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Spring 2023 Classes > Animal Behavior Test #3 > Flashcards

Animal Behavior Test #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Foraging using a variety of sensory modalities

A

how animals find food

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2
Q

Search Image

A

distinctive visual features of an object, like a single prey type; facilities ability to find cryptic prey

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3
Q

Is bumblebee foraging more efficient when multiple senses are used?

A

trained bumblebees to forage on flowers with different shapes/colors (visual cues) and odor (chemical cues)…bees trained on both visual and odor cues had the highest feeding performance (use of multiple sensory cues facilitates efficient feeding)

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4
Q

Blue jays using search image to find cryptic moths

A

trained blue jays to search for images of moths (2 species; one cryptic on oak, one cryptic on birch) on computer screen
-run treatment: birds were exposed to the same cryptic moth repeatedly )percent of correct responses increased)
-non run treatment: two different moths were interspersed and presented randomly (the percent of correct responses did not change over trials)
-jays used search image when the same cryptic prey was presented repeatedly, resulting in a more efficient search

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5
Q

Optimality Theory

A

predicts that an adaptation should have a greater cost-benefit ratio than any alternatives that have been replaced by natural selection

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6
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

natural selection favors foraging behavior that maximizes fitness

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7
Q

Optimal Diet Model

A

predicts the food types an animal should include in its diet

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8
Q

Handling Time

A

time to manipulate food item prior to consumption

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9
Q

Profitability

A

energy of food item/handling time

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10
Q

Bobwhites and Covey Size

A

given benefits and costs, coveys of intermediate size have the highest survival rate (look in PPT for more info)

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11
Q

Optimal Diet Model example with hypothetical food types

A

diets with the lowest combined search and handling time per item, maximizing the energy intake rate…models are useful b/c they generate explicit predictions that can be tested (look in PPT for more info)

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12
Q

Northwest Crows maximize energy intake

A

Results:
-larger whelks break with fewer drops
-a 5m drop minimizes handling time
-finding a new whelk (search time) takes more time and energy
-more info on PPT

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13
Q

Sodium limitation and feeding behavior of ants

A

-ants living in environments where sodium is rare will have a a strong preference for sodium chloride
-ants recruited to NaCl vials more strongly as distance to the road increased
-sodium limitation affects feeding behavior

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14
Q

Optimal Patch-Use Model

A

predicts how long a forager should exploit a food patch

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15
Q

Diminishing Returns

A

when a forager enters a food patch, it initially harvests food at a high rate. as the patch is depleted, its harvest rate declines

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16
Q

Cumulative Gain Curve

A

cumulative amount of energy acquired increases more slowly as more time is spent in food patch

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17
Q

Socially Foraging

A

animals obtain food from the discoveries of others

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18
Q

Kleptoparasites

A

animals that obtain food from other individuals

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19
Q

Producers vs. Scroungers

A

-producers search for food
-scroungers usurp food discoveries from producers

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20
Q

Producer-Scrounger Model

A

predicts the frequency of each foraging strategy in a group

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21
Q

How long should Ruddy Ducks remain in a single foraging patch?

A

-model accurately predicted the number of items eaten by most of the ducks
-birds spent more time in patches when travel time was long
-ducks attempted to maximize energy intake while feeding from the artificial patches

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22
Q

Sea star feeding example

A

-sea stars take several days to feed on a clam
-other marine carnivores steal food while the sea stars are actively feeding

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23
Q

What is the equilibrium frequency of producers and scroungers in spice finches?

A

cover patches had less scroungers, while uncovered patches more scroungers

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24
Q

Endler’s Stereotypical Predation Sequence

A

-makes predictions about what predators and prey do during the typical predation sequence as well as how selection should act
-the probability that the sequence will be completed increases as the sequence progresses
-encounter, detection, identification, approach-attack, capture, consumption

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25
Q

Apparent Rarity

A

change daily or seasonal activity or habitat

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26
Q

Polymorphism

A

the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species

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27
Q

Apostatic Behavior

A

predators go after most common prey type…prey reduce likelihood of encounter through polymorphism

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28
Q

Contrast intensity of selection between predator and prey

A

-predator fails: loses a meal; expect selection on predators to complete the predation sequence
-prey fails: loses their life; expect selection on prey to interrupt the sequence
-can result in an evolutionary arms race (adaptions of one influence the other)

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29
Q

Crypsis/Cryptic Coloration

A

-prey reduce the likelihood of detection

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30
Q

Importance of background for crypsis

A

-crypsis only works against the correct background

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31
Q

Cost of crypsis

A

-time and energy spent finding the right background
-time spent immobile during the day (not foraging, mating, etc.)

