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Histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Derivative of methanol.
Fixes fats, mucin, glycogen

A

Formaldehyde

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2
Q

-Most widely used for Electron Microscopy
-Fixative of choice for enzyme histochemistry
-2.5% for small tissues
-4.0% for large tissues

A

Glutaraldehyde

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3
Q

-Fixative for acid mucopolysaccharide
-4% concentration
-For connective tissue mucin

A

Lead Fixative

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4
Q

-Fixative for mucopolysaccharide, nuclear proteins

A

Newcomer’s fluid

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5
Q

Best fixation temperature and time for Newcomer’s fluid

A

3 degrees C for 12-18 hours

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6
Q

Made up of mercuric chloride stock solution and glacial acetic acid before use.
Used for trichrome staining.

A

Zenker’s fluid

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7
Q

Fixes connective tissue, liver, spleen, nuclei

A

Zenker’s fluid

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8
Q

Most rapid fixative

A

Carnoy’s fluid

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9
Q

Fixative for chromosome, lymph glands, urgent biopsies, Nissl granules

A

Carnoy’s fluid

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10
Q

Most common fixative
Used for tissue photography
5-7% saturated aqueous solution
Renal tissue, connective tissue, muscle, fibrin

A

Mercuric chloride

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11
Q

Microanatomical and cytological fixative
Used for the identification of cytoplasmic granules
For pituitary gland, bone marrow, blood-containing organs (spleen, liver)

A

Helly’s fluid or Zenker’s formol

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12
Q

Fixative for hemosiderin (iron pigments:hgb)
Recommended for mitochondria, mitotic figures, chromatin, colloid-containing organs, RBC, Golgi bodies

A

Regaud’s fluid

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13
Q

Fixative for embryo
Contains picric acid
Glycogen-containing tissue samples

A

Bouin’s fluid

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14
Q

Fixative for early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis
For Rickettsiae spp identification

A

Orth’s fluid

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15
Q

Cytological fixative
Tumor biopsies of the skin

A

Heidenhain’s Susa Fluid

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16
Q

Fixative used for post-mortem changes, research tissues, surgical storage tissues, elastic fibers, iron pigments/deposits

A

10% Neutral buffered formalin

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17
Q

Fixative for general post-mortem changes
CNS tissues

A

10% Formol saline

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18
Q

Fixative for routine post-mortem changes
Lipids

A

Formol corrosive/ Formol sublimate

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19
Q

Better and less messy than Bouin’s
Fixes glycogen

A

Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol solution

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20
Q

Fixes nuclear structures

A

Flemming’s fluid with glacial acetic acid

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21
Q

Consists of chromic acid and osmic acid
Fixes cytoplasmic structures

A

Flemming’s fluid without glacial acetic acid

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22
Q

Golden yellowish brown solution
Fixes glycogen and stains connective tissue
Primary component of Bouin’s
Causes precipitation of all types of proteins

A

Picric acid

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23
Q

“Conjugated fixative”
Solidifies at 17 degrees Celsius
Precipitates chromosome and chromatin

A

Glacial acetic acid

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24
Q

Fixative and dehydrant
Used for brain damage (rabies diagnosis)
Cold temperature fixative: -5 to 4 deg C
Demonstrates activities of enzymes (lipases, phosphatases)

A

Acetone

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25
Q

Fixative and dehydrant
Small hone fragments
Precipitates proteins

A

Alcohol

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26
Q

Fixes bacteriologic smears
37 to 56 deg c
Enhances fixation

A

Heat

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27
Q

Histological fixative and decalcifier
1-2% concentration
Fixative for carbohydrates
Strong oxidizing agent
Interferes with hematoxylin dye reactions

A

Chromic acid

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28
Q

3% concentration
Fixes mitochondria and lipids

A

Potassium dichromate

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29
Q

6% at 20 deg C
Pale yellow powder
Fixative and stain
For fat and fat derivative sources, adrenal glands, myelin, peripheral glands, cytoplasmic structures

A

Osmic acid/ Osmium tetroxide

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30
Q

Substitute for glutaraldehyde
Used in electron microscopy and ultrathin microtomy
Strong oxidizing agent
Inhibits hematoxylin dye reactions

A

Osmic acid / Osmium tetroxide

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31
Q

Fixative for sputum samples

A

Gemdre’s fluid

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32
Q

Tissue softeners

A
  1. Perenyi’s fluid
  2. Lendrum’s fluid
  3. Molliflex
  4. 2% HCl
  5. 1% HCl in 70% ethanol
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33
Q

