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Spring 2023 Classes > Genetics Test Review #2 > Flashcards

Genetics Test Review #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

principles of heredity

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2
Q

Schleiden and Schwann

A

cell theory

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3
Q

Flemming

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

Darwin

A

evolution

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5
Q

Weismann

A

germ-plasm theory

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6
Q

Sutton

A

genes located on chromosomes

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7
Q

Morgan

A

mutant fruit flies, transmission genetics

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8
Q

Genes are the fundamental unit of

A

heredity

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9
Q

Genes come in multiple forms called

A

alleles (encode a specific trait)

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10
Q

Genes confer

A

phenotypes

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11
Q

Genetic information is carried in

A

DNA and RNA

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12
Q

Genes are located on

A

chromosomes

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13
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA to RNA to Protein

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14
Q

Mutations are

A

permanent changes

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15
Q

Evolution is

A

genetic change (change in allele frequency through population of species)

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16
Q

What is heredity?

A

the passing down of traits from one generation to another

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17
Q

Different alleles for a particular gene occupy

A

the same locus on homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a locus?

A

a place on a chromosome where genetic information encoding a characteristic is located

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19
Q

What is a genotype?

A

set of alleles possessed by an individual

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20
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the manifestation or appearance of a characteristic

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21
Q

Monohybrid crosses revealed what?

A

the principle of segregation and the concept of dominance

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22
Q

Heterozygotes produce offspring with a

A

1:2:1 genotypic ratio and 3:1 phenotypic ration

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23
Q

Dihybrid Crosses revealed what?

A

the principle of independent assortment

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24
Q

What is Independent Assortment?

A

gametes located on different chromosomes will sort independently

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25
Q

How are the principles of segregation and independent assortment related?

A

both refer to the separation of alleles in anaphase I of meiosis

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26
Q

How are the principles of segregation and independent assortment different?

A

principle of segregation says that these alleles separate; principle of independent assortment says that the separate independently of alleles at other loci

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27
Q

What is population genetics?

A

concerns the genetic composition of a population and how it changes over time

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28
Q

What are the five major causes of evolutionary change?

A

natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating

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29
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

the frequencies of genotypes and alleles in the population

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30
Q

How do you calculate genotypic frequencies?

A

number of individuals possessing the genotype divided by total number of individuals in sample

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31
Q

How do you calculate allelic frequencies?

A

number of copies of a particular allele present in a sample divided by total number of alleles

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32
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

A population’s allele and genotype frequencies are constant, unless there is some type of evolutionary force acting on them

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33
Q

If allelic frequencies change,

A

then evolution is occuring

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34
Q

If allelic frequencies remain consistent over generations,

A

then equilibrium is reached, and evolution is not occurring

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35
Q

What is p?

A

the frequency of the dominant allele

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36
Q

What is q?

A

the frequency of the recessive allele

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37
Q

What is p^2?

A

the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

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38
Q

What is 2pq?

A

the frequency of heterozygous individuals

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39
Q

What is q^2

A

the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

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40
Q

What are the 5 model assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

no mutations must occur, no gene flow can occur, random mating must occur, the population must be large, no selection can occur

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41
Q

When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the proportion of genotypes are determined by

A

the frequencies of alleles

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42
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

change in allele/genotype frequency by random chance

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43
Q

Genetic drift has a large effect on

A

small populations

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44
Q

What is positive assortative mating?

A

a tendency of like individuals to mate

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45
Q

What is negative assortative mating?

A

a tendency of unlike individuals to mate

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46
Q

Individuals may be homozygous by

A

decent or state

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47
Q

What is identical by descent?

A

when two copies of an allele are descended from the same copy in a common ancestor

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48
Q

What is identical in state?

A

when two copies of an allele are the same in structure and function, but are descended from two different copies in ancestors

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49
Q

What is inbreeding

A

the measure of probability that two alleles are identical by descent

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50
Q

Natural selection is favoring those

A

mutations that are accumulating over time

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51
Q

Mutations cause changes in

A

allelic and genotype frequencies in a population

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52
Q

Migration results in the

A

addition of genetic variants

53
Q

The amount of change in allelic frequency due to migration depends on the

A

difference in allelic frequency and the extent of migration

54
Q

Natural selection is more effective when

A

populations are large

55
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

favors individuals with a trait near the mean of the population

56
Q

What is directional selection?

A

favors individuals at one end of the distribution of a trait

57
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

favoring individuals at either end of the distibution

58
Q

Sex chromosomes are

A

heteromorphic

59
Q

Male sex chromosomes differ from female sex chromosomes in

A

size and shape

60
Q

X and Y chromosomes are homologous only at

A

pseudoautosomal regions

61
Q

X and Y chromosomes pair during

A

meiosis

62
Q

Zygote is

A

diploid

63
Q

Gametes are

A

haploid

64
Q

Meiosis produces

A

haploid gametes

65
Q

Fertilization produces a

A

diploid zygote

66
Q

What are sex cells

A

sperm and egg

67
Q

Gamete production is produced through

A

meiosis

68
Q

Gamete formation reduces genetic information by

A

half

69
Q

What is the size difference in sperms and eggs

A

sperms are smaller than eggs

70
Q

What is hermaphroditism?

A

both sexes in the same organism

71
Q

What is monoecious?

A

both male and female reproductive structures in the same organism

72
Q

What is dioecious?