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32
Q

Lures

A

temps an animal or person to do something or go somewhere else

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33
Q

Batesian Mimicry model, mimic, and dupe

A

-species gain protection from predation by resembling the defensive signaling of an unpalatable or defended species
-dishonest skill, mimic increases, model decreases, dupe decreases
-can result in arms race (directional selection on signal…improved discrimination between models and mimics

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34
Q

Mullerian Mimicry and stabilizing selection

A

-several equally unpleasantly tasting species share a color pattern (all species benefit - mutualistic relationship)
-honest signal, mimic increases, model increase, dupe increases
-can result on stabilizing selections on signal and on predator perception

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35
Q

Pursuit-Deterrence Hypothesis

A

-advertisement behavior informs a predator that it has lost the element of surprise; pursuit is not likely to be successful

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36
Q

Alarm Signal Hypothesis

A

-advertisement behavior warns conspecifics of a nearby predator

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37
Q

Australian Thorny Devil Example

A

cryptic sometimes…has to have the correct background

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38
Q

Juvenile crabs complex body color, crypsis, and predation risk

A

-juvenile body coloration is cryptic on shell-hash substrate and reduces predation risk
-small crabs always preferred the shell-hash in the presence of predators…large crabs showed no preference when predation risk was low, but preferred shell-hash when risk was high

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39
Q

Killdeer Lure Example

A

-pretends to have a broken wing to deter animals or people from ground nest w/ eggs

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40
Q

Bird poop caterpillar and frog example

A

-caterpillar and frogs looks like bird poop
-reduces the likelihood of identification by resembling inedible objects

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41
Q

Gazelle stotting and deer tail-flagging

A

-there was no difference in tail flagging between solitary and social deer
-tail flagging was more frequency as the distance to the deer increased
-data was consistent with the pursuit-deterrence hypothesis
-lost element of surprise so pursuit is likely not successful

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42
Q

Aposematism

A

bright coloration or conspicuous sounds associated w/ chemical defenses

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43
Q

Startle Display

A

sudden movement that exposes conspicuous colors or a sound

44
Q

Alarm Calls

A

interrupt approach attack by warning conspecifics

45
Q

Predator Harassment

A

rapid movement around a predator that may be coupled w/ loud vocalizations

46
Q

Mobbing Behavior

A

harassment of a predator by multiple individuals

47
Q

Mechanical/Behavioral Methods to Avoid Capture

A

-2 banded armadillo (can roll into ball)
-conch
-pangolin (rolls into ball)
-porcupine (uses spines to deter predation)

48
Q

Octopus Example

A

video on PPT

49
Q

Startle Display examples

A

octopus, moths, butterflies, caterpillars

50
Q

Swallowtail butterflies startle display

A

-latency to attack was longer for live butterfly
-live butterfly exhibited startle response 75% of time it was approached
-birds flew away or hopped back in response to 80% of the startle displays

51
Q

Alarm call examples

A

ground squirrels and vervet monkeys

52
Q

California ground squirrel rattlesnake harassment technique

A

-the temperature of a ground squirrel’s tail was, on average, 2°C higher when the squirrel harassed a rattlesnake than when it harassed a gopher snake
-California ground squirrels include an infrared component in their harassment of rattlesnakes, presumably by increasing blood flow to the tail, which results in a slowing of the snake attack

53
Q

Owl Mobbing

A

-owls moved during 20% of mobbing events
-predation on mobbing species was 10x lower than predation on non-mobbing species
-Mobbing can lead to owl displacement and can reduce predation risk

54
Q

Examples of mechanical/behavioral methods to avoid capture

A

porcupine, hagfish, autotomy

55
Q

Dilution Effect

A

the probability of dying in a successful predator attack (1/N) is reduced by the presence of others

56
Q

Selfish Herd Effect

A

individuals reduce predation risk by moving to the center of a group because a predator is more likely to kill a member near the edge of a social group

