Blood banking Flashcards
Study of transmission of inherited characteristics
Genetics
Genes expressed in equal frequency in males and females
Autosomal genes
Genes carried on X chromosomes
Sex-linked genes
A segment of DNA arranged along the chromosome at a specific locus
Gene
Genes in a locus that differs in their nucleotide sequence
Alleles
2 or more possible alleles at a locus
Polymorphic
2 or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome
Allelic
Opposite form of a gene
Antithetical
Genes occur in pairs; one gene is passed from parent to the offspring
Medelian Genetics
Genes occurs in pairs; one gene is passed from parent to the offspring
Mendelian Genetics
Two members of a single gene pair is passed from one generation to the next in separate genes
Law of Independent Segregation
Traits inherited from different chromosomes expressed separately and discretely
Law of Independent Assortment
The inheritance of a blood group antigens can be predicted using a ___
Punnett square
Inherits identical alleles at the same gene locus from both parents
Homozygous
Inherits different alleles at the same gene locus from each parent
Heterozygous
Concentration of antigens
Dosage effect
Genes inherited on the same chromosome
Cis
Genes are inherited on separate chromosomes
Trans
Genes that are close together on a chromosome and inherited as one unit
Linkage genes
Set of genes inherited via one of the two parental gametes
Haplotypes
Genes that do not produce a detectable trait
Amorphs
ABO ISBT
001
MNS ISBT
002
P ISBT
003
Rh ISBT
004
Lutheran ISBT
005
Kell ISBT
006
Lewis ISBT
007
Duffy ISBT
008
Kidd ISBT
009
Diego ISBT
010
Testing of genetic markers that are inherited to determine the presence or absence of a biological relationship
Relationship (Parentage) testing
RBC antigens
ABO
Rh
MNSs
Kell
Duffy
Kidd
Used when bands between the child and the alleged father do not match
Mismatch
Minimum of ___ mismatches is required before an opinion of nonpaternity
Two
Likelihood of paternity or probability of paternity
W value
W value must be ____ to suggest paternity
At least 95%
Occurs when a marker is detected in the child and is absent in the mother and the alleged father or when the alleged father’s phenotype demonstrates two markers and the child has neither of them
Direct or primary exclusion
Occurs when a single marker is detected in the child and a different single marker is detected in the alleged father
Indirect or secondary exclusion
Factors affecting agglutination
Temperature
Incubation time
pH
Ionic strength
Zeta potential
Zone of equivalence
Centrifugation
Optimum antigen-antibody ratio
40:1 = 2 drops of serum + 1 drop of 5% RCE
133:1 = 4 drops of serum + 1 drop of 3% RCS
An agglutination pattern in which numerous small clumps if cells exist amid a sea of free cells
Mixed field (mf)
Serologic testing of autoantibodies
Autocontrol
DAT
Serologic testing for alloantibodies
O cell control
Antibody screen
Crossmatch
DAT
2 diseases under alloimmune hemolytic anemia
HTR
HDFN
3 types of immune hemolytic anemia
Alloimmune HA
Autoimmune HA
Drug induced immune HA
Antibodies that can cause HTR and HDFN
IgG (warm reactive antibody)
Blood group with IgM antibody that can cause HTR, HDFN
ABO
Discovered the ABO blood group
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
Book (discovery of blood groups and their association with transfusion reaction
Specificity of Serologic Reactions (Karl Landsteiner) in 1917
Discovered blood type AB
Alfredo Descatello and Adriano Sturlie
3 genes that code for A, B, O are located on ___
Chrimosome 9q
ABO antigens are developed in utero at ___ of gestation; full expression occurs between ____
5-6 weeks;
2-4 years of age
Linkage of type 1
Beta-1,3
Linkage of type 2
Beta-1,4
Origin of type 1 oligosaccharide chains
Plasma
Origin of type 2 oligosaccharide
Seen on erythrocytic precursors
Controlling genes of type 1 oligosaccharide
H
A
B
Se
Lewis
Controlling genes of type 2 oligosaccharide
H
A
B
Composition of precursor substance RBC membrane
Glucose -D-Galactose-N-acteylglucodamine-D-glucose
Number of H antigen subtypes
4
H1, H2, H3, H4
Amount of H antigen (most to fewest)
O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B
Oh! Eto! Bhe! Eto Bhe! Ewan! Ewan Bhe!
