Parasitology Flashcards
Deals with organisms that take up their abodes, on or within other living organisms for procuring food
Parasitology
Concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism to another
Parasitology
Causes Infection
Endoparasite
Causes infestation
Ectoparasite
Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat
Erratic parasite
Abberant parasite, wandering parasite
Erratic parasite
Examples of ectoparasites
- Sarcoptes scabiei “itch mite”
- Pediculus humanus capitis and corporis “Dog and cat hookworm”
- Pthirus pubis “pubic lice”
One that remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life
Permanent parasite
One that lives on the host only for a short period of time (mosquito and bedbug)
Temporary parasite
Also known as Intermittent parasite
Temporary parasite
“Coprozoic”
Spurious parasite
Free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
Spurious parasite
Parasite that causes injury to the host
Pathogenic parasite
Parasite that does not cause injury to the host
Non-pathogenic or commensal
Requires a host to live
Obligate
Has a free-living state; can also live inside the host
Facultative
Thrives in a host that is not its usual host
Accidental/Incidental
Requires only 1 host to complete life cycle
Monoxenous
Requires more than 1 host to complete life cycle
Heteroxenous
Harbors the adult and or the sexual stage of the parasite
Definitive host
Harbors the larva and or the asexual stage of the parasite
Intermediate
Harbors the parasite that does not undergo any development, remains alive, and is able to infect another susceptible host
Paratenic or Phoretic or Transport host
Living together of two unlike organisms.
May also involve protection, nourishment, and shelter to one or both organisms
Symbiosis
Eating at the same table
Commensalism
Both are benefitting
Mutualism
One benefitting, other is harmed
Parasitism
Required in the development of the parasite
Biological vector
For transport only
Mechanical or Phoretic or Transport or Harborage vector
thread-like, long whip-like structure
Flagella
false-feet
Pseudopodia
flexible sheet of material that joins the flagella to the surface of the cell
Undulating membrane
consist of polar rings, subpellicular tubules, conoid, rhoptries and micronemes;
for penetration and invasion of target cell
apical complex
Only pathogenic intestinal amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica
PC: fine, uniform, beaded appearance
K: central, small
“Bull’s eye appearance”
Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
Appearance of the cytoplasm of E. histolytica
Ground glass (clean-looking)
small race E. histolytica
E. hartmanni
Largest amoeba
E. coli
Cytoplasm of E. coli
Coarsely granular, vacuolated (dirty-looking)
“Smallest intestinal protozoan”
“Dwarf intestinal slug”
Endolimax nana
blot-like karyosome
Endolimax nana
Karyosome is large, central surrounded by refractile achromatic granules
Iodamoeba butschlii
chromatoidal bodies of E. histolytica/dispar
Blunt with rounded ends (cigar-shaped, sausage -shaped, rod-like)
Chromatoidal bodies of E. hartmanii
Elongated bar with blunt rounded ends (bar-like, rice grain)
Chromatoidal bars of Entamoeba coli
with pointed ends (splinter-like, broomstick, jagged ends)
N: Cross-eyed cyst, “button hole”
Endolimax nana
Nucleus is basket-shaped, “basket of flowers”
Iodamoeba butschlii
Swine amoeba, cyst is uninucleated, in pigs and monkeys
Entamoeba polecki
Pathogenic amoeba of humans, Capable of erythrophagocytosis
Entamoeba histolytica
infective stage of E. histolytica
Cyst
Diagnostic stage of E. histolytica
Formed stool: cyst
Water stool: trophozoite
Extraintestinal: trophozoite
Mode of transmission of E. histolytica
Fecal-oral, sexual
Ulcer made by E. histolytica
Flask-shaped
Hepatic amoebiasis (reddish brown or ___)
anchovy sauce abscess
Gold standard in the diagnosis of E. histolytica
Concentration technique
Culture media used in the diagnosis of E. histolytica
Boeck/ Drbohlav’s biphasic medium
Locke’s egg medium
Shaffer Ryden Frye medium
Balamuth’s medium
Robinson and Inokii
Stains used in the diagnosis of E. histolytica
Lugol’s iodine (cyst)