57
Q

Group Size Effect

A

-vigilance behavior of individuals declines as group size increases
-common pattern in many social species

58
Q

Killifish shoaling behavior

A

-killfish prefer to associate with other fish when predation is high, as predicted by the dilution effect
-experiment details on PPT

59
Q

Puddling behavior in butterflies

A

-costs of increased appearance outweighed by benefits of being one of many prey individuals

60
Q

Mayfly dilution effect

A

-researchers counted number of molts and number of spent/dead adult females; results supported dilution effect
-more info on PPT

61
Q

Redshank spacing within the flock and the Selfish herd effect

A

-predicts individuals farther away from flock have a higher chance of being targeted by a predator

62
Q

Scaled Dove flock size and vigilance

A

-as flock size increases, scan rate declined and foraging duration increased
-birds at the flock edge had higher scan rate, longer scan duration, and lower foraging duration than birds near the center
-experiment details on PPT

63
Q

Noxiousness

A

deters predators with chemical defenses, glandular secretions, and reflex bleeding

64
Q

Misdirecting Predator Attack

A

directs predator attack elsewhere with physical abnormalities

65
Q

Behavioral Trade-Off

A

sacrificing one behavior for another

66
Q

Vigilance Behavior

A

scanning the environment for predators

67
Q

Noxiousness: Giant Leopard Moth, Horned Lizard

A

-produce droplets containing noxious chemical defenses (moth)
-reflex bleeding (lizard)

68
Q

Misdirection: Hairstreak Butterflies

A

-have false head at their tail to fool predators
-orange and black false eyes, turns it’s “false head” toward the perceived danger, initiates movement of hind wings

69
Q

Flamingo Vigilance - Feeding Trade-Off

A

increased vigilance decreases feeding time

70
Q

Elk Vigilance - Feeding Trade-Off

A

-elk living in areas w/ and w/o wolf predators
-females spent more time feeding in areas w/ wolves, male behavior did not differ
-females exhibit vigilance-feeding trade-off due to wolves

71
Q

Male Fiddler Crab Borrow Use - Claw Waving Trade-Off

A

-treatment plots (mature females tethered in the plot) and control plots (no female)
-flew an artificial predator over each plot
-recorded how long males stayed in their burrow after the attack
-males emerged more quickly when a female was present
-males adaptively adjust their refuge use based on its benefits and costs

72
Q

Station-Keeping

A

movements directly related to the acquisition of resources (food, mates basking sites, retreat/refuge sites
foraging, territorial defense, commuting

73
Q

Commuting

A

movement between resource patches

74
Q

Exploratory Forays

A

movement outside of home range

75
Q

Dispersal

A

one-way movement from natal site to new breeding site

76
Q

Migration

A

two-way movement between sites

77
Q

Movement Ecology

A

the study of the process, mechanisms, and consequences of movement

78
Q

Movement Ecology (External Factors)

A

-water
-temp
-intraspecific competition
-interspecific competition
-response to predators or parasites affect patterns of movement

79
Q

Movement Ecology (Internal Factors)

A

-forgaing ecology (driven by energetics, physiology, metabolism
-mating system (reproductive cycles (determined by combination of external and internal factors)
-life histories

80
Q

Movement Ecology (Navigation Capacity)

A

-orientation abilities
-navigation abilities
-sensory perception (visual, auditory, olfactory, magnetic, etc.

81
Q

Movement Ecology (Movement Capacity)

A

method of movement (crawl, run, walk, hop, leap, burrow, swim, glide, climb, slither

82
Q

Movement Ecology (Lifetime Movement Path)

A

external factors + internal factors + navigation capacity + movement capacity

83
Q

Why Move?

