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Spring 2023 Classes > Animal Behavior Test #2 > Flashcards

Animal Behavior Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

nerve endings that respond to stimuli…transmit info via neurons…or convert stimulus energy into chemical energy

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2
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that receive and transfer electrical and chemical signals

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3
Q

Action Potential

A

signals that travel to CNS…a wave of membrane depolarization flowing along nerve cell membrane

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4
Q

Synapse

A

with other neurons on their way to CNS…release of neurotransmitter at synapses

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

detect a stimulus

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6
Q

Cell Body

A

where information is integrated

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7
Q

Axon

A

conducts an electrical signal to the axon terminal where it can be transmitted to another neuron, organ or muscle

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

electrical signals are transformed into chemical signals that move across the synapse

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9
Q

Chemoreception

A

occurs when a chemical molecule binds to a receptor on the surface of a sensory neuron

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10
Q

Gustation

A

the detection of dissolved chemicals, often within the mouth

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11
Q

Olfaction

A

the detection of airborne chemical stimuli

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12
Q

Pheromones

A

volatile, species-specific organic compounds produced by individuals, that elicit responses in conspecifics (members of their own species)

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13
Q

Sensillia

A

here chemoreception occurs…has 3 sensory neurons (one sensitive to CO2, one sensitive to octanol, and one sensitive to phenols (in sweat)

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14
Q

Olfaction in Male Polyphemus Moths

A

antennae (hair-like olfactory receptors) allows for smell in moths…use their large antennae to locate newly emerged females (identified by their pheromones (sex hormones) at distances up to half a mile

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15
Q

Olfaction in Mosquitoes

A

chemoreception occurs at maxillary palps that have olfactory sensilla…detect CO2 with sensory receptors to find humans

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16
Q

Tongue flicking in snakes

A

use tongue to taste and smell

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17
Q

Sensory receptors responsible for the perception of sweet and umami tastes in rodents

A

used knockout method that lacked DNA sequences for one of three receptors (KO-1, KO-2, and KO-3)…measured neural activity and rate of licking at water spout…concluded that T1R1 and T1R3 are required to detect amino acids (Umami), while T1R2 and T1R3 are required to detect sweet tastes

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18
Q

Olfactory cues and breeding aggregations of cuddle-fish

A

measured behavioral response to new eggs or seawaters in a Y-shaped maze…individuals responded most strongly to the odor of new eggs…concluded that cuttlefish can detect the odor of new eggs finding a breeding aggregation

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19
Q

Sensory Filtering

A

the process of receiving only certain stimuli among the many stimuli impinging

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20
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

spans an enormous range of wavelengths and frequencies (in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency)

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21
Q

Optical Window

A

optical portion of EM spectrum that passes through the atmosphere to the ground

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22
Q

Photoreception

A

detect light and color…through photoreceptors that contain proteins that change shape when struck by light

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23
Q

Opsins

A

-light-sensitive proteins (in cones)
-that are struck by light and change shape, they change -the permeability of the photoreceptor neurons, and they generate action potentials
variation in opsin structure confers sensitivity to different wavelengths of light

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24
Q

Cones

A

most color perception

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25
Q

Rods

A

wide spectrum, at low light levels

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26
Q

Tapetum Lucidum

A

a retroreflector, lying immediately behind the retina (reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors )

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27
Q

Thermoreception

A

heat detection

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28
Q

Thermorecepring Pits

A

sensitive to infrared radiation

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29
Q

Narrow-leaved Arnica nectar guides visible to UV-enabled insects

A

presents itself to UV-enabled insects with a developed UV pattern

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30
Q

Monarch butterflies color discrimination

A

butterflies can discriminate different colors

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31
Q

Bird Vision

A

have higher proportion of cones to rods than human eyes, and cones are complex
inner segment contains a colored oil droplet beside the base of the outer segment, which filter light before it can reach the visual pigment (oil droplets are either clear or colored by a variety of carotenoids)

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32
Q

UV-reflecting plumage in male pied flycatcher and female mate choice

A

female mate choice is affected by male plumage: females prefer males with high amounts of UV plumage

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33
Q

UV perception in Reindeer

A

adapted to see UV, urine (predators or potential mates), lichens (food source for reindeers) absorb UV light, making them appear black in contract to the UV-reflecting snow