Quensel’s methylene blue (trophozoite)
Sucker-like structures for phagocytosis in culture forms of Naegleria fowleri
Amoebastomes
Infective and diagnostic stage of N. fowleri
Trophozoite
POE and MOT is the nasal mucous membrane, through swimming in brackish or fresh water (rarely in swimming pools and inhalation of cyst from the dust)
Naegleria fowleri
Disease caused by N. fowleri
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Stain used in the diagnosis of N. fowleri
Acridine orange
culture media used in the diagnosis of N. fowleri
Bacteria seeded agar (Gram-negative bacilli) –> trailing effect
CBC results of px with N. fowleri
Increased WBC - neutrophilia
CSF analysis (N. fowleri)
Increased PMNs, proteins
Decreased glucose
growth of this parasite is inhibited by 0.2% NaCl and Kcl
N. fowleri
Naegleria spp that is still viable after lyophilization for 6 months
Naegleria gruberi
Acanthamoeba spp has spinelike pseudopods called
acanthopodia
Infective and diagnostic stage of Acanthamoeba spp
Trophozoite
POE and MOT of Acanthamoeba spp
Eyes (infecting contact lenses)
Motility of Acanthamoeba spp
Sluggish, polydirectional motility
disease caused by Acanthamoeba spp
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
diseased caused by Acanthamoeba spp in immunocompetent hosts
Corneal ulcer/keratitis
stain used in corneal scrapings from Acanthamoeba infected areas
Calcafluor white stain
culture used in the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba spp
PYGC
Bacteria seeded agar (E. coli)
Technique of choice for the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba spp
Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody
formerly classified as yeast; now a protozoan
Blastocystis hominis
form of B. hominis that causes diarrhea
Vacuolated form
Culture media used in the diagnosis of B. hoinis
Boeck/Drbohlav’s
Nelson and Jones
Optimal growth of B. hominis using Nelson and Jones culture medium
37C in the presence of bacteria
motility of G. lamblia
Falling leaf
“Old man with eyeglasses”
“Monkey face”
G. lamblia
Has VSP (Variant Specific Surface Proteins)
resistant to intestinal proteases
G. lamblia
Cytoplasm of G. lamblia is often retrated from cyst wall (especially seen in ____)
“Halo effect”
Formalinized specimen
Gay bowel syndrome
Leningrad’s curse (traveler’s diarrhea)
Backpacker’s diarrhea
Beaver fever
Giardia lamblia
Diagnosis of G. lamblia
Enterotest (String test)
Transmission of G. lamblia
Fecal-oral, sexual
Most sensitive and most specific diagnostic test for G. lamblia
Direct Fluorescent Antibody
virulence factor of G. lamblia
Sucking disc
leads to malabsorption diarrhea –> steatorrhea
G. lamblia
Prominent cytosome
Shepherd’s crook
Spiral groove
Rotary motility
Chilomastix mesnili
Cyst: Lemon-shaped with anterior, hyaline knob (nipple-like)
C. mesnili
amoeboid, “stellate” appearance
Dientamoeba fragilis
explosive disintegration in water
seen in D. fragilis
Hakansson phenomenon
Granules of D. fragilis demonstrates
Brownian movement
Concomitant with pinworm infection
D. fragilis
Diagnostic stage of D. fragilis
Binucleate trophozoite
undulating membrane extends entire length of the body
Pentatrichomonas hominis
Characteristic wobbly movement
Pentatrichomonas hominis
undulating membrane extends 1/2 length of the body
Rapid, jerky motility
Siderophil granules
Trichomonas vaginalis
Cause of strawberry cervix, pingpong infection
T. vaginalis
Undulating membrane extends 2/3 length of the body
Trichomonas tenax
Developmental stages of Blood flagellates
Amastigote
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
Source or habitat of L. tropica, L. major, and L. mexicana
Cutaneous
Tissue juice
Vector of Leishmania spp
Phlebotomus
Disease caused by L. tropica complex
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Source of L. braziliensis
Mucocutaneous
Source of L. donovani complex
Visceral blood
DS stage of Leishmania spp
Amastigote
Infective stage of Leishmania spp
Promastigote
Culture used in the diagnosis of Leishmania spp
Novy-Macneal-Nicolle medium
Leishmanin skin test
Montenegro skin test
Aldehyde test of Napier (formol gel test)
Leishmania spp
