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Bacteriology part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

-Found in domesticated animals
-Often transmitted through contaminated pork, water or milk
-Causes bloody diarrhea, manifests with fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
-Can cause inflammation around appendix or in mesenteric lymph node
-May mimic Crohn’s disease or appendicitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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2
Q

-Cause of bubonic plague (“black death”)
-Humans get disease from rat flea bites Xenopsylla cheopsis

A

Yersinia pestis

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3
Q

-Chief reservoirs are reptiles and freshwater fish
-Infections often involve aquatic environments
-H2S (+)
-Indole (+), differential from Salmonella

A

Edwardsiella tarda

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4
Q

-Only oxidase (+) Enterobacteriaceae
-Pleomorphic Gram negative rods in singles, pairs, short chains, or long filaments
-Grows on SBA, CHOC. Most grow on MAC, appear as NLF. Does not grow on TCBS
-Biochemical and antigenic similarities to Shigella
-Oxidase (+)
-Motile

A

Plesiomonas shigelloides

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5
Q

-Most common non-fermenter
-GN, motile rods with single polar flagella
-Beta hemolytic, obligate aerobe , producing sweet or grape-like or corn taco-like odor
-Oxidizes glucose
-Citrate (+)
-Oxidase (+)
-Catalase (+)

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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6
Q

Nonfluorescing bluish pigment

A

Pyocyanin

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7
Q

Fluorescent yellow pigment

A

Fluorescein

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8
Q

Fluorescent green pigment

A

Pyoverdin

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9
Q

Dark red pigment

A

Pyorubin

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10
Q

Black pigment

A

Pyomelanin

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11
Q

Transmission is via water aerosols, raw vegetables, flowers

A

P. aeruginosa

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12
Q

-Often found in nosocomial infections
-Infections in burn sites, wounds, urinary tract particularly in immunocompromised patients
-gives rise to blue-green pus

A

P. aeruginosa

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13
Q

Causes meningitis when introduced by lumbar puncture during a neurosurgical procedure

A

P. aeruginosa

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14
Q

Causes chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients (an exopolysaccharide, alginate, is responsible for the mucoid colonies seen in cultures from these patients)

A

P. aeruginosa

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15
Q

-Causes mild otitis externa in swimmers (“swimmer’s ear”)

A

P. aeruginosa

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16
Q

Causes eye infection after surgery or surgical procedures

A

P. aeruginosa

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17
Q

Causes fatal sepsis in infants or debilitated persons.

A

P. aeruginosa

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18
Q

-Lesions seen in P. aeruginosa that causes fatal sepsis in infants or debilitated persons;
-hemorrhagic necrosis of the skin
-Often do not contain pus

A

Ecthyma gangrenosum

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19
Q

Causes a form of folliculitis associated with poorly chlorinated hot tubs and swimming pools

A

P. aeruginosa

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20
Q

Causes osteomyelitis in IV drug users

A

P. aeruginosa

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21
Q

Can cause fever or shock in P. aeruginosa patients

A

Endotoxin (LPS)

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22
Q

Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2), necessary for protein synthesis

A

Exotoxin A

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23
Q

-Gram negative rod similar to Pseudomonas
-patients to cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease
-catalase (+)
-Oxidase (+)
-Lysine decarboxylase (+)

A

Burkholderia cepacia complex

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24
Q

-Small, non-motile, non pigmented gram negative rods
-Causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys (glander’s disease)
-Inhalation of organism may lead to pneumonia

A

Burkholderia mallei

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25
Q

-Small, motile, gram-negative bacillus
-Acquired by inhalation, ingestion or contamination of abraded skin
-Most commonly causes pulmonary infection, which may present as tuberculosis
-Agent of meliodosis (Whitmore’s disease aka Vietnamese time bomb”) acquired by contamination of skin abrasions and possibly by ingestion or inhalation

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

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26
Q

-Bipolar “safety pin” staining on Methylene blue/ Wright’s stain
-Aerobic, grows on standard bacteriologic media at 42 deg C
-Oxidase (+)
-Oxidizes glucose, lactose, and a variety of other carbohydrates