RBC antigens are only synthesized on ___ precursor chains
Type 2
Enzyme in ABH antigens on red cells
a-2-L-fucosyltransferase by H gene
Substances secreted by A, B and H soluble substances
Glycoprotein
Secreted substances in A,B,H soluble substances are synthesized on ___ precursor chain
Type 1
Secretor (SeSe, Sese) is seen in ___ of random population
78%
Non secretor (sese) is seen in ___ of random population
22%
Naturally occurring antibody; production initiated at birth; predominantly IgM
ABO antibodies
Detectable titers of ABO antibodies _____
Peaks at ____
3-6 months
5-10 years
Principle of ABO typing technique
Hemagglutination
Using known sources of reagent antisera (anti+A, anti-B) to detect antigens on an individual’s red cells
Forward grouping
Checks the reaction of anti-A and anti-B reagents
Detects weak subgroups of A and B
Anti A, B
Principle for the test for determination of secretor status
Hemagglutination inhibition
Color of Anti-A reagent
Blue
Color of anti-B reagent
Yellow
Chemical preservatives of reagents
Sodium azide (0.1%)
Proteins present in plants that bind specifically to carbohydrate determinants and agglutinate erthrocytes through their cell surface oligosaccharide determinants
Lectins
Peanut extract
Arachis hypogaea
Soybean extract
Glycine soja
Using reagent cells with known A1 and B antigens testing the serum of the patient for ABO group antibodies
Reverse grouping
Human source; 4-5% RCS
Reagent A1 cells and B cells
hh genotype
No H antigens formed
Same phenotype as blood group O
Anti-A, anti-B, anti-A,B, and anti-H present in the serum
Bombay phenotype
Discovered by von Dungern/Dungren and Hirszfield in 1911
ABO subgroups
population frequency of people with A1 phenotype
80%
population frequency of people with A2 phenotype
20%
1-8% of A2 and 25% of A2B can form ___
Anti-A1
Mixed field agglutination with anti-A and or anti-A,B
A3
Weak agglutination with anti-A,B only
Ax
< or = red cells show very weak mf agglutination
Aend
No agglutination with anti-A and anti-A,B;
secretors demonstrate quantities of A substance in saliva
Am
No agglutination with anti-A and anti-A,B;
secretors contain small amount of A substance in saliva
Ay
No agglutination with anti-A and anti-A,B;
secretors contain only H substance and no A substance in saliva
Ael
Mixed field agglutination with anti-B and or anti-A,B
B3
agglutination with anti-A,B (wk/0 with anti-B)
Bx
no agglutination with with anti-B and anti-A,B;
secretors demonstrate quantities of B substance in saliva
Bm
No agglutination with anti-B and anti-A,B;
secretors contain only H substance and no B substance in saliva
Bel
weakly reacting or missing antibodies
Group I discrepancies
weakly reacting or missing antigens
Group II discrepancies
Occurs when bacterial enzymes modify immunodominant blood sugar A sugar (N-acetyl-D-galactosamine) into D-galactosamine which cross reacts with anti-B antisera
Acquired B phenomenon
resolution of acquired B phenomenon
Use monoclonal anti-B clone;
Treat RBCs using acetic anhydride
Resolution of Group I and II discrepancies
Use 2-5% RBCs;
Incubate sample and reagent at room temperature (20-24 deg C) for 15 - 30 mins –> if negative –> incubate at refrigerator temperature (4 deg C)
protein or plasma abnormalities resulting to rouleaux formation
Group III discrepancies
Resolution of Group III discrepancies
Wash RBCs with saline several times (6-8 washings)
refers to agglutination of altered RBCs by a large proportion of ABO-compatible adult human sera
Polyagglutination
passive adsorption of bacterial products: T, Th, Tk, Tx, Acquired B, VA
Microbially associated
mutation of hematopoietic tissue: Tn
Non-microbially associated
Confirmation of polyagglutination:
if RBCs show
1) agglutination with ___ and
2) No agglutination with ___
most adult sera;
cord sera
patient’s RBCs are agglutinated by ALL including OWN serum
Panagglutination
refers to inheritance of both AB genes form one parent carried on one chromosome and an O gene inherited from the other parent
Cis-AB
Resolution of group IV discrepancies due to cold antibodies
RBC: wash with saline at 37 deg C or use 0.01 M Dithiothreitol (DTT)
Serum: Warm at 37 deg C then read results at 37 deg C
Discovered the Rh blood group
Karl Landsteiner ans Alex Wiener
Primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn (HDFN) and significant cause of HTR
Rh Blood group system
Based on the theory that 3 closely linked sets of alleles produced antigens in the system, each gene was responsible for producing a product or antigen on the red cell surface
Fisher Race