Result of Aldehyde test of Napier for Visceral Leishmaniasis
(+: jellification), negative for others
Antimony test of Chopra
Leishmania spp
Result of Antimony test of Chopra in CL
(+: flocculence)
neg for others
Vector for Trypanosoma spp
TseTse fly
Vector of Leishmania spp
Phlebotomus (sandflies)
Game-attacking
Glossina spp
Tsetse flies
T. brucei rhodesiense
Acute African or East African Trypanosomiasis
T. brucei rhodesiense
Other name of Sleeping sickness
Nagana’s Disease
RIverine Glossina spp
Tsetse flies
T. brucei gambiense
Chronic African or West African Trypnosomiasis
T. brucei gambiense
Causes “Winterbottom’s sign”
Trypanosoma spp
Causes “Kerandel’s Sign”
CNS involvement
Trypanosoma spp
DS of Trypanosoma spp
Trypomastigote
IS of Trypanosoma spp
Metacyclic Trypopmastigote
Anterior Station Development
Trypanosoma spp
C-shaped Trypomastigote
T. cruzi
Reduvid bug
Cone-nosed bugs
Kissing bugs
Assasin bug
Triatoma infestans
Pastrongylus megistus
Rhodnius prolixus
T. cruzi
vector of T. cruzi seen in the Philippines
Triatoma rubrofasciata
South American Trypanosomiasis
Chagas disease
T. cruzi
Causes chronic disease: affects heart; may also cause achalasia and megacolon
T. cruzi
Manifestation of infection cause by T. cruzi
Chagoma
Romana’s sign: swelling of the eyelids
T. cruzi
DS of T. cruzi
Trypomastigote (blood)
Amastigote (tissue)
IS of T. cruzi
Metacyclic Trypomastigote
Culture used in the diagnosis of T. cruzi
Chang’s medium
Novy-Macneal-Nicolle medium
Xenodiagnosis of T. cruzi
Triatomid Bugs
causes Posterior station development: stercorarian
T. cruzi
Largest protozoan parasite of humans
Balantidium coli
Reservoir of Balantidium coli
pigs
part of B. coli for locomotory, rotary motiion
Cilia
Part of B. coli for osmoregulation
Contractile vacuoles
Food vacuole of B. coli
Cystostome
Motility of B. coli
Rolling ball or Thrown Ball (rotary motility)
Disease caused by B. coli
Balantidiasis
Ulcer formed by B. coi
Wide neck and rounded base
does B. coli produces extraintestinal infection
NO
Diagnosis of B. coli
Microscopy or biopsy
actively dividing form by mutiple fission
Schizont
daughter cell from schizont
Merozoite
fusion of macrogamete and microgamete
Syngamy
product of syngamy
zygote
Intermediate host of Plasmodium spp
Man
vector of Plasmodium spp
Female anopheles mosquito
malignant tertian malaria
Blackwater fever
P. falciparum
Benign tertian malaria
P. vivax
Quartan malaria
P. malariae
Tertian malaria
P. ovale
Quotidian malaria
P. knowlesi
Relapse: recrudescence
P. falciparum, malariae, knowlesi
Relapse: true relapse
P. vivax, P. ovale
Infect RBCs in all ages
P. falciparum, knowlesi
Infect young RBC
P. vivax, P. ovale (ragged edges)
Infect old/senescent RBCs
P. malariae
Inclusion in P. falciparim
Maurer’s
Inclusion in vivax
Schuffner’s
Inclusion in malariae
Ziemann’s
Inclusion in ovalue
James/Schuffner’s
Inclusion in knowlesi
Stinton and Mulligan’s
Ring form: delicate, small ring with 2 chromatin dots; applique forms present
P. falciparum
RIng form: 1/3 of cell diameter, heavy chromatin dot
P. vivax
RIng form: 1/8 cell diameter, smaller than P. vivax; heavy chromatin dot
P. malariae
Ring form: larger and more amoeboid than P. vivax
P. ovale
Ring form: resembles falciparum applique, 2 chromatin dots
P. knowlesi
Trophozoite: not seen in PB
falciparum
Trophozoite: amoeboid form
vivax
Trophozoite: band shape
malariae, knowlesi
Trophozoite: ring shape
ovale
Schizonts: not seen in PB
falciparum
Schizonts: fills entire RBC
vivax
Schizonts: rosette or daisy head
malariae
Schizonts: rosette or irregular cluster
ovale
Schizonts: fills the RBC, pigments collect into one/few mass
knowlesi
gametocytes: crescent or sausage-shaped
falciparum
stages of falciparum seen in PB
ring forms, few gametocytes
stages of vivax seen in PB
all stages
stages of malariae seen in PB
few ring forms, mostly mature trophozoites and schizons
stages of ovale seen in PB
all stages
stages of knowlesi seen in PB
ring and mature schizonts not observed in all infections
occurrence of erythrocytic cycle in tertian malaria
every 48 hours
occurrence of erythrocytic cycle in quartan malaria
every 72 hours