A

B. pseudomallei

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27
Q

Formerly known as Pseudomonas maltophilia, Xanthomonas maltophilia
-Free living gram negative rod that is widely distributed in the environment
-Lavender-green or gray colonies on blood agar
-Oxidase (-)
-DNAse (+)
-LDC and oxidation of glucose and maltose (hence the name)

A

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

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28
Q

-Aerobic, gram negative bacteria widely distributed in soil and water
-usually coccobacillary or coccal in appearance
-commensals but occassionally cause nosocomial infection
-grows well on most types of media
-nonhemolytic
-catalase (+)
-may be mistaken for Neisseria
-oxidase (+)
-often multidrug resistant

A

Acinetobacter baumanii

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29
Q

-easily confused with N. gonorrhoeae
-does not ferment glucose and grows on nutrient agar
-oxidase (+)
-nonmotile

A

Moraxella osloensis

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30
Q

-isolated in soil and water, including moist hospital environments
-transmission: contaminated medical devices and solutions
-oxidase (+)
-non lactose fermenting
-motile rods with peritrichous flagella
-feather-edged colonies surrounded by a zone of greenish discoloration on BAP
-Odor: Fruity odor resembling apples or strawberries

A

Alcaligenes fecalis

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31
Q

Pfeiffer’s bacillus

A

H. influenzae

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32
Q

most common cause of meningitis in infants under 2 years of age in the US

A

H. influenzae type B

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33
Q

Type of H. influenzae that causes epiglottis (“cherry red” epiglottis), pneumonia, cellulitis, otitis media

A

Type B

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34
Q

-Also knowns as Koch-Weeks bacillus
-cases pink eye conjuctivitis

A

H. aegyptius

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35
Q

-Cause of ulcerative chancroid, and STD seen as a painful genital ulcer
-gram stain: “schools of fish”

A

H. ducreyi

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36
Q

Dew drop colonies

A

H. influenzae

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37
Q

Haemophilus colonies grow more luxuriously next to Staphylococcus streak -

A

“Satellite phenomenon”

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38
Q

Test for the strains that do not require X factor.

A

ALA (delta-aminolevulini acid) test

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39
Q

-small coccobacillus, non-motile and hemolytic

A

Bordetella

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40
Q

“Whooping cough; 100 day cough”
-transmitted by aerosolized droplets
-produces pertussis toxin, which impairs recruitment of neutrophils
-requires special media
-urease (-)

A

B. pertusis

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41
Q

3 stages of pertusis

A
  1. Catarrhal - most contagious
  2. Paroxysmal - whooping cough
  3. Convalescent - recovery
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42
Q

Bordetella
-motile (peritrichous)
-urease (+)
-oxidase (-)

A

B. bronchoseptica

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43
Q

Bordetella
-nonmotile
-urease (+)
-oxidase (+)

A

B. parapertussis

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44
Q

-Fastidious
-gram neg rod but does not gram stain well
-silver stains used

A

Legionella

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45
Q

-requires iron and L-cysteine
-best medium is BUFFERED CHARCOAL YEAST EXTRACT AGAR (BCYE)

A

Legionella

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46
Q

-First identified at American Legion convention
-infection from inhalation of aerosolized bacteria

A

Legionella pneumophila

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47
Q

2 infections caused by Legionella pneumophila

A
  1. Legionnaire’s disease
  2. Pontiac fever
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48
Q

multi-system disease, (not only pulmonary, but gastrointestinal, central nervous and renal systems)

A

Legionnaire’s disease

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49
Q

-formerly Haemophilus vaginalis
-tiny fastidious rod, gram reaction variable
-common in genital tract women with vaginitis, occasionally causes neonatal sepsis, postpartum bacteremia

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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50
Q

Best culture medium for G. vaginalis

A

Human Blood Tween agar (HBT)

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51
Q

“Sniff” test on vaginal discharge (10% KOH)

A

G. vaginalis

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52
Q

vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria - usually found in wet mount of discharge

