control?

A

no, just the EPA

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13
Q

When the EPA says “control,” what are they referring to?

A

that at least 90% of organisms exposed after treatment will be eliminated

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14
Q

When the word prevention is used, is it referring to infection or disease?

A

disease, not infection

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15
Q

What does “repellant” refer to? What is the specified time period?

A

disrupting normal behavior during host-seeking. No specified time period

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16
Q

What are the two primary TYPES of pesticides

A
  • those that kill or repel organisms

- those that interfere with normal growth and development

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17
Q

What does “knock-down” mean?

A

it refers to the rapid action of a pesticide

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18
Q

What does speed of kill refer to?

A

how long a pesticide takes to have its effect

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19
Q

What kind of repellants are there?

A
  • vapor repellents

- contact repellents

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20
Q

what is the difference between vapor and contact repellents?

A

vapor repellents do not require the organism to touch the host. Contact repellents require the parasite to touch the compound

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21
Q

how does a surface-diffusion spot-on/pour-on pesticide work?

A

it spreads out over the animal surface

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22
Q

how does a transcutaneous spot-on/pour-on pesticide work?

A

the pesticide is absorbed and distributed through the blood (ex: Revolution)

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23
Q

What is a synergist?

A

an agent that acts with or enhances the activity of another

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24
Q

are synergists pesticides?

A

no

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25
Q

How do synergists work?

A

they are added to pesticides to slow down the metabolism of the active pesticides

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26
Q

what are two main examples of synergists?

A
  • piperonyl butoxide

- N-octyl bicycloheptene

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27
Q

What do Insect Development Inhibitor compounds affect? What stage does this affect?

A

they affect chitin synthesis. Larval stage

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28
Q

what are two examples of IDIs?

A
  • luferon

- cyromazine

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29
Q

What do Insect Growth Regulators affect?

A

They are Juvenile hormone analogs, and thus affect growth and maturation, preventing the ability of the insect larvae to progress forward in development

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30
Q

What are some examples of IGRs?

A
  • Methoprene

- pyriproxyfen

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31
Q

T/F. Compounds that affect growth and development are often combined with adulticides in topical small animal preparations

A

true

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32
Q

T/F. Oral feed-through pesticides pass through the animal harmlessly and with low toxicity to target the larvae that are eliminated in fecal matter.

A

True

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33
Q

Insect Growth Inhibitors: Examples, formulation, site of action

A

ex: methoprene and pyriproxyfen
formulation: topical
site of action: Juvenile hormone

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34
Q

Insect Development Inhibitors: Examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: lefenuron, cyromazine
Formulation: topical, oral
Site of Action: chitin formation

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35
Q

Isoxazoline: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: afoxolaner, fluralaner
Formulation: oral, topical
Site of Action: synapses (Gaba, glu)

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36
Q

macrocyclic lactones: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: selamectin, eprinomectin
Formulation: topical, oral, injectable
Site of Action: synapses (gaga, glu)

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37
Q

phenylpyrazole: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: fipronil
Formulation: topical
Site of Action: synapses (gaba, glu)

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38
Q

spinosyns: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: spinosad
Formulation: topical, oral
Site of Action: synapses (ach)

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39
Q

organophosphates and carbamates: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: dichlorvos, tetrachlorvinphos, carbaryl
Formulation: topical
Site of Action: synapses (ach)

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40
Q

botanicals: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: pyrethrins
Formulation: topical
Site of Action: ion channels

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41
Q

pyrethroids: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: ends in -thrin (permethrin, cyfluthrin)
Formulation: topical
Site of Action: ion channels

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42
Q

oxidiazenes: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: indoxacarb
Formulation: topical
Site of Action: ion channels

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43
Q

formamidines: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: amitraz
Formulation: topical
Site of Action: monoamine oxidase inhibitor

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44
Q

neonicotinoids: examples, formulation, site of action

A

Ex: imidicloprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran
Formulation: topical
Site of Action: synapses (acetylcholine

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45
Q

Which pesticide groups are used in large animals?