occurrence of erythrocytic cycle in quotidian malaria
every 24 hours
reappearance of symptoms after a period when organisms were absent in blood; reactivation of Hypnozoites
True relapse
from clinically undetectable parasites and without symptoms–> renewed symptoms, increase number of parasites to clinically detectable
Recrudescence
interval of time from sporozoite injection to detection of parasites in blood
Prepatent period
prepatent period of falciparum
11-14 days
prepatent period of vivax
11-15 dayse
prepatent period of ovale
14-26 days
prepatent period of malariae
3-4 weeks
average prepatent period of plasmodium spp
2-4 weeks
incubation period of plasmodium spp
8 - 40 days
resistance to P. vivax
Fy (a-b-)
Resistance to P. falciparum
Sickle cell trait, sickle cell anemia, G6PD deficiency
transportaion of blood collected from suspected malaria px
within 2 hours at room temp
gold standard in diagnosing malaria
Thick and thin smear
stain used in thick and thin smear
Giemsa stain
most preferred sample used in thick and thin smear
capillary blood
OIF to finish in thick smear
100 OIF
OIF to finish in thin smear
200 - 300 OIF
purpose of the thick smear
for rapid detection
purpose of thin smear
for ID
rapid detection test only by P. falciparum
Histidine rich protein 2
rapid detection test for all malarial parasites
Parasite lactate dehydrogenaase
Plasmodium aldolase
Detects HRP-2
Parasight F
detects both HRP-2 and pLDH
OptiMAL test
detects HRP 2 and plasmodium aldolase
ICT malaria P.f/P.v
resembles P. falciparum ring forms, but no malarial pigments
Babesia microti
definitive host of Babesia microti
Ixodid ticks
Intermediate host of Babesia microti
Man
causative agent of Red water fever in cattles
Babesia bigemina
the only heteroxenous intestinal coccidia
Sacrocystic spp
MOT of intestinal coccidia
Fecal-oral through food, water, meat
Habitat of intestinal coccidia
small intestine
Intestinal coccidia invade __ causing malabsorption and diarrhea
enterocytes
causes isosporiasis - diarrhea in immunocompromised person
Isospora belli
Diagnosis of I. belli
Mod. Kinyoun Stain/ Auramine-rhodamine
Enterotest
Sugar-floatation technique
water-born parasite causing Gay bowel syndrome, pulmonary sporidiosis
Cryptosporidium parvum
cyano-bacterium like body
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Diagnosis of Cyclospora cayetanensis
Autofluorescent
causes diarrhea in immunocompromised host
Sarcocystis hominis and lindemanni
Ingestion of ___ of T. gondii in meat of other animals causes the disease
zoitocyst
stage of T. gondii that is transferred via blood transfusion
Tachyzoites
stage of T. gondii that can be transferred via organ transplantation
zoitocyst, tachyzoite, and bradyzoite
stage of T. gondii transferred from mother to fetus
tachyzoites
disease caused by T. gondii
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Sabin’s tetrad
Retinochoroiditis
Cerebral calcification
Hydrocephalus or microencephalus
Seizures
DS of T. gondii
Tachyzoites (blood)
Zoitocyst (tissue)
Detects the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies
Sabin-Feldman dye test
Positive result of Sabin-Feldman dye test
Toxoplasma trophozoites are NOT stained
elongated, bilaterally symmetrical, cylindrical, unsegmented
Nematodes
Whip worm
Trichuris trichiura
esophagus resembles string of beads
Stichocytes
Lemon-shaped, barrel-shaped, Japanese lantern with bipolar hyaline plugs
Trichuris trichiura
IS of T. trichiura
Embryonated egg
DS of T. trichiura
unembryonated egg
habitat of T. trichiura
large intestine
may cause microcytic anemia, rectal prolapse , appendicitis
T. trichiura
Soil transmitted
Coinfection with Ascaris lumbricoides
T. trichiura
Pudoc worm
Capillaria philippinensis
Peanut-shaped, guitar-shaped with flattened bipolar plugs
Capillaria philippinensis
IS of Capillaria philippinensis
Larva in fish
DS of C. philippinensis
Unembryonated egg
IH of C. philippinensis
fish
Pudoc or mystery disease - intestinal capilariasis
C. philippinensis
SS of Pudoc disease
Borborygmus, intestinal malabsorption
autoinfection is common in this parasite under Class adenophorea
C. philippinensis
Liver worm
Capillaria hepatica