A

Clue cells

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53
Q

-fermenter, oxidase (+); not a member of Enterobacteriaceae
-causes voluminous “rice-water” diarrhea

A

Vibrio cholerae

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53
Q

V. cholearae is best isolated in __

A

Alkaline (pH 8.4) peptone broth

54
Q

Best agar medium on V. cholerae

A

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS) agar

yellow colonies: sucrose fermenter

55
Q

Test wherein V. cholerae is viscid and forms a string, when lifted from the slide with a loop, that persists for 45-60 seconds

A

String test

56
Q

Any organism that is indole (+) and NO3 (+) is also ___ positive

A

Cholera red (+)

57
Q

Both cause food poisoning (diarrhea) found in raw oysters
-obligate halophile (requires 3-7% NaCl)
-Grows on XLD agar, but alkaline peptone water and TCBS agar best
-String and cholera rest tests (-)

A

Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus

58
Q

-microaerophilic, slender, curved, gram neg rod
-motile with single polar flagellum

A

Campylobacter

59
Q

-causes enteritis
-leading cause of acute diarrhea worldwide
-common trigger of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME , a demyelinating disease characterized by ascending weakness

A

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli

60
Q

-nonfermentative
-oxidase (+)
-Catalase (+)
-nitrate (+)
-H2S (-)
-grows in 1% glycine
-Hippurate (+)

A

C. jejuni

61
Q

-curved, flagellated, motile gram negative rod
-“Triple positive”: catalase (+), oxidase (+), urease (+)

A

H. pylori

62
Q

___ hydrolyzes urea to compounds that damage epithelium
-produces ammonium (alkaline)
-protects bacteria from stomach acid

A

Urease

63
Q

3 diagnosis of H. pylori

A

Biopsy
Urea breath test
Stool antigen

64
Q

slow growing, gram negative bacilli associated with endocarditis: colonizes oropharynx,
-growth enhanced by increased CO2

A

AACEK Group

65
Q

-Formerly Haemophilus asphrophilus and Haemophilus paraphrophilus
-uncommon cause of endocarditis
-associated with slowly progressive (subacute) bacterial endocarditis

A

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

66
Q

-small gram negative bacillus
-nonmotile
-resembles Pasteurella.
-causes granulomatous disease in animals
-Colonies: STAR-SHAPE CONFIGURATION

A

Actinobacillus (Aggregatibacter) actinomycetemcomitans

67
Q

-Normally found in the upper RT
-isolated as a rare cause of endocarditis (esp with an exisitng heart defect or anatomic heart defects)

A

Cardiobacterium hominis

68
Q

-“corroding bacterium”
-small, fastidious, capnophilic, gram-negative rods
-normal flora of the gingival crevices and bowels in 40 - 70% of humans
-infects human bites which may be self-infliceted
-oxidase (+)
-may pit or corrode the agar surface (BAP)
-capnophilic, requires 2-3 days for growth
-odor: “SHARP ODOR OF BLEACH”

A

Eikenella corrodens

69
Q

-oxidase positive and ferments glucose
-short coccobacillus with rounded ends
-require blood for growth and may pit the agar

A

Kingella kingae

70
Q

-Gram positive sporulating anaerobic rods
-motile with peritrichous flagella
-live as saprophytes
-may produce lecithinase and lipase
-can ferment a variety of sugars (saccharolytic) and digest proteins (proteolytic)

A

Clostridium

71
Q

-terminal spores (“lollipop”)
-gelatin hydrolysis (+)
-glucose fermentation (+)

A

C. tetani

72
Q

-neurotoxin produced by C. tetani which causes tetanus
-spastic paralysis
-classic symptoms: Lockjaw (trismus) , Risus sardonicus, Opisthothonus

A

Tetanospasmin

73
Q

-Ubiquitous organisms found in vegetables, fruits, seafood, soil
-cause the disease botulism (“Floppy baby syndrome” in infants)

A

C. botulinum

74
Q

-Toxin produced by the ingestion of food with C. botulinum commonly from canned foods
-works at the neuromuscular junction and prevents ACh release.
-results in no muscle contraction, thus flaccid paralysis