Decalcifier
4% aqueous phenol
For fingernails and uterine currettimgs

A

Lendrum’s fluid

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34
Q

Fixative and a decalcifier
Minute bone spicules
Strong oxidizing agent
Interferes with hematoxylin dye reactions

A

Chromic acid

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35
Q

Very slow decalcifier
Minute pieces of bones

A

Sulfurous acid

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36
Q

Very slow, weak decalcifier
Good nuclear staining
Does not require washing out method

A

Trichloroacetic acid

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37
Q

Decalcifier for autopsy materials
3-24 hours

A

Formic acid + sodium citrate solution

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38
Q

Fixative and decalcifier
Derivative of formaldehyde
For routine post-mortem research tissues
Moderately in action
Small: 2-7 days
Large: greater than 7 days

A

Formic acid

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39
Q

Nitric acid-based decalcifier
Silver impregnation of nerve fibers
Consists of chloral hydrates (dissolves in alcohol, H2O + HNO3)

A

De Castro’s fluid

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40
Q

Most rapid decalcifier: 12-24 hours
Urgent works
Poor nuclear staining

A

Phloroglucin nitric acid

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41
Q

Excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining
PH 4.5
Less distortion of tissue cells
Too slow for routine

A

Citric acid citrate buffer solution

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42
Q

Most common decalcifier
Routine purposes: Rapid (5-10% concentration)
Fastest
Urgent biopsies

A

Nitric acid

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43
Q

Decalcifier and tissue softener
Nitric acid-based solution (0.5% chromic acid; 1% HNO3; 100% alcohol)
Slow for bone tissue
Maceration is avoided

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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44
Q

Tissue softener that turns tissue soapy and swollen

A

Molliflex

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45
Q

1-5%
Tissue softener and decalcifier
1 & 2%: tissue softener
Recommended for surface tissue block
Inferior than nitric acid: better nuclear staining

A

Hydrochloric acid

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46
Q

Decalcifier for pieces of bones and teeth
Moderately in action
Cytological studies (nuclear, cytoplasm)

A

Von Ebner’s fluid

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47
Q

Dehydrant and clearing agent
Causes less shrinkage
6 months exposure: conjunctival irritation -> blindness
Doesn’t dissolve aniline dye

A

Tetrahydrofuran

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48
Q

Readily miscible in different solvents
Substitute for methanol
Causes minimum shrinkage
Sectioning and smears

A

Triethyl phosphate

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49
Q

Chemical name of Dioxane

A

Diethylene dioxide

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50
Q

Dehydrant and clearing agent
Expensive and toxic (not recommended for routine)

A

Dioxane

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51
Q

Chemical name of cellosolve

A

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME)

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52
Q

Dehydrant preferred for propylene based glycol ethers
Combustible: 110-120 deg F
Does not cause hardening and distortion even if stored for several months
Water-soluble wax

A

Cellosolve

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53
Q

Fixative and dehydrant
Suitable for urgent biopsies
Harden tissues than ethanol does
Flammable and volatile

A

Acetone

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54
Q

Miscible with water
Expensive
Does not harden tissues

A

Isopropanol

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55
Q

Plant and animal tissue microtechniques

A

Butanol

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56
Q

Fixative and dehydrant
Blood and tissue films and smears
Toxic: breast cancer

A

Methanol

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57
Q

Most common, cheap, not poisonous
70% : 1 change
95% : 1 change
100% ; 3 changes

A

Ethanol

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58
Q

Clearing agent most common for routine use
Clearing in embedding and mounting
<3 mm: 15-30 mins
>5 mm: 30-60 mins
Miscible with Canada Balsam
Suitable for urgent biopsies
Unsuitable for brain and lymph nodes

A

Xylene/Xylol

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59
Q

Lymph nodes, embryo, and nervous tissues (clearing agent)
Toxic into the liver

A

Chloroform

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60
Q

Clearing agent for CNS tissues and cytological studies (skin, smooth muscle)
Both paraffin and celloidin embedded sections
Disadvantage: slow (5-6 days)

A

Cedarwood oil

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61
Q

Clearing agent for routine Post-mortem research tissues
Substitute for xylene/benzene
Not carcinogenic but emits toxic fumes

A

Toluene or Toluol

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62
Q

Clearing agent recommended for urgent biopsies
Carcinogenic: bone marrow damage
Aplastic anemia

A

Benzene

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63
Q

Ratio of phenol to xylene in carbol-xylene

A

1:3

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64
Q

Substitute for chloroform
Expensive

A

Carbon tetrachloride

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65
Q

Clearing agent for delicate specimens, insects, embryos

A

Aniline oil

66
Q

Used for tissues that are difficult to clear

A

Carbol-xylene

67
Q

Slow, minimum shrinkage of tissues, adulterated tissues

68
Q

“Artificial oil of Lilac”
Substitute of cedarwood oil

69
Q

Clearing agent for large pieces of tissues and embryonic materials

A

Amyl acetate

70
Q

Slow, expensive
“Double embedding” (celloidin, paraffin)

