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Spring 2023 Classes > Genetics Chpt. 12 and 13 > Flashcards

Genetics Chpt. 12 and 13 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bands of DNA would be expected in
Meselson and Stahl’s experiment after two rounds
of conservative replication?

A

two

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2
Q

Replicons

A

units of replication

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3
Q

Conservative Replication

A

one is entirely new DNA, and the other is made of old DNA strands

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4
Q

Dispersive Replication

A

the original DNA double helix breaks apart into fragments, and each fragment then serves as a template for a new DNA fragment

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5
Q

Semi-Conservative Replication

A

every new DNA double helix would be a hybrid that consisted of one strand of old DNA bound to one strand of newly synthesized DNA

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6
Q

Theta

A

circular DNA, no break in nucleotide strand, 1 replicon, unidirectional/bidirectional

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7
Q

Rolling-Circle

A

circular DNA, break in nucleotide strand, 1 replicon, unidirectional

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8
Q

Linear Eukaryotic

A

linear DNA, no break in nucleotide strand, many replicons, bidirectional

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9
Q

Which type of replication requires a break in the
nucleotide strand to get started?

A

Rolling-Circle Replication

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10
Q

Requirements for DNA Replication

A

template strand, nucleotides, enzymes and other proteins

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11
Q

DNA replication takes place in a

A

semiconservative model

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12
Q

Replication runs from

A

5’ to 3’

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13
Q

Nucleotides get added to what end

A

3’

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14
Q

Leading Strand

A

undergoes continuous replication

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15
Q

Lagging Strand

A

undergoes discontinuous replication

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16
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

discontinuously synthesized
short DNA fragments forming the lagging strand

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17
Q

Discontinuous replication is a result of which
property of DNA?

A

antiparallel nucleotide strands

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18
Q

Place the following components in the order in
which they are first used in the course of
replication:
helicase
single-strand-binding protein
DNA gyrase
initiator protein

A

initiator protein, helicase, single-strand-binding protein, DNA gyrase

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19
Q

Primers

A

an existing group of RNA nucleotides with a
3’-OH group to which a new nucleotide can be
added; they are usually 10–12 nucleotides long

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20
Q

Primase

A

RNA polymerase…synthesize primers with a 3’-OH group at the beginning of each DNA fragment

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21
Q

Primers are synthesized where on the lagging
strand?

A

at the beginning of every okazaki fragment

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22
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds the DNA

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23
Q

Single-Strand-Binding Proteins

A

protect the single nucleotide strands and prevent secondary structures

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24
Q

DNA Gyrase

A

remove strain ahead of the replication fork

25
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

removes and replaces primers

26
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

carries out elongation

27
Q

Ligase

A

connects nicks (Okazaki fragments) after RNA primers are removed

28
Q

Termination

A

when the replication fork meets or by a termination protein

29
Q

DNA Polymerase II

A

DNA repair; restarts replication DNA; halts synthesis

30
Q

DNA Polymerase IV

A

DNA repair

31
Q

DNA Polymerase V

A

DNA repair; translesion DNA synthesis

32
Q

Polymerase generally

A

synthesized the leading and lagging strands

33
Q

Which bacterial enzyme removes the primers?

A

DNA polymerase I

34
Q

Proofreading

A

DNA polymerase I: 3’ - 5’ exonuclease activity removes the incorrectly paired nucleotide

35
Q

Mismatch Repair

A

corrects errors after replication is complete

36
Q

Which mechanism requires the ability to
distinguish between newly synthesized and
template strands of DNA?

A

mismatch repair

37
Q

In comparison with prokaryotes, what are some
differences in the genome structure of eukaryotic
cells that affect how replication takes place?

A

The size of eukaryotic genomes, the linear
structure of eukaryotic chromosomes, and the
association of DNA with histone proteins

38
Q

Some of the eukaryotic DNA polymerases have a
tendency to make errors in replication.
Why would a cell use an error-prone DNA
polymerase instead of one that is more accurate?

A

Error-prone DNA polymerases can bypass lesions
in the DNA helix that stall accurate, high-speed
DNA polymerases

39
Q

What would be the result if an organism’s
telomerase were mutated and nonfunctional?

A

Chromosomes would shorten each generation

40
Q

Why is recombination important?

A

Recombination is important for genetic variation
and for some types of DNA repair.

41
Q

What is the function of resolvase in recombination?

A

It cleaves the Holliday structure

42
Q

Ribozymes

A

catalytic RNA

43
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

structural and functional components of
the ribosome

44
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries genetic code for proteins

45
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

helps incorporate amino acids into
polypeptide chain

46
Q

Transcription requires

A

DNA template, raw materials (ribonucleotide triphosphates), transcription apparatus

47
Q

Transcribed strand is

A

template strand

48
Q

The transcription unit is composed of

A

a promoter, RNA-coding sequence, and terminator

49
Q

What is the difference between the template strand
and the nontemplate strand?

A

The template strand is the DNA strand that is copied
into an RNA molecule, whereas the nontemplate strand
is not copied

50
Q

Which of the following phrases does NOT describe
a function of the promoter?

A

signals where transcription ends

51
Q

Sigma Factor

A

binding to the promoter when transcription starts

52
Q

In transcription, nucleotides are added to the

A

3’ end

53
Q

What is the function of the sigma factor?

A

The sigma factor controls the binding of RNA
polymerase to the promoter

54
Q

What binds to the −10 consensus sequence found
in most bacterial promoters?

A

holoenzyme (core enzyme + sigma factor)

55
Q

What characteristics are most commonly found in
rho-independent terminators?

A

inverted repeats followed by a string of adenine
nucleotides

56
Q

The promoters of genes transcribed by RNA
polymerase II consists of two primary parts

A

a core promoter and a regulatory promoter

57
Q

What is the difference between the core promoter
and the regulatory promoter?

A

Both b and c above

58
Q

What is the role of TFIID in transcription initiation?

A

RNA polymerase over the transcription start site

59
Q

How are the processes of RNA polymerase II
termination in eukaryotes and rho-dependent
termination in bacteria similar, and how are
they different?

A

Both processes use a protein that binds to the RNA
molecule and moves down the RNA toward the RNA
polymerase.
They differ in that rho does not degrade the RNA,
whereas Rat1 does.

Spring 2023 Classes (13 decks)

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