Postulated that the gene responsible for defining Rh actually produced an agglutinogen that contained a series of blood factors, in which each factor is an antigen recognized by an antibody
Wiener
number is assigned to each antigen of the Rh system in order of its discovery
Rosenfield
Codes for the presence or absence of D
RHD gene
Codes for the expression of the CcEE genes
RHCE gene
codes for Rh-associated glycoprotein
RHAG gene
Most common phenotype in Whites
R1r (31%)
Most common phenotype in Blacks
R0r (23%)
Rh phenotypes in Whites
R1 > r > R2 > R0
Rh phenotypes in Blacks
R0 > r > R1 > R2
Rh phenotypes in Asians
R1 > R2 > r > R0
Rh phenotypes with the MOST to LEAST amount of D antigen
D– > R2R2 > R1R1 > R1r or Ror > R1r’ or Ror’
Immunogenicity of Common Rh antigens
D > c > E > C > e
Amino acid differences on Cc
103rd position C= Serine; c=proline
Amino acid differences on Ee
226th position E=proline; e=alanine
most immunogenic of the Rh antigens
D antigen
occurs when D is weakly expressed; more common in Blacks
Weak D (Du)
Inheritance of genes that code for D antigens that are expressed and appear to be complete but few in number; weak expression of the cDe haplotype
Genetic cause
The Rh antigen on the red cell is normal, but the steric arrangement of the C antigen in relationship to the D antigen appears to interfere with the expression of the D antigen
Position effect or C in Trans
D antigen expression is weakened when one or more parts of the D antigen are missing
Partial D or D mosaic
Phenotype occcurring in individuals whose red blood cells possess an extremely low number of D antigen sites that most reagent anti-D are unable to detect
Del
Weak D must be detected by ____
IAT
Rh phenotype with the greatest number of D antigen sites on teh cells
D– or D–/D–
D– forms ____ if exposed to normal cells
Anti-Rh17 (anti-Hro)
No Rh antigens
Rh null phenotype
GOLDEN BLOOD
Rh null phenotype
mutation of RHAG gene (RHD and RHCE normal)
Regulator
Mutation in each of the RHCE genes and deletion of the RHD gene (RHAG gene is normal)
Amorphic
Rh null phenotype forms ___
anti-Rh 29 (total Rh)
Most Rh antibodies are IgG, produced through pregnancy and incompatible transfusions
Rh antibody
optimal reaction temperature of Rh antibody
37 deg C
Reagent used in Rh slide typing
anti-D antiserum
temperature of Rh view box
45 - 50 deg C
Used for differentiating Rh(D)-negative (absence of D antigen) from weak D
Rh tube test
Method used in Rh tube test
Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)
Parts of D mosaic
Rh:13, Rh:14, Rh:15, Rh:16
Present in most D+ cells and all C+ cells
G
Codes for the production of fucosyltransferase enzyme
Lewis gene
RBC acquire the Lewis phenotype by ___ Lewis substances from the plasma, rather than being membrane-bound antigens
adsorbing
Not a true blood group antigen
Lewis antigen
differ from all other blood groups in that it is soluble and found in plasma and saliva
Lewis antigens
Lewis antigen found in secretions are ___
glycoproteins
Lewis antigen found in plasma are ___
Glycolipids
Leb antigen is the receptor for __
Helicobacter pylori
Determines the secretor status
Se gene
Converts the precursor material to Lea substance
Lewis positive gene (Le)
Cannot convert the precursor material to Lea substance
Lewis negative gene (le)
lele individual will not produce any antigen: ____
Le (a-b-)
A person with atleast one Le gene and sese genes will be ___
LeLe/Lele and sese Le(a+b-)
A person who inherits at least one Le gene and at least one Se gene will be ____
Leb positive
Lewis antibodies are __ in nature
IgM
Useful in helping to confirm the presence of a Lewis antibody or eliminate the reactions to identify other antibodies mixed in the serum
Neutralization
MN antigens are found on
glycophorin A
MN antigens differ in their amino acid residues at positions___
1 and 5
M has serine at position 1 and ___ at position 5
glycine
N has leucine at position 1 and ____ at position 5
glutamate
Ss antigens are located on ___
glycophorin B
amino acid at position ___ is critical to Ss antigen expression
29
S antigen has ___ amino acid
methionine
s antigen has ___ amino acid
threonine
located near the membrane and is always present when S or s is inherited
U antigen
naturally occurring cold reactive saline agglutinins
Anti-M
Anti-M reacts best at pH ___
6.5
Seen in renal patients, who are dialyzed on equipment sterilized with formaldehyde
Anti-N
Implicated in severe hemolytic transfusion reaction with hemoglobinuria and HDFN
Anti-S and anti-s
serve as receptors for complement, bacteria, and viruses.