A

Botulinum toxin

75
Q

-Type of botulism associated with toxin ingestion from undercooked food usually in adults

A

Food botulism

76
Q

Types of botulism wherein there are ingestion of spores –> growth in infant intestine
-associated with contaminated honey

A

Infant botulism

77
Q

Types of botulism wherein there is bacterial growth after infection with C. botulinum

A

Wound

78
Q

-causes gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis)

A

C. perfringens

79
Q

Type of toxin that destroys muscle tissue and causes hemolysis
-enterotoxin produced by C. perfringens which causes common food poisoning
-DOUBLE ZONE OF HEMOLYSIS around colonies on blood agar is a characteristic

A

Alpha toxin

80
Q

inhibition of anti-perfringens antitoxin of the precipitate around growth on egg yolk agar

A

Nagler’s test

81
Q

-cause pseudomembranous colitis in patients
-produces 2 toxins (A and B)

A

C. difficile

82
Q

-normal GI flora
-pale gram negative rods with irregular staining, not dinstinctive
-grow in 20% bile and hydrolyzes esculin
-penicillin (R)
-no butyric acid produced

A

Bacteroided fragilis

83
Q

-glucose not fermented
-black pigment on laked blood agar
-pale, irregular stain, coccobacillary
-fluoresces BRICK RED under UV light at 366 nm

A

Bacteroides melaninogenicus (B. assacharolyticus)

84
Q

Pitting of agar

A

Bacteroides ureolyticus

85
Q

-thin gram negative rod with tapered ends, often in pairs end-to-end
-inhibited by 20% bile
-greening around colonies on blood agar after exposure to room air temperature for 15 minutes
-produces a large amount of butyric acid from glucose fermentation

A

Fusobacterium nucleatum

86
Q

-Gram positive nonsporulating anaerobic rods
-catalase and indole (+)
-produces propionic acid

A

Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes)

87
Q

-Gram positive nonsporulating anaerobic rods
-normal oral flora
-also found in female genital tract
-clusters into thin branching long filaments (resembling fungi)
-neither acid-fast nor stained with fungus stains
-catalase, indole, and gelatin (-)
-litmus milk and glucose (+)
-Ferments glucose without production of propionic acid
-SUCCINIC ACID is a major product

A

Actinomyces

88
Q

-grows in CO2 on subculture
-colonies grow in BHI under 95% N and 5% CO2 in 2-7 days, 5 mm below surface
-Heaped, rough, lobate colony resembling “MOLAR TOOTH”

A

Actinomyces

89
Q

Clinical picture: “Lumpy jaw”
-chronic suppurative and granulomatous disease
-wooden or lumpy lesions
-multiple draining sinuses

A

Human actinomycosis

90
Q

-tiny cocci, colonies convex and transluscent
-red fluorescence under UV light of 365 nm

A

Veilonella

91
Q

-occurs singly or in small groups, larger than Peptostreptococcus
-catalase (+)

A

Peptococcus

92
Q

Packets

A

Sarcina

93
Q

-lives in rodents, shed in urine
-spirochete with hooked shaped ends
-causative agent of leptospirosis and Weil disease (ictohemorrhagic leptospirosis)

A

Leptospira interrogans

94
Q

-transmitted by Ixodes deer tick; natural reservoir is the mouse
-causes Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

95
Q

Stage 1 Lyme disease

A

Erythema migrans

96
Q

Transmitted by louse

A

Borrelia recurrentis

97
Q

Causative agent of syphilis

A

Treponema pallidium

98
Q

Present with painless chancre

A

Primary syphilis

99
Q

Disseminated disease with maculopapular rash, condylomata lata

A

Secondary syphilis

100
Q

Gummas, aortitis, neurosyphilis

A

Tertiary syphilis

101
Q

-included in class mollicutes (cell wall free bacteria)

A

Mycoplasma

102
Q

Causes primary atypical pneumonia and has been associated with joint and other infections