Lemon-shaped; outer shell: pitted like a golf ball appearance
Capillaria hepatica
IS of C. hepatica
embryonated egg
DS of C. hepatica
egg in liver biopsy
Causes hepatic capillariasis
C. hepatica
Trichina worm
Trichinella spiralis
Anterior is slender with a small orbicular nonpilated mouth
Posteriori end is bluntly rounded in the femal and ventrally curved with two lobar caudal appendages in male
Trichinella spiralis
Larva: spear-like tip
T. spirallis
IS of T. spirallis
encysted larva
DS of T. spiralis
encysted larva in muscles
Diagnosis is by the use of Beck’s xenodiagnosis using albino rats
and Bachman intradermal test
T. spiralis
Giant intestinal roundworm;
largest intestinal nematode
Ascaris lumbricoides
adult stage has trilobate lips
A. lumbricoides
Nonpermeable, lipodal, vitelline membrane of fertilized egg of A. lumbricoides
Inner
Thick, transparent, glycogen membrane of the fertilized egg of A. lumbricoides
Middle layer
Coarsely mamilated albuminous layer of the fertilized egg of A. lumbricoides
Outer layer
layer absent in the unfertilized egg of A. lumbricoides
Glycogen membrane (middle)
No outer albuminous layer of the egg of A. lumbricoides
Decorticated
IS of A. lumbricoides
Embryonated egg
DS of A. lumbricoides
unembryonated egg
Habitat of A. lumbricoides
Small intestine
Capable of heart-to-lung migration
Ascaris lumbricoides
Loeffler’s syndrome is present
Ascariasis
Pot belly (bollus); appendicitis, billary ascariasis, cognitive and growth impairment of children
Sandbox infection
Pinworm, seatworm
Enterobius vermicularis
old name of Enterobius vermicularis
Oxyuris vermicularis
2 distinctive features of Enterobius vermicularis
Cephalic alae
Esophageal bulb
D-shape, persimmon seed-like
Enterobius vermicularis
IS of E. vermicularis
embryonated egg
DS of E. vermicularis
embryonated egg
Males dies after copulation;
can cause autoinfection
E. vermicularis
Method used to diagnose E. vermicularis
Graham’s scotch tape method
Dog ascaria, dog roundworm
Toxocara canis
adult stage has a bow cervical alae
T. canis
Resemble those of Ascaris but larger, less elongate with thinner shell and albuminoid outer covering
Toxocara canis
IS of T. canis/cati
embryonated egg
DS of T. canis/cati
larva (affected tissue)
2 infections caused by Toxocara spp
Visceral larva migrans
Ocular larva migrans
Cat ascaria, cat roundworm
Toxocara cati
adult stage has an arrowhead cervical alae
Toxocara cati
Giant kidney worm
Dioctophyma renale
Adult stage is cylindrical, blood-red, bell-shaped bursa with spicule
Dioctophyma renale
Egg: barrel-shaped, thick, pitted shell
Dioctophyma renale
IH of Dioctophyma renale
earthworms
PAratenic host of Dioctophyma renale
fish and frogs
Incidental host of Dioctophyma renale
Man
New world hookworm
Necator americanus
Adult stage has a sharply bent head forming a definite hook shape at anterior end
Necator americanus
1 pair of semilunar cutting plates
1 median tooth
Necator americanus
Copulatory bursa:
Longer than broad
Dorsal rays - deep cleft and tips bipartite
2 spicules - fused and barbed
Necator americanus
IS of Necator americanus
Filariform larva
DS of Necator americanus
unembryonated egg
Habitat of Necator americanus
small intestine
Hookworm spp capable of heart-to-lung migration
N. americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
MOT of N. americanus
skin penetration
Ground itch, dew itch, Coolie itch
Larval penetration of N. americanus
Pneumonitis + eosinophila
Loeffler’s syndrome
Category of anemia caused by N. americanus
Microcytic, hypochromic
Diagnostic tests for Hookworm spp
DFS
Kato-Katz method
Coproculture - Baermann technique
Harada-Mori technique
Old world Hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale
Pinkish/Grayish white, slightly bent head
Female is somewhat longer and stoutier
Ancylostoma spp
2 ventral pairs of fused teeth
Ancylostoma duodenale
SHort and broad copulatory bursa
Dorsal rays - shallow cleft and tips tripartite
2 spicules - unfused and not barbed
Ancylostoma duodenale
due to ingestion of larva: nausea, vomiting, pharyngeal irritation, cough, dyspnea
Wakana Syndrome
MOT of A. duodenale
Skin penetration, ingestion of larva
Dog hookworm