MNS antigens
may serve as the receptor by which certain pyelonephritogenic strains of E. coli gain entry to the urinary tract
GPA^M
appear s to use alternative receptors, including GPA and GPB for cell invasion
Plasmodium falciparum
antigens comprising the P blood group system
P
P1
Pk
Luke
PX2
NOR
___ has also been associated with metastasis in renal cell carcinoma
Luke
Individuals who lack P1 are termed
P2
individuals who lack P1, Pk and P antigens are termed
p or Pnull
receptor of human parvovirus B19
P
receptos for P-fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli
P system antigens
receptor for Shiga toxins, which cause Shigella dysentery and E. coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome
Pk antigen
provides some protection against HIV infection or peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Pk
antigen found in fetall red cells as early as 12 weeks, but it weakens with gestational age
P1 antigen
antigen that deteriorates rapidly on storage
P1 antigen
antigen found in plasma and droppings of pigeons and turtledoves, as well as in the egg white of turtledoves
P1-lke antigen
has been identified in hydatid cyst fluid, extracts of Lumbricoides terestris (common earthworm) and Ascaris suum
P1 substance
common, naturally occurring IgM antibody in the sera of P2 individuals
Anti-P1
Strong anti-P1 was observed in individuals infected with ___
Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid cyst)
associated with fascioliasis, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini infections
Anti-P1
Originally called Anti-Tja
Anti-PP1Pk
Associated with spontaneous abortions in early pregnancy
Anti-PP1Pk
antibody rarely seen in the blood bank, but is very significant in transfusion because it is hemolytic with a wide thermal range of reactivity
Alloanti-P
specificity is found as an IgG autoantibody in patients with Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
Autoanti-P
rare autoimmune disorder characterized by hemolysis and hematuria associated with exposure to cold
PCH
Binds RBCs at cold temperature –> hemolyzes RBCs at warm temperature (IgG autoab)
Biphasic
Biphasic antibody
Anti-P
Anti-P is demonstrated by the ___
Donath-Landsteiner Test
reported in the serum of P1 individuals with biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Anti-Pk
a public antigen
“I”
found in cord red blood cells
i
individuals who do not change their i status after birth
Rare i Adult or I negative phenotype
High titers of this antibody is seen during and following infections with M. pneumoniae, in elderly with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and patients with cancer of the reticuloendothelial system (RES)
Anti-I
L. monocytogenes organism from a patient with cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia has been reported to absorb anti-I and stimulate its production in rabbits
Autoanti-I
potent examples associated with anti-i
Disease of the RES
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Myelogenous leukemia
2nd most immunogenic blood group
Kell blood group system
expression very weak on McLeod phenotype cells
Kell antigens
antigen easily destroyed by sulfhydryl reagents
K antigen
very common antigen. has a frequency of 99.9%
k antigen
precursor substance of Kell antigens and present on the WBC and RBC of most individuals
Kx substance
If Kx is lacking from red cells, the cells have an abnormal shape (___)
acanthocyte
Individuals who lack the Kx substance in their RBCs
McLeod phenotype
Clinical manifestations of McLeod phenotype
abnormal RBC morphology
compensated hemolytic anemia
neurological and muscular abnormalities
absence of Kx from WBC has been described in individuals with ___
Chronic granulomatous disease
implicated in severe HTR and associated with severe HDFN
anti-K
first human gene to be assigned to a specific chromosome
Duffy gene