A

Methylbenzoate/Salicylate

71
Q

Other Clearing Agents

A
  1. Carbon tetrachloride
  2. Carbol-xylene
  3. Oil of Bergamont
  4. Phenol in alcohol
  5. Creosate
72
Q

Simplest
MP: 56-57 deg C
Can be used for 2x
Shrinkage at 10% upon cooling
Paraffin oven: 2-5 deg C above MP

73
Q

Substitute for paraffin
More elastic, more resilient
Not requires cooling
No crumble tissues formed
MP: 57 deg C

A

Paraplast/ Histoplast

74
Q

Synthetic wax
Less brittle and less compressible tissue ribbons

75
Q

For eye sections
Semi-synthetic wax

76
Q

Consists of rubbers
Derivative or product of paraffin

A

Tissue mat

77
Q

Concentrations of ____
2% small tissues
4% medium-sized tissues
8% large, thick tissues

78
Q

Stainless steel; tissue block is embedded
Plastic mold is placed on top
Plastic embedding mold

A

Tissue-Tek sytem

79
Q

Base mold is fitted to a base ring
Base ring serves as the block holder

A

Plastic embedding rings and base molds

80
Q

Easy, cheap, different sizes, avoids confusion
Uses filter paper

A

Paper boats

81
Q

Uses ordinary ref
Treated first with glycerin before use
Recommended for busy laboratories

A

Plastic ice trays

82
Q

May be placed directly in the chunk or block holder

83
Q

3 types of disposable molds

A
  1. Peel away
  2. Plastic ice trays
  3. Paper boats
84
Q

With several interlocking plates, several compartments
Advantage: emb more specimens at a time (reduced time for emb tissue blocks)

A

Compound E unit

85
Q

2 inverted L-shaped heavy metal or brass arranged on a flat metal surface (plate)
Can be moved to adjust specimen
For routine purposes

A

Leuckhart’s Embedding mold

86
Q

2 types of celloidin wax

A
  1. Parloidion
  2. LVN (Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose): more expensive
87
Q

Paldwell Trefall
1881
10-12 microns

A

Rocking/Cambridge

88
Q

Smallest type
Both small and large paraffin emb sections
Ideal for actual practice
60-90 ribbons with sections

A

Rocking/Cambridge

89
Q

Minot
1885-1886
4-6 microns

90
Q

Heavier and more stable than Rocking microtome
Most commonly used for routine paraffin emb sections

91
Q

Adams
1781
4-9 microns

92
Q

For celloidin emb sections

93
Q

Most dangerous type of microtome
Movable, exposed knife

A

Standard Sliding

94
Q

Has 2 moveable pillars that holds the adjustable knife clamps

A

Base Sledge Sliding

95
Q

0.5 microns
For Electron Microscopy
Connected to an electron microscope
Smallest ribbon
Uses broken plate glass knife

96
Q

For frozen sections (Quenching or Rapid Freezing)
For fat sections

97
Q

Queckett
1848
10-15 microns

98
Q

For fluorescent antibody staining
Fresh tissue examination
Urgent biopsies

A

Cold microtome or Cryostat

99
Q

Temp for non-fatty tissues
Temp for fatty tissues

A

-15 to -25 deg C
-35 deg C

100
Q

Temperature at which cold microtome machine is maintained

101
Q

Counterstain for epithelial cells
Contrast to provide background

A

Aniline blue

102
Q

Common basic nuclear stain
Valuable for plasma cells

A

Methylene Blue

103
Q

Oldest stain
Stains amyloid for microscopic study of starch granules

104
Q

Natural dye derived from the heartwood of a Mexican tree
Requires ripening
Most commonly used for immunohistochemistry
Karyosome: dark blue; nucleus: blue; cytoplasm: pink

A

Hematoxylin

105
Q

Most valuable stain
Used as a counterstain

106
Q

Stains chromatin green
Give False positive reactions with certain secretions such as mucin

A

Methyl green

107
Q

Eosin
___: blue- deep red
___: yellow-green

A

Eosin B
Eosin Y

108
Q

A plasma stain
Deep staining for acid fast organisms

A

Basic Fuschin

109
Q

Most reliable and specific histochemical staining technique for DNA

A

Fuelgen’s stain

110
Q

Metachromatic dye
For leukocytes

A

Methylene violet

111
Q

Contrast stain for gram’s stain, in Acid fast, Papanicolau method and Diphtheria organism