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34
Q

UV reflexing fur in Platypus and Flying Squirrels

A

mammal fur glowed/fluoresced under UV light…absorbs short-wavelength light (UV) and re-emits it as longer wavelength (in the visible spectrum) that humans can see

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35
Q

Cat low-light vision

A

have 44% greater sensitivity than human vision, under low light conditions…many of these animals are nocturnal (contributed to by tapetum lucidum)

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36
Q

Thermoreception in pit vipers

A

allows for vipers to see body heat of prey (sensitive to infrared radiation) heat-sensing pit organ located between the eye and nostril on either side of the head

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37
Q

Crotaline versus non-crotaline snakes detection of infrared radiation

A

crotaline snakes detect and respond to warm objects (they perceive infrared wavelengths); non-crotaline snakes cannot…used warm and hot balloons snakes would strike at them

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38
Q

Cat sensory perception

A

cats don’t see far away…but whiskers move forward to help sensory

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39
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

detect sound and vibration via mechanical waves…can be found on hair, thorax, wings, or legs

40
Q

Pinnae

A

external ears that funnel sound, thus amplifying hearing sensitivity

41
Q

Hair Cells

A

sensory receptors of the auditory and vestibular system in ears

42
Q

Cochlea

A

spiral cavity in the inner ear (produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations)

43
Q

Middle-ear ossicles

A

connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear allowing for the transmission of sound waves

44
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

its vibration patterns have the effect of separating incoming sound into its component frequencies that activate different cochlear regions

45
Q

Males moth ultrasonic pulses and attracting females

A

male ultrasonic pulses are an important aspect of female mating behavior…used deafened and hearing females…hearing females mated quicker

46
Q

Elephants and infrasound to maintain contact over long distances

A

elephants use infrasound’s (low frequencies) to maintain contact up to 1km and can detect unfamiliar groups up to 1.5km away

47
Q

Snake hearing

A

have an auditory pathway that uses a simplified version of the system we have, and have a “somatic” pathway by which vibration of the body wall can be relayed to the brain

48
Q

Vabrissae

A

whiskers on seals that follow the hydrodynamic trails of other seals

49
Q

Lateral Line System

A

helps detect changes in water pressure created by other individuals (homologous to human ears)

50
Q

Neuromast Organs

A

small epithelial receptor organs that are composed of sensory hair cells

51
Q

Electroreception

A

detect weak electric fields

52
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

sensitive electroreceptors

53
Q

Magnetoreception

A

detect the Earth’s magnetic field

54
Q

Harbor seals following hydrodynamic trails

A

seals can’t follow if nylon stocking is placed over their whiskers, but if put over their eyes; seals can follow the wake of a fish for up to 35s after the fish has passed…whiskers help seals follow the hydrodynamic trails of other seals

55
Q

Lateral line system in fish

A

lateral line contains mechanoreceptors that can detect changes in water pressure created by other individuals

56
Q

Antlion larvae using mechanoreception to capture prey

A

antlion larvae build sand pits to capture their ant prey…antlions detect substrate-borne vibrations in their prey in their sand pit and then attack

57
Q

Electroreception in platypuses

A

can close eyes and sweep rostrum around (metal detector) that detects vibrations of prey when foraging

58
Q

Integration of sensory information in Sharks

A

salt water has high conductivity…have pore filled with electrically conductivity gel that helps detect muscle activity of prey and navigate earth’s geomagnetic field

59
Q

Electroreception in hammer-head sharks versus sand sharks

A

no evidence that hammerhead sharks have greater electro detection capability than sandbar sharks…moved toward/or bit active dipole, never attacked an inactive dipole

60
Q

Communication

A

a process in which a specialized signal produced by one individual (a signaler) affects the behavior of another (signal receiver)

61
Q

Signaler

A

provides information to a receiver

62
Q

Receiver

A

subject that receives information that will affect their behavior

63
Q

Modes of Communication

A

visual, auditory, olfactory, tactical, seismic, electro, auto communication, thermal