A

either male or female reproductive structures in one organism

73
Q

What are autosomes?

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

74
Q

What is the XX-XO system (Ex. grasshoppers)?

A

XX (homogametic) - female
XO (heterogametic) - male

75
Q

What is the XX-XY system (Ex. mammals)?

A

XX (homogametic) - female
XY (heterogametic) - male

76
Q

What is the ZZ-ZW system (Ex. butterflies)

A

ZZ - male
ZW - female

77
Q

What is the haplodiploidy system (Ex.bees)?

A

haploid set - male
diploid set - female

78
Q

What is a genic sex-determination system?

A

sex determination is governed by separate genes or alleles present on specific locus of the chromosomes

79
Q

What is the Genic Balance Theory (Calvin Blackman)?

A

in drosophila, sex is determined by the genic balance between X chromosomes and autosome genomes (sets)

80
Q

Where is extranuclear DNA found?

A

in mitochondria and chloroplasts

81
Q

What do sperm rarely carry?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

82
Q

What is maternal inheritance?

A

when extranuclear DNA is passed to the next generation only by the female parent

83
Q

What is environmental sex-determination?

A

environmental factors influence the sex of an organism (Ex. limpets, ferns, sea turtle eggs)

84
Q

Gametophytes can be

A

bisexual

85
Q

What does the SRY gene on the Y chromosome do?

A

determines maleness

86
Q

What is turner syndrome?

A

females with a single X chromosome in their cells (X0)

87
Q

What is random X-inactivation (Ex. tortoiseshell cats)?

A

the random inactivation of one X chromosome in females

88
Q

What is a mixed sex determination system?

A

interaction of both genetic and environmental factors

89
Q

Wheat has a genome consisting of chromosomes from

A

three different species (einkorn wheat, wild grass, and emmer wheat)

90
Q

What is a hexaploid?

A

6n = 42

91
Q

What is chromosome morphology?

A

position of the centromere on the chromosome

92
Q

What is condensation of chromosome?

A

look at diagram in PPT

93
Q

Differentiate metacentric, sub-metacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric

A

on PPT

94
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

the complete set of chromosomes possessed by an organism

95
Q

What do chromosome rearrangements do?

A

alters the structure of chromosomes

96
Q

What does aneuploidy do?

A

alters the number of chromosomes

97
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

an organism that has more than two sets of chromosome (one or more complete sets are added)

98
Q

Understand chromosome mutations.

A

on PPT (figure 8.3)

99
Q

What is duplication?

A

a segment of the chromosome is duplicated

100
Q

What is deletion?

A

a segment of the chromosome is deleted

101
Q

What is inversion?

A

a segment of the chromosome is turned 180 degrees

102
Q

What is translocation?

A

a segment of a chromosome moves from one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome or to another pace on the same chromosome

103
Q

Understand types of chromosome duplications.

A

on PPT

104
Q

What is the effect of chromosome duplication?

A

the duplicated chromosome loops out during pairing in prophase I

105
Q

Understand drosophila X-linked duplication.

A

on PPT

106
Q

Understand consequences of gene duplication.

A

on PPT (figure 8.2)

107
Q

When genes duplicate, they can

A

take on new functions

108
Q

Unequal crossing over produces

A

duplications and deletions

109
Q

Large deletions are

A

easily detected

110
Q

What are some effects of deletions?

A

imbalances in gene product, expression of a normally recessive gene (pseudodominance), and haploinsufficiency

111
Q

Formation of deletion loops during pairing of homologs in

A

prophase I

112
Q

What is pseudodominance?

A

expression of a normally recessive mutation

113
Q

When is pseudodominance produced?

A

when the dominant wild-type allele in a heterozygous individual is absent due to a deletion on one chromosome

114
Q

What is haploinsufficiency (Ex. notch gene)?

A

when a single copy of a gene is not sufficient to produce the wild-type phenotype

115
Q

Inversion depends on

A

the involvement of the centromere

116
Q

Paracentric inversion

A

does not include centromeres

117
Q

Pericentric inversion

A

includes centromeres

118
Q

Chromosome 4 differs in humans and chimpanzees by a

A

pericentric inversion

119
Q

Understand different types of translocation.

A

non reciprocal intrachromosomal translocation - movement of chromosomal segment from one location in the chromosome to another
non reciprocal interchromosomal translocation - movement of chromosomal segments between chromosomes
reciprocal interchromosomal translocation - chromosome segments are exchanged between two homologous chromosomes

120
Q

What is Robertsonian translocation

A

the short arm of one acrocentric chromosome is exchanges with the long arm of another

121
Q

What are causes of aneuploidy?

A

-deletion of centromere during mitosis and meiosis
-Robertsonian translocation
-nondisjunction during meiosis and mitosis

122
Q

What is aneuploidy in Jimson weed?

A

-mutant capsules in Jimson weed result from
different trisomies
-each type of capsule is a phenotype that is trisomic for a different chromosome

123
Q

What is autosomal aneuploids in humans?

A

down syndrome

124
Q

What is trisomy 21?

A

down syndrome

125
Q

What is primary down syndrome?

A

75% random nondisjunction in egg formation

126
Q

What is familial down syndrome?

A

Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21

127
Q

What is autopolyploidy?

A

from single species

128
Q

What is allopolyploidy?

A

from two species

Spring 2023 Classes (13 decks)

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