A

Bismarck Brown

112
Q

Nuclear stain substitute for thionine for fresh frozen tissue
Nissl / Tigroid granules and chromophilic bodies

A

Toluidine blue

113
Q

For amyloid, fungi, platelets in blood
One of the primary stains for Gram stain

A

Crystal violet

114
Q

Calcium: black
Metallic Impregnation Stain
Tissue/bacteria: clear

A

Von Kossa Silver Nitrate

115
Q

Mixture of picric acid and acid fuschin
For demonstration of connective tissue
Simplest method of differential staining of collagen

A

Van Gieson

116
Q

Used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes

117
Q

Resistant to strong acids
Recommended for routine staining of fixed sections
Alternative to Iron Hematoxylin nuclear stain

A

Celestine Blue

118
Q

Stains Ascaris eggs, RBCs, bacterial spore (both a decolorizer and a counterstain)

A

Malachite Green

119
Q

Colored salt of Ferric Ferrocyanide
Normally used for the manufacture of paints

A

Prussian Blue

120
Q

Excellent stain for elastic fiber
__ + ammonia – expised to air –> blue or violet
HbsAg demonstration

121
Q

For demonstration of connective tissue (Fixative and stain)

A

Picric acid

122
Q

Used as a chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations

123
Q

Used for differential staining of pancreatic islets of Langerhans

A

Aldehyde Fuschin Stain (Gomori)

124
Q

DNA: green to blue-green
RNA: rose red

A

Methyl Green Pyronin

125
Q

Stains mucopolysaccharide
More specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucins

A

Alcian Blue

126
Q

Best Vital Dye/Stain
Cell granules and vacuole phagocytic cells

A

Neutral Red

127
Q

Best known as an indicator
Utilized as a stain for axis cylinder in embryos
4% aqueous solution: elastic tissues, amyloid, myelin

128
Q

For demonstrating mitochondria during intravital staining

A

Janus Green B

129
Q

Stain for connective tissue

A

Azocarmine

130
Q

Used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections

A

Victoria Blue

131
Q

Stains blood and glandular tissues

A

Rhodamine B

132
Q

Demonstrates deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activities

A

Acridine Red 3b

133
Q

Used as a substitute for Carbol Fuschin

A

Night Blue

134
Q

Permits discrimination between dead and living cells
DNA: green fluorescence
RNA: Red fluorescence

A

Acridine Orange

135
Q

Used for staining hemoglobin

136
Q

Most sensitive among all of the fat dyes
Stains phospholipids

A

Sudan Black

137
Q

Stains triglycerides and neutral lipids (deep red)

A

Sudan IV/Scharlach R

138
Q

Stains fats (orange)

139
Q

Used in spirochetes reticulum and fiber stains
Metallic Impregnation stain

A

Silver Nitrate (10%)

140
Q

Histochemical stain used for the demonstration of carbohydrates (glycogen)

A

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

141
Q

Staining for muscles and bones;
Astrocytes

A

Mallory’s Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

142
Q

Used for muscle demonstration
Chromogen for Immunohistochemistry
Stains 2-5 mins
Staind elements rose red color

A

Lissamine Fast Red Tartrazine method

143
Q

Used for fats

A

Osmic acid/ Osmium tetroxide

144
Q

Melanin (Silver modification) black
Metallic Impregnation Stain

A

Masson Fontana Technique

145
Q

Diagnostic for Bile pigments

A

Gmelin’s test

146
Q

Hemosiderin (Iron-containing pigment for hemoglobin)

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

147
Q

For hemoglobin

A

Benzidine method

148
Q

For astrocyte

A

Cajal’s Gold Sublimate

149
Q

Neurons, Axons, Neurofibrils

A

Bielschowsky’s technique

150
Q

For normal myelin sheaths

A

Weigert-Pal technique

151
Q

For copper

A

Lindquist’s modified Rhodamine

152
Q

For bacteria

A

Gram-Twort

153
Q

Bacteria, Nocardia, Actinomyces

A

Brown and Brenn

154
Q

Helicobacter
Cytological evaluation
Simple but rapid

A

Cresyl Violet Acetate

155
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

156
Q

For spirochetes

A

Levatidi’s method/ Warthin-Starry

157
Q

For fungi

A

Grocott Methanamine Silver (GMS)

158
Q

For Reticular fibers

A

Gordon and Sweet’s method

159
Q

Progressive stain
RES (Reticuloendothelial system tissues)

A

Trypan Blue

160
Q

For cytology (rapid, differential)
Fluorescent staining microscopy

A

Polychrome stain

Reviewers (14 decks)

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