A

-acquisition of resources (food, water, basking sites, hibernation sites, nesting sites, shelter/refuges, anything required for survival and reproduction

84
Q

Costs of Movement

A

-energy expenditure, exposure to unfavorable conditions, exposure to predators
-most animals only move when necessary
-species differ in how far or how often they move

85
Q

Sink Population

A

habitats in which population cannot survive when they are isolated from other populations

86
Q

Source population

A

a high quality habitat that allows the population to increase (lots of juveniles in populations)

87
Q

Importance of Movement to Population/Metapopulation Dynamics

A

-population dynamics are closely tied to patterns of movement
-movement from one habitat to another (often high mortalities…usually juveniles)
-metapopulation dynamics: some habitat patches are population by individuals the immigrated from other habitat patches (source-sink dynamics and boom-bust

88
Q

Importance of Movement to Genetic Structure of Populations

A

genetic structure of populations is affected by movement (gene flow)

89
Q

Natal Philopatry (Site Fidelity)

A

the tendency to return to one’s birthplace
Ex. sea turtles (DNA sequences show genetically distinct even though adults share same feeding grounds)

90
Q

Effects of Habitat Heterogeneity on Movement and Genetic Isolation

A

-genetic structure of populations is affected by movement
-significant genetic differentiation among populations isolated in suitable habitat surrounded by less suitable habitat
-makes movement difficult between patches

91
Q

High vs. Low Dispersal Ability and Habitat Heterogeneity

A

-low dispersal ability have increased isolation…more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation an local extinction
-high dispersal ability have decreased isolation, less affected by barriers, and have considerable gene flow among local populations

92
Q

Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Barriers to Movement

A

-fragmentation affects ability of individuals to move through the landscape (affect reproduction and survival)
-man-made barriers limit movement between populations, increase mortality among migrating animals, decrease genetic diversity within populations, and leads to extinction of small isolated populations

93
Q

Methods for Studying Movement

A

-mark/recapture
-tracking
-VIE marking
-sub Q numbered tagging
-PIT tags
-radio transmitters
-RFID tracking devices

94
Q

Dispersal Fitness Costs

A

-takes quite a lot of energy to travel
-travel is associated w/ increased predation risk

95
Q

Reasons for Dispersing

A

reduces resource competition and inbreeding

96
Q

Competition Hypothesis

A

dispersal functions to reduce competition resources

97
Q

Inbreeding Avoidance Hypothesis

A

dispersal functions to reduce inbreeding

98
Q

Post-Natal (Juvenile) Dispersal

A

young males of many mammal species disperse at adulthood, but females, may not disperse (reduces inbreeding)

99
Q

Breeding Dispersal

A

abandoning one breeding site and moving to another

100
Q

Win-Stay, Lose-Shift-Pattern

A

species exhibit site fidelity after a reproductive success and exhibit breeding dispersal after a reproductive failure

101
Q

Public Information

A

information obtained from the activity or performance of others about the quality of an environmental parameter or resource

102
Q

Testing the Competition Hypothesis with Springtails

A

-experimental chambers of interconnected glass vials with soil (low density: 30,000 individuals and high density: 90,000 individuals)
-counted the number of springtails in the chambers after 3 days
-more springtails dispersed in the high density treatment
-competitor density affects dispersal

103
Q

Testing the Competition Hypothesis with Northern Goshawks

A

-food-supplemented treatment: platform with several dead quail and control: platform only
-tracked movement of birds w/ radio transmitters
-control birds dispersed farther than food-supplemented birds
-competition for food affects juvenile bird dispersal

104
Q

Testing the Inbreeding Avoidance Hypothesis with Meadow Voles

A

-sibling treatment: 2 males and 2 females and control: 2 males and 2 females, not siblings
-captured and identified all individuals in plowed ground
-more males than females were found captured in plowed ground
-sibling voles dispersed earlier and more often than non-sibling voles
-inbreeding avoidance influences the dispersal behavior of meadow voles

105
Q

Breeding Dispersal in Dragonflies

A

-reduced mating success in ten territories (treatment) and kept it high in other (controls)
-recorded number of matings for each male and whether he returned to the same territory or dispersed to a different territory
-control males had higher mating success than treatment males
-mating success affects breeding dispersal: individuals use a “win-stay-lose-shift” strategy when making dispersal decisions

106
Q

Public Information from conspecifics Affects Breeding Dispersal in Kittiwakes

A

-treatment patch: removed eggs from all birds (all birds had reproductive failure) and control patches: removed eggs only from focal bird (only focal bird had reproductive failure)
-observed where birds bred the next year
-70% of the control patch birds returned to the same breeding sites
-fewer of the treatment patch birds returned to the same breeding sites

Spring 2023 Classes (13 decks)

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