Ancylostoma caninum
Cat hookworm
Ancylostoma braziliense
3 ventral pairs of fused teeth
Ancylostoma caninum
2 ventral pairs of unfused teeth
Ancylostoma braziliense
Large, flame-shaped copulatory bursa
Rays- long and slender
Ancylostoma caninum
As broad as long copulatory bursa
Rays-stunted
Ancylostoma braziliense
Forms serpiginous tunnels = creeping eruptions
Cutaneous larva migrans
Ancylostoma caninum and A. braziliense
Threadworm
Strongyloides stercoralis
only female adult lives
Parasitic existence
Parthenogenetic parasite: parasite is able to produce a row of offspring without fertilization by the male adult
Strongyloides stercoralis
IS of S. stercoralis
Filariform larva
DS of S. stercoralis
Rhabditiform larva
Dermatitis, ground/dew/Coolie itch
Larval penetration of S. stercoralis
Mucoid diarrhea, Cochin-china diarrhea/Vietname diarrhea
Adult worm of S. stercoralis
technique that uses test tube to diagnose S. stercoralis, Strongyloides move upwards
Harada-Mori technique
Larva harvesting procedure uses a funnel
Coproculture- Baermann Technique
Hookworm: Long buccal cavity
Small genital primordium
Rhabtidiform larvae
Hookworm: Short esophagus
Pointed tail
Filariform larvae
Strongyloides: Short buccal cavity
Promient genital primordium
Rhabditiform larvae
Strongyloides: Long esophagus
Notched tail
Filariform larvae
Bancroft’s filaria
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugian/Malarian filaria
Brugia malayi
African eye worm
Loa loa
Convoluted filaria
Blinding worm
Onchocerca volvulus
Filarial parasites that inhabits the lymphatics
W. bancrofti and B. malayi
Filarial parasites that inhabit the subcutaneous tissue
Loa loa and Onchocerca volvulus
Filarial parasite that inhabits the mesenteries
Mansonella perstans
Vector of W. bancrofti
Anopheles, Cules, Aedes
Vector of B. malayi
Mansonia
Vector of Loa loa
Mando/Deer/Tabanid fly (Chrysops)
Vector of Onchocerca volvulus
Black fly/Buffalo gnat (Simulium damnosum)
Vector of Mansonella spp
Biting midges (Culicoides)
Disease: Elephantiasis (lower) with chyocoele/hydrocoele and chyluria
W. bancrofti
Tropical Pulmonary eosinophilia
W. bancrofti
Disease: Elphantiasis (upper) without chyluria
B. malayi
Causes immunosuppression by inducing apoptosis of CD4+ cells
B. malayi
Causes calabar/fugitive swelling
Loa loa
Causes blinding filariasis, River blindness, onchocercomata, Hanging groin, Leopard skin
Onchocerca volvulus
Causes calabar-like swelling, Kampala, Ugandan Eye worm
Mansonella perstans
Causes pruritic dermatitis
Mansonella streptocerca
Mosquito seen in urban and suburban areas
Culex
Mosquito endemic in Pacific
Aedes
Mosquito seen in rural areas
Anopheles
IS of Filarial parasites
Larva (L3s)
DS of filarial parasites
Microfilaria
Graceful appearance
W. bancrofti
Kinky appearance
B. malayi
Bent in Shepherd’s crook, walking stick
Mansonella streptocerca
Guinea worm
Serpent worm
Dragon worm
Medina worm
Fiery serpent of Israelites
Dracunculus medinensis
Adult male: Catgut thread
D. medinensis
IS of D. medinensis
Larva
DS of D. medinensis
Worm, larva
MOT of D. medinensis
Ingestion of larva inside copepods
IH of D. medinensis
Cyclops (copepods, “water fleas”)
Rust-colored, cephalic bulb with four rows of hooks (roundworm)
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Disease: Gnasthostomiasis, visceral and cutaneous larva migrans-like syndrome, CNS involvement (eosinophilic myeloencephalitis)
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Dog heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis
Pathogenesis: solitary, peripheral nodules in the lung (coin lesions), subcutaneous nodules
Dirofilaria immitis
Rat lung worm
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
THe uterine tubules of female worm of Angiostrongylus cantonensis has __ appearance
Barber’s pole
Disease: Larva invades the eye and CNS eosinophilic myeloencephalitis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Herring’s worm
Anisakis
DH of Anisakis
Whales and Dolphins
Acquired through ingestion of raw fish infected with larva like sashimi
Anisakis
Pathogenesis: Granulomatous abscess of the gastric and intestinal mucosa
Anisakis