member of the superfamily of chemokine receptors and is known as the atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1)
Duffy glycoprotein
the amino acid at position __ on the Duffy glycoprotein defines the Fya and Fyb polymorphism, wherein Fya has glycine whereas Fyb has aspartic acid
42
receptors for P. vivax and P. knowlesi
Fya and Fyb antigens
antibody that can bind complement
Anti-Fya
Duffy phenotype common in Asians
Fy (a + b - )
Duffy phenotype most common in Whites
Fy (a + b +)
Duffy phenotype most common in American Blacks
Fy (a - b -)
Duffy phenotype most common in Chinese
Fy (a + b - )
blood group system used to distinguished different races)
Duffy
Kidd antigens are located on
RBC urea transporter
common allele in Polynesians filipinos, and Chinese
Jk (a - b- )
common cause of hemolytic transfusions, especially of the delayed-type, although intravascular hemolysis has been noted in severe reactions coated red cells more often are removed extravascularly in the liver
Kidd antibodies
has a characteristic mixed-field pattern of agglutination
Anti-Lua
only individuals with the recessive type Lu(a-b-) can make ___
anti-Lu3
has served as a useful tool in anthropologic studies of Mongolian ancestry
Dia antigen
Dia and Dib antigens are located on the ___ ,
anion exchange molecule (AE-1) (protein band 3)
3 defects of AE-1
- Hereditary spherocytosis
- Congenital acanthocytosis
- Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
___ antigens were first classified as an independent blood group system and later on as a collection
Wright
2 types of anti-Wra
Naturally occurring IgM
Immune-stimulated IgG
location of Yt antigens
RBC acetylcholinesterase
Gene that codes for the Xg allele is locate on the ___
short arm of X chromosome
Xga antigen is carried by a protein with cell adhesion properties that have been demonstrated to have homology with the ___ molecule
CD99
Scianna antigens are located on ___
erythroid membrane-associated protein (ERMAP)
Scianna antigen: IgG (red cell stimulated; react in IAT; has been linked to causing mild transfusion reactions
Anti-Sc3
The rare null phenotype, Sc-1, -2, -3 has been observed in the __
Marshall islands and New Guinea
Dombrock antigens are carried on ____
Mono-ADP-Ribosyltransferase 4
Colton antigens are carried on an integral membrane protein, ____
Aquaporin 1 (AQP1)
CO antigens have been located on the transport protein known as ____, which forms the primary erythrocyte water channel and is responsible for water permeability
Channel-forming integral protein (CHIP)
expressed in the tissues of the proximal and descending tubules and the collecting ducts of the kidney and are believed to account for 80% of the reabsorption of water
CHIP and CO antigens
Landsteiner-Wiener antigens are carried by ____
intracellular adhesion molecule 4 (ICAM4)
Anti-LW agglutinates Rh(+) and Rh (-) except ___
Rh null
antibody that has no reaction with DTT-treated RBCs; anti-D reacts with DTT-treated RBCs
Anti-LW
___ antigens were associated with the HLA system
Chido/Rogers
alleles for Rg and Ch have been located on two closely linked genes known as ___
C4A and C4B on chromosome 6
Formerly, the anti-Ch/Rg antibodies were collectively grouped as ____, along with other antibodies sharing common serologic properties
High-titer, low avidity (HTLA)
The clinically insignificant anti-Ch and anti-Rg react weakly, often to moderate or high-titer endpoints in the antiglobulin test, and may be tentatively identified by ___
plasma inhibition methods
GE antigens are inherited on chromosome 2 and are expressed on ___
Glycophorins C (GPC) and / or GPD (band 4.1)
Gerbich phenotype (Ge:-2, -3, 4) are found in
Papua New Guinea
Europeans
Africans
Native Americans
Japanese
Polynesians
Yus phenotype (Ge:-2, 3, 4) are found in __-
Mexicans, Israelis
Leach phenotype (Ge:-2, -3, -4) are found in:
Gerbich null within Papua New Guinea
phenotype present with a change in electrolyte morphology in the form of elliptocytosis