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

103
Q

Cause post partum fever and has been found with other bacteria in uterine tube infections

A

Mycoplasma hominis

104
Q

cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men and is associated with lung disease in premature infants of low birth weight

A

Ureaplasma urealyticum

105
Q

closely related to M. pneumoniae and has been associated with urethral and other urogenital infections

A

Mycoplasma genitalium

106
Q

-highly pleomorphic because they lack a rigid cell wall and instead are bounded by a triple-layered until membrane that contains a sterol
-use glucose as a source of energy; ureaplasma require urea

A

Mycoplasma

107
Q

-require addition of serum or cholesterol to the medium to produce sterol for grown

A

Mycoplasma

108
Q

“fried egg” colonies

A

M. hominis

109
Q

Stain of isolated colony in agar for mycoplasma

A

Dienes stain

110
Q

-obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria that lack mechanisms for the production of metabolic energy and cannot synthesize ATP
-cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
-do not gram stain well

A

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila

111
Q

Infectious form of chlamydia; enters cell via endocytosis

A

Elementary bodies (EB)

112
Q

Reproductive form of chlamydia
replicated in cells by binary fission

A

Reticulate bodies

113
Q

-Trachoma, STDs, infant pneumonia, LGV
- often co-infects with N. gonorrhoeae

A

C. trachomatis

114
Q

Parrot fever

A

C. psittaci

115
Q

-Staining not done routinely
-gram negative or varibale
-Giemsa stain: EBs are purple; host cell cytoplasm and RBs stain blue
-Dilute Lugol’s iodine - appears brown

A

Chlamydia

116
Q

Molecular method for the diagnosis of chlamydia

A

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

117
Q

-small, non motile coccobacilli
-obligate intracellular in man and animals

A

Rickettsiae

118
Q

-cause of Trench fever, can be cultivated in cell-free medium
-others grow in yolk sacs of eggs

A

Rochalimea quintana

119
Q

Agglutinating antibodies produced react against antigens of certain Proteus strains

A

Weil-Felix reaction

120
Q

-Cats harbor fleas
-Cat scratch fever
-bacillary angiomatosis
-endocarditis

A

Bartonella henselae

121
Q

-gram negative
-nonmotile
-rod to coccoid shaped
-obligate parasite (intracellular existence)
-causes undulant fever (brucellosis or Malta fever) in man and contagious abortion in goats

A

Brucella

122
Q

Culture medium for Brucella

A

Biphasic Castaneda Bottles (up to 3-4 weeks)

123
Q

Specimen of choice for Brucella

A

Bone marrow

124
Q

Brucella spp that is not detected by serum agglutination test

A

B. canis

125
Q

-reservoir:Ticks, deer flies, rabbits
-cause rabbit fever

A

Franciscella tularensis

126
Q

Special medium for F. tularensis

A

Blood-Cysteine-Glucose Agar with Thymine

127
Q

Tularemia skin test:

A

Forshay’s test

128
Q

-lives in mouth of cats and dogs
-nonmotile, oxidase (+)
-fermentative
-facultative anaerobic
-gram negative bacillus
-encapsulated
-small, gram negative rod with bipolar staining

A

Pasteurella

129
Q

-causes Tick-borne illness (Lone Star tick)
-white tail deer: principal reservoir
-obligate intracellular bacteria
-“berry-like” inclusions in monocytes (morulae)

A

Ehrlichiosis

130
Q

-causes anaplasmosis
-Morula seen in granulocytes (not monocytes)
- Tick vector: Ixodes scapularis

A

Anaplasma

131
Q

-fastidious gram negative very pleomorphic, filamentous bacillus
-normally found in the oropharynx of rodents
-causes rat bite fever (Haverhill fever/ streptobacillary RBF)

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis

132
Q

-Causes Sodoku, a form of rat bite fever (spillary RBF)
- puff ball/ cotton ball/ bread crumbs appearance in the bottom of the liquid media (strings of pearls in thio)
-fried egg appearance after 5 days of growth

A

Spirillum minus

133
Q
A

Reviewers (14 decks)

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