A
  • insect growth regulators
  • insect growth inhibitors
  • macrocyclic lactones
  • organophosphates and carbamates
  • botanicals
  • pyrethroids
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46
Q

T/F: Of the listed pesticide groups in this class, small animals can only use a small number.

A

false, they can use all of them

47
Q

Differentiate between older pesticides and newer pesticides,

A

Older, clunky pesticides:
- less expensive, less specific to arthropods, which leads to a higher risk of toxicity

Newer, cooler pesticides may be:

  • more expensive
  • more specific to arthropods, leading to lower risk of toxicity
48
Q

T/F: natural products are regulated.

A

False; there is no assurance of safety or efficacy, so it is hard to recommend these products

49
Q

T/F: Pyrethrins are commonly used without synergists.

A

false, they are commonly used with synergists

50
Q

Pyrehthrins are what _____ products, and are _____ metabolized by_____

A
  • plant
  • quickly
  • light
51
Q

What is the mode of action of pyrethrins?

A
  • disrupt ion transport in sodium membranes
  • cause convulsions and paralysis of organism
    ( quick knockdown, repellent activity)
52
Q

What is the spectrum of action for pyrethrins?

A

generally insecticidal or acaricidal

53
Q

What are the available methods of application for pyrethrins?

A
  • topical (but it can be licked off)
  • sprays
  • dusts
  • shampoos
  • environmental
54
Q

T/F: Pyrethrins are generally considered safe because it is rapidly metabolized.

A

True

55
Q

What kind of problems can occur if overingestion of pyrethrins occurs?

A

toxicity issues, such as salivation, diarrhea, vomiting, trembling

56
Q

What are Pyrethroids?

A

synthetic, pyrethrin-like compounds that act like roid-raging pyrethrins

57
Q

Which compound is more persistent and potent, pyrethrins or pyrethroids?

A

py…re…THROIDSSSSSSSS

58
Q

what are the general rules and exceptions of pyrethroid identification?

A
  • if it ends in “-thrin,” it’s a pyrethroid

exceptions: fenvalerate and etofenprox

59
Q

Is etofenprox a true pyrethroid?

A

no, its just pyrethroid-like

60
Q

what is the most commonly used pyrethroid?

A

permethrin

61
Q

what are the modes of action for pyrethroids?

A
  • disrupt ion transport in sodium membranes
  • cause convulsions and paralysis of organism
    ( quick knockdown, repellent activity)
62
Q

what are the spectrums of activity for pyrethroids?

A

generally insecticidal or acaricidal

63
Q

why is the risk of toxocity greater in pyrethroids than pyrethrins?

A

pyrethroids are more potent and last longer.

64
Q

What are some dangers about discussing pyrethrins and pyrethroids?

A
  • people mix them up easily, and misgroup them

- people call the pyrethroid the permethrin group

65
Q

What are the modes of administration for pyrethroids?

A

topical (dusts, sprays, shampoos, spot-ons, pour-ons)

66
Q

Why are Organophosphates and carbamates used less widely now?

A

safety issues, such as toxicity

67
Q

What is the mode of action for organophosphates and carbamates?

A
  • they act as acetylcholine inhibitors

- persistent depolarization of membranes => death (sadly, it does this to humans too)

68
Q

What are two carbamate products that still around for small animals?

A
  • Carbaryl and Propoxur
69
Q

Where would you be able to find organophosphates today?

A
  • some large animal pesticides

- possibly some OTC flea collars (but most were removed due to safety concerns)

70
Q

What are some signs of toxicity due to organophosphate/carbamate?

A
  • salivation
  • diarrhea
  • collapse
71
Q

What is/are the spectrum(s) of action for formamidines?

A

primarily ticks and mites (Acaricidal)

72
Q

What is the mode of action for formamidines?

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

73
Q

What are the toxicity concerns of formamidines? What are the clinical signs of toxicity?

A
  • DO NOT USE IN HORSES
  • do not combine with other monoamine oxidase inhibitors (like Anipryl in dogs)
  • signs: lethargy, hypotension, vomiting
74
Q

What is the method of administration for formamidines?

A

topical, not absorbed for activity

75
Q

What is the persistence of formamidines?

A

days

76
Q

T/F: Ivermectin is derived from a natural fungal product that can be found in the soil.

