Parasite 4 Flashcards
segments of tapeworms/Cestodes; what is head called?
proglottids; scolex
broad fish tapeworm…10-30 feet long…get into humans via fish consumption (start with barnacles/copepod and moves its way up)
Diphyllobothrium latum
how long do Diphyllobothrium latum live? how long can they get?
30 years, 10-30 feet
form of Diphyllobothrium latum in copepod (first stage)
procercoid stage
form of Diphyllobothrium latum encysted in muscle of minnow (second stage)
Pleurocercoid
infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum…in poorly cooked freshwater fish (paratenic…travels up food chain)
pleurocercoid
Diphyllobothrium latum in water…what copepods ingest
coracidium
what does Diphyllobothrium latum cause?
pernicious anemia, some N/V, abdominal discomfort
how many Diphyllobothrium latum need for mild clinical manifestations?
1
what is major player in areas that are affected by Diphyllobothrium latum? how many are affected worldwide?
defecation in water; 9 million
diagnosis of Diphyllobothrium latum
eggs or proglottids in stool
drug of choice for Diphyllobothrium latum; what supplement should be given also?
praziquantel; B12
beef tapeworm…10-20 feet long
Taenia saginata
what form of Taenia saginata is passed in feces?
proglottids
this has enough muscular strength slip out of anus unassisted…other than that won’t be able to detect parasite
Taenia saginata
form of Taenia saginata that invades intestinal wall of cow (get eggs by grazing on contaminated soil)
oncosphere
muscles of cows most affected by cysticercus in Taenia saginata
tongue, diaphragm, hind leg
form of Taenia saginata in muscles of cows…*infective form for humans*
cysticercus
Taenia saginata causes this…once have one worm,immune system makes Ab to other parasites that enter (prevents superinfection)
concomitant immunity
diagnosis for Taenia saginata
gravid proglottids in feces
traetment for Taenia saginata
Praziquantel
pork tapeworm…*humans can act as intermediate host*
Taenia solium
what can used human as intermediate host (eggs can develop in humans)
T. solium cysticerci
Taenia solium eggs in man
cysticercosis
modes of cysticercosis infection for Taenia solium
food/drink human feces, reverse parastalsis
where can Taenia solium cysticerci be found after mysenteric veins?
subcutaneous CT, brain, eye, muscle, lungs
steps of reverse peristalsis in Taenia solium
egg, oncosphere, penetrate intestinal wall, mesenteric veins, cysticerci in tissue
two major places affected by Taenia solium cysticercosis (how bad depends on number and location)
retina/eye (blindness) and brain
could explain sudden onset epilepsy
Taenia solium cysticerci
where is Taenia solium most prevalent? what is infection rate?
Mexico, Central/S America, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia; 2-3%
diagnosis of Taenia solium; what is diagnosis for cysticercosis?
gravid proglottids in feces; soft-tissue Xray/CT
treatment for intestinal worms in Taenia solium; what other medication can be given?
Praziquantel (plus steroids); albendazole (also need cysticercosis surgery)
cestodes
Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium
trematodes
Schistosoma mansoni, haematobium, japonicum
trematode with lateral spine (most likely to show up); what snail is associated with this?
Schistosoma mansoni; Biomphalaria
trematode with spike at the end (mate well)…also affects bladder; what snail is associated?
Schistosoma haematobium; Bulinus snails
trematode with nondiscript oval shape; what snail is associated?
Schistosoma japonicum; Oncomelania snails
trematodes that affect mesenteric veins
Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum
where is Schistosoma mansoni prevalent?
AFrica, S.A, Carribean
where is Schistosoma haematobium prevalent?
Africa/Near East
where is Schistosoma japonicum prevalent?
China, Philippines
these Schistosomas eggs are excreted in feces; this is excreted in urine
mansoni and japonicum; haematobium
form of Schistosoma that hatches in water (ciliated…finds snail within 24 hours)…then undergoes asexual multiplication
miracidia
infective form of Schistosoma (heart to lungs to heart to veins)
cercariae
acute phase of Schistosoma infection (when adult egg laying occurs); when does this occur after infection?
fever, discomfort, pain; 1-2 months
what does chronic phase of Schistosoma infection (eggs) cause in intestine? what does it cause in liver and spleen? what does S haeincitobuun cause?
fibrosis, hepato/splenomegaly ; ulceration of bladder
treatment for Schistosoma (although some have become resistant)
praziquantel
diagnosis for Schistosoma
eggs in feces or urine (and blood in urine)
major control for Schistosoma
sanitation and hygiene
cause by bird shistosome entering skin of human (but unsuitable host)…leads to inflammation and rash
Swimmer’s itch
treatment for Swimmer’s itch
antihistamine lotion
aka itch mite…mates on skin and female then burrows (for 2 months)…causes intense itch and rash due to tunneling and excretory products
Sarcoptes scabei
what is symptom of Sarcoptes scabei infection?
intense itch and rash
common places for rash from Sarcoptes scabei to be found
between fingers, breasts, penis (children between fingers, wrist, elbow pit)
what is treatment for Sarcoptes scabei?
5% permethrin
these hide during day and follow CO2 gradient at night to find food (aka you)
Cimex
symptom of Cimex infection
inflamed, itchy bump at bite site
aka head lice…live on hairy surface of scalp
Pediculus humanus capitis
this form of Pediculus humanus capitis attaches to base of hair shafts
nits
how many eggs are deposited in female life cycle for lice? how long does it take for these to hatch (start feeding on host blood w/in one day)?
150 eggs; 8-9 days
how many people infected each year with Pediculus humanus capitis?
10-12 million
what is transmission of Sarcoptes scabei and Pediculus humanus capitis?
direct transmission
what is treatment for Pediculus humanus capitis? what is more severe treatment for resistant bugs?
pediculicide shampoo, 1% permethrin, comb out nits; 0.5% malathion
what is length of life cycle for Phthirus pubis? how many eggs can female produce?
one month; 30 eggs
causes pubic lice (crabs)
Phthirus pubis
treatment of choice for Phthirus pubis
1% permethrin