Leach phenotype
Cromer antigens are carried by __
Decay accelerating factor (DAF)
__ antigens are distributed in body fluids and on RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and placental tissue
Cromer
Alleles for the KN blood group have been located on chromosome 1, with the antigens residing on ___
complement receptor one (CR1)
antigen present on RBCs of 4% Indians, 11% of Iranians, 12% of Arabs
Ina
antigen present in 96% of Indians and Whites
Inb
__ antigens are carried on the hematopoietic isoform of the __ marker, which is known for its immune adhesion properties
CD44
The OK antigens are carried on ____, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that mainly functions as receptors and adhesion molecules
CD 147 (basigin)
The only antigen in Raph blood group system
MER2
MER2 is located on ____, a tetraspanin, which appears to be essential for the assembly of basement membrane in the kidney and skin
CD151
JMH protein is glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein ___
CD108
GIL antigen is found on the ___, a member of the major intrinsic protein family of water channels
glycerol transporter aquaporin 3 (AQP3)
2 antigens under RHAG
Duclos and Ola
Bga corresponds with
HLA-B7
Bgb corresponds with
HLA-B17
Bgc corresponds with
HLA-A28
Blood group HLA marker
Benneth Goodspeed
When serum is tested, ___ is characteristically causes __-
in vitro hemolysis
antibody found only in Blacks
Anti-Ata
antibody found more commonly in Japanese
Anti-Jra
___ antigen is a high prevalence carbohydrate antigen; its soluble form is Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in urine
Sda antigen
___ has characteristic shiny and mf refractile agglutinates under the microscope and is inhibited with urine
Anti-Sda
Antigens occurring in 99.9% of population
High-Incidence Antigen Unrelated to Principal Blood Group Systems
High incidence antigens predominantly found in Blacks
At (a-), Cr(a-), Jo (a-)
antigens with an incidence of less than 1%
Low-incidence antigens
Blood group collection includes ____
Cost, Ii, Er, Globoside, Unnames, MN CHO
901 series
Emm, AnWj, Sda, PEL, ABTI, MAM
receptor for Haemophilus influenzae
AnWj
antibodies to high-frequency antigens that are generally clinically benign
High-TIter, Low-Avidity (HTLA) antibodies
method for detection of HTLA
Titration inhibition
Clinically significant antibodies
ABO
Rh
Kell
Kidd
Duffy
SsU
Lub
Antibodies that are usually clinically insignificant
I
Lewis
M
N
P1
Lua
Naturally occurring antibodies
ABO
Lewis
P1
MN
Lua
Warm antibodies
Rh
Kell
Duffy
Kidd
Cold antibodies
M
N
P1
antibodies that usually only react in AHG
Kell
Duffy
Kidd
antibody that can react in any phase of testing
Lewis
Detection of these antibodies are enhanced by enzyme treatment of test cells
Rh
Lewis
Kidd
P1
I
ABO
Antibodies not detected with enzyme treatment of test cells
M
N
Duffy
Xg
Antibodies enhanced by acidification
M
Antibodies that show dosage
Rh (other than D)
MNSs
Duffy
Kidd
Lutheran
antibodies that bind complement
Kidd
I
Lewis
anti-Fya
antibodies that cause in vitro hemolysis
ABO
Lewis
Kidd
Vel
Some P1
antibodies that are labile in vivo and in vitro
Kidd
antibodies that are common cause of anamnestic response (Delayed HTR)
Kidd
antibody associated with PCH
Anti-P
antibody associated with CAD and PAP
Anti-I
antibody associated with Infectious mononucleosis
Anti-i
HLA antibodies are produced through
Multiple pregnancies
Multiple transfusions
2 granulocyte antigens
Human Neutrophil Antigen (HNA) and Human Granulocyte Antigens (HGA-3a to 3e)
3 clinical significance of granulocyte antigens
Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia
Autoimmune neutropenia
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
Clinical significance of platelet antigens
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Post transfusion purpura
Human Platelet Antigen
HPA-1 and HPA-4 = GpIIIa
HPA-2 = GpIb
HPA-3 = GpII
HPA-5 = GpIa