A

True

77
Q

What is another name for the macrocyclic lactones?

A
  • macrolides

- endectocides

78
Q

Why are macrocyclic lactones also called endectocides?

A

macrocyclic lactones are effective against both internal and external parasites

79
Q

what are the two subgroups of macrocyclic lactones?

A

avermectins and milbemycins

80
Q

What are some examples of avermectins?

A
  • ivermectin
  • doramectin
  • eprinomectin
  • selamectin
81
Q

What are some examples of milbemycins?

A
  • milbemycin

- moxidectin

82
Q

What is the mode of action for macrolides?

A
  • bind to glutamate gated chloride channels, leading to hyperpolarization of nerves and muscles
  • can also affect parasite reproduction
83
Q

Do macrocyclic lactones have any residual effects against parasites?

A

yes, it depends on the product’s formulation and how lipophilic the drug is

84
Q

Macrocyclic lactone spectrum of action?

A
  • insectidcidal and acaricidal, depending on the drug, the formulation, and the parasite
85
Q

macrocyclic lactone modes of administration

A
  • oral
    -spot-ons
  • injections
    feed additives
86
Q

What are some examples of neonicotinoids?

A
  • imidacloprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran
87
Q

What is the mode of action for neonicotinoids?

A

binds to acetylcholine receptors in insects

88
Q

What is the spectrum of action for neonicotinoids?

A

insects mostly on animals and plants

89
Q

What is the method of administration for neonicotinoids?

A

topical mostly

90
Q

What is the biggest concern regard the use of neonicotinoids?

A

it affects honeybees

91
Q

How many Spinosyns are in use and what are they?

A
  • only one

- spinosad

92
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for spinosyns?

A

insects

93
Q

What is the mode of action for spinosyns?

A

similar to neonicotinoids in that they bind to acetylcholine receptors, but they bind to a different location

94
Q

What are spinosyns used for in small animals?

A

flea treatments

95
Q

Are spinosyns large or small molecules?

A

large, kind of look like microcyclic lactones

96
Q

What are the modes of administration for spinosyns?

A

oral and topical

97
Q

How many phenylpyrazoles are in use and what are they?

A

only one

  • fipronil
  • its in Frontline
98
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for phenylpyrazoles?

A

insecticide and acaricide

99
Q

What is the mode of action for phenylpyrazoles?

A

they bind to GABA reeptors

100
Q

What are the toxicity concerns for phenylpyrazoles?

A
  • doesn’t seem to bind to mammalian receptors, but DO NOT use them in rabbits or fish
101
Q

What are the modes of administration for phenylpyrazoles?

A

topical, no absorption. It’s lipophilic, released from hair follicles and sebaceous glands

102
Q

What are some examples of Isoxazolines?

A
  • afoxolaner
  • fluralaner
  • sarolaner
103
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for Isoxazolines?

A

insecticidal and acaricidal

104
Q

What is the mode of action for Isoxazolines?

A

they bind to GABA receptors, and are specific to arthropods

105
Q

What are the modes of administration for Isoxazoline?

A

oral, and now topical

106
Q

What does “eat to kill” mean?

A

it means that the parasite must bite the host to be affected by the parasiticide. Drugs like Nexgard use this method.

107
Q

What are some concerns regarding “eat to kill?”

A

some are worried that the initial bite may still cause issues in the host

108
Q

T/F: Isoxazolines can be used in large and small animals.

A

False. It is currently only used in small animals

109
Q

What is lime sulfur used for in small animals?

A

its used to treat mite infestations

110
Q

Is there a DEET for animals?

A

nope, only plants

111
Q

What are some examples of inert inorganic pesticides?

A
  • boric acid

- diatomaceous eart

112
Q

How are inert inorganic pesticides used?

A

they’re used in the environment to desiccate organisms (primarily larval stages)

113
Q

Where does DDT fit in?

A

chlorinated hydrocarbons (aka organochlorines aka DDT) is no longer available in the US. It is still used internationally.

114
Q

What are some examples of DDT?

A

lindane
dieldrin
aldrin
methoxychlor

VETMED: Dealing With Threats (11 decks)

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