Parasites and Anesthesia Quiz Flashcards
Skin Scraping
-fur loss and itchiness/crustiness
-massage skin, isolate between fingers, scrape superficially (new, wide blade scalpel)
-examine under microscope with mineral oil
-avoid center of irritation
Flea Comb
-flea, flea dirt (flea poop….digested blood)
-remove fly eggs with mascara brush
-topical treatments: revolution, advantage, ovitrol, capstar, diatomaceous earth
Skin Biopsy
-suspected skin parasite
-local or general anesthetic
-close with sutures; treat as surgical area/procedure
Lice vs. Mites
mites are much smaller
Tick Removal
-remove with forceps
-send off in vial with alcohol-soaked gauze and paperwork
Maggot (fly larvae)
-consume living tissue, usually found in large wounds
-physical removal, evaluate tissue, +/- capstar topically or PO
Swab Examination
-swab area with cotton-tipped applicator
-wet mount, roll on glass slide, stain, examine, or transport media in tube
Crop Swab
-cotton swab soaked in warm water/saline, swab crop or mouth, squeeze drop on slide and examine
Washes
-pass feeding/gavage tube, infuse warm fluid into crop, aspirate, wet mount (trichomonads) or stain
-extend neck gently when performing wash
Direct Fecal Examination
tiny amount of feces + drop of saline, mix together on slide, can be examined immediately or stained
Passive Fecal Float
-mix feces with zinc sulfate, sodium nitrate, or sheather’s sugar
-most eggs float within 10-15 minutes…trapped by cover slip
Fecal Centrifugation
-increases number of eggs that float, more sensitive, but time-consuming
NPS
no parasites seen
Lice
-biting/chewing lice (mammals) or sucking lice (birds)
-itching fur/feather loss, skin inflammation
-treat with scalex or ovitrol…spray gauze and wipe
-ivermectin PO or SQ (overdose toxicity danger)
Mites
-associated with mange…itching, fur loss, crusting
-confirmed by skin scrape or biopsy
-secondary infection common
-treatment ivermectin, selamectin, tresaderm (ears)
Mange
poor hair coat accompanying infestation
Mites (Demodex)
-normal inhabitant of hair follicles in mammals
-disease if poor nutrition, weak immune systems, concurrent disease
-accompanied by fur loss, flaky skin, scabs
Mites (Knemidocoptes)
-scaly leg or face mite
-featherless areas (face, legs, feet)
-burrows into skin
Mites (Cheyletialla)
-“walking dandruff”
-common in rabbits
“Bird Mites”
-common in nests/nestlings
-short-lived w/o birds (days)
Fipronil
-topical control product used for ticks
-toxic to rabbits
Flies
-usually species specific
-blood loss, especially in weak (can carry mites and lice)
-topical sprays or physical removal
Capstar
-1 tablet (11.4mg) crushed, add to 10 ml water
-PO at 1 ml/kg
Bot Flies
-lay eggs near dens, animals pick up, larvae hatch, migrate to SQ area, grow w/ breathing hole, fall out
Anesthesia
state of unconsciousness that is predictable and reversible (immobilization, amnesia, analgesia)
Analgesia
the inability to feel pain
Use injectable anesthesia when
fractious/dangerous patient, pre-gas, respiratory compromise, emergency
Inhalant anesthesia
-product is vaporized from liquid to gas
-types: halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane
Anesthesia Machines
deliver oxygen and gas anesthetic; remove carbon dioxide
ET tubes
endotracheal tubes…cuffed and non-cuffed cole
Stage 1 (induction)
excitements, struggling may occur; increased RR and HR
Stage 2
loss of consciousness begins; breath holding
Stage 3 (general anesthesia)
-plane 1 (reflexes +)
-plane 2 (most surgeries, muscles relaxed, reflexes -)
-plane 3 (intercostal muscles relaxed, ability to maintain respiration is endangered)
-plane 4 (all muscles, including diaphragm and intercostal muscles paralyzed)
Stage 4 (irreversible anesthesia)
respiratory arrest, followed by circulatory collapse…death within 1-5 minutes
Risks During Anesthesia
respiratory depression, slowing of GI tract, cold, decreased blood pressure, aspiration, death
Anesthetic Canister
0-5% lowest percent to keep patient in right plane
Oxygen Flow Meter
L/min
Need During Surgery
ET tubes, anesthesia log, doppler, stethescope
Monitor Anesthesia
depth, duration, HR and RR, O2 and anesthesia levels
Monitoring Patient Status
temp, hydration status, mucus membrane, eyes (lube)
How to Use Doppler
parallel to blood vessel
Dyspnea
difficulty or labored breathing
Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
Tachypnea
rapid breathing
Bradycardia
slow HR
Tachycardia
fast HR
Auscultation
listening to sounds from heart, lungs, or other organs with a stethoscope
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood
CRT
capillary refill time
Hypotension
low blood pressure
Hypothermia
low body temp.
Respiratory Arrest
ability to breathe stops
Cardiac Arrest
heart stops
Intubation
-have access to airway
-confirm placement w/ chest rise or condensation
-secure
Listen to heart at least every
5 mins
Recovery
-decrease anesthesia; keep O2 on
-pain meds/drug reversal
-extubate when reflexes return