64
Q

Effects of Environment on Communication

A

a set of constraints (propagation through an environment changes a signal

65
Q

Sound Windows

A

certain frequencies do better that other frequencies

66
Q

Chemical Signals

A

relatively, long lasting and can travel great distances, but cannot be modified once transmitted

67
Q

Visual Signals

A

can move rapidly through the environment, but require adequate light levels and can be blocked by objects

68
Q

Auditory Signals

A

can travel around objects and can be turned on and off quickly, but attenuate (lose intensity) as they travel through the environment

69
Q

Foraging ants and pheromone trails

A

surface temperature affects chemical pheromone persistence…may explain why social foraging ants do not forage at high temperatures

70
Q

Blue versus yellow Telmatherina fish males and habitat

A

blue morphs had higher success in beach habitat/yellow morph had higher success in root habitat…color signal efficiency was affected by light environment

71
Q

Habitat structure and Satin Bowerbird vocal signals

A

predicted that since higher frequencies attenuate more rapidly in dense vegetation, then call frequency should be lower in more densely vegetated habitats…habitat structure favors vocal signals that minimize attenuation

72
Q

Purposes of Communication

A

ownership/territorial, alarm calls, mate attraction

73
Q

Vibration Communication

A

common in insects; most used in mate advertisement and courtship

74
Q

Autocommunication and Echolocation in bats

A

helps with navigation and sourcing food in the dark (emit high frequencies through their mouth or nose and listen to the echo)

75
Q

Firefly communication

A

fireflies have species-specific flash patterns…males fly and flash, females respond from the ground when they see a male flashing the correct pattern

76
Q

Katydid communication

A

closely-related species often have different courtship signals (Katydids)…clicker or rattler

77
Q

Co-evolutionary “arms race” between bats and prey insects

A

back-and-forth process of adaptation in one species favoring counteradaptation in another (Ex. Many flying insects drop rapidly before being attacked by a bat, but deafened mantids that cannot detect ultrasonic pulses escape fewer attacks)

78
Q

Acoustic aposematism in distasteful moths to avoid bat predation

A

sounds produced by noxious moths (associated w/ distastefulness) reduce their predation risk

79
Q

Vervet Monkey Alarm Calls

A

produce different alarm calls for different predator species

80
Q

Predator-specific alarm calls in Titmice

A

titmice produce different alarm call that result in different behaviors (D notes w/ high-risk predators; mobbing behavior w/ smaller raptors

81
Q

Startle responses in caterpillars

A

caterpillar whistles are defensive and function as acoustic “eye spots” to startle predators

82
Q

Recruitment Trails in Ants and Termites

A

leave pheromone trails when foraging recruiting, etc.

83
Q

Waggle Dance in Honey Bees

A

conveys information on location of food (direction relative to sun indicates direction; duration indicates distance)

84
Q

Signals as accurate indicators

A

conditions that favor the evolution of signals as accurate, or “honest” indicators

85
Q

Conditions that favor the evolution of signals as

A

fitness interests of signaler and receiver are similar, signals will be accurate when they cannot be faked, signals will be accurate indicators when they are costly to produce or maintain

86
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

brightly colored morphology in a species that stands out from the environment and is associated with noxious chemicals or poisons that make them unpalatable or dangerous

87
Q

Aggressive Displays

A

aggressive behaviors often involves energetic displays before more intense fighting occurs

88
Q

Amplexus

A

the mating position of frogs and toads

89
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

when two poisonous or unpalatable animals have similar coloration and patterns

90
Q

Good Decision Rule

A

fight when the odds are good

91
Q

Bad Decision Rule

A

fight no matter what

92
Q

Why are dendrobatid frogs brightly colored?

A

bright coloration is an aposematic signal to predators that prey are unpalatable (created red and brown clay models and recorded predation attacks)

93
Q

Croak pitch and body size in European toads (Bufo bufo)

A

rivals attacked pairs with small males more frequently but small males were left alone more when defended by low croaks

94
Q

Barking Geckos body size and call frequency

A

geckos that charged the speaker (playback) had significantly lower dominant call frequencies and smaller relative throat patches than those that did not charge (dishonest signal)

95
Q

Antler Flies

A

antler size correlated with body size; smaller males give up

96
Q

Roe Deer

A

antler size correlated with body size

Spring 2023 Classes (13 decks)

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