Parasite 2 Flashcards
tissue flagellate that causes Kalaazar disease (and is always present in MP)
Leishmania donovani
where is Leishmania donovani always present?
macrophages
what is transmission of Leishmania donovani? what form of this is taken up by host MP?
sandflies (Phlebotomus); amastigote
infective form of Leishmania donovani (occurs 5 days after being taken into sandfly MP)…this is then phagocytized by MP (in viscera)
promastigote
what is attacked by Leishmania donovani promastigote?
reticulo-endothelial system (spleen, liver, bone marrrow)
what is incubation period for Leishmania donovani (Kalaazar)?
3-12 months
symptoms of Leishmania donovani (Kalaazar)
fever (2-8 weeks), hepato or splenomegaly, anemia (also at great risk for bacterial infection)
where is Leishmania donovani prevalent? what is important reservoir in Eurasia and Latin America?
Asia/S america; dog
what is diagnosis of Leishmania donovani?
parasite in MP blood/tissue
treatment for Leishmania donovani infection
Sodium stibogluconate, antibiotics/Amphotericin B/Mitefosine
what is more serious….Leishmania donovani or tropica/mexicana?
donovani (other doesn’t enter blood)
where is Leishmania tropicana/mexicana limited to?
cutaneous RE cells
tissue flagellate that causes papule/disfiguring scar at entry site (gives patient immunity)…Oriental sore…Baghdad boil
Leishmania tropicana/mexicana
where is Leishmania tropicana/mexicana found?
Africa, Mediterranean, Southern Asia, Central America
diagnosis of Leishmania tropicana/mexicana
amastigote in skin scraping
treatment for Leishmania tropicana/mexicana
Sodium stibogluconate or paromomycin
causes American Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis…secondary lesion appears at mucocutaneous junction later on (causes deformity)
Leishmania braziliensis
where is Leishmania braziliensis found? what is reservoir?
Mexico and S. America; large jungle rodents
treatment for Leishmania braziliensis
Sodium stibogluconate
definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii…produce oocytes (in feces…viable for *1 year*)
cat
sporozoa…cat is definitive host…cause congenital problems (from mom to child)
Toxoplasma gondii
what humans are infected with in Toxoplasma gondii infection
oocysts and pseudocysts
asexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii occurs where in humans?
MP, blood, lymph
what cells do Toxoplasma gondii reside in?
brain, liver, eyes
resting stage of Toxoplasma gondii (ball of parasites)…no real symptoms with this
pseudocysts
what are early symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii (before pseudocyst formation)?
mono-like symptoms
symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis
still birth, brain damage, eye damage (65% develop later)
ingestion of these in poorly cooked meat, or these in cat feces will cause Toxoplasma gondii infection
Bradyzoites/pseudocyst, oocyst
diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii (TSP)…must do twice to detect active infection
Ab in serum
treatment for Toxoplasma gondii infection; what can you give pregnant women?
Pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine; Spiramycin (prevents parasite crossing placenta)
definitive host for plasmodium spp.
Anopheles mosquitoes
after injection of plasmodium by mosquito…where does the parasite travel (where asexual reproduction occurs)? what is this form called?
liver cells; trophozoites
form of plasmodium that get in blood and attack RBC (then become trophozoites again)
merozoites
RBC rupture and release this form of plasmodium
merozoites
what is formed by merozoites after lysis of RBC
macro and micro gametocytes
this forms outside of stomach wall in mosquito after blood meal taken (in plasmodium replication)…then form oocysts
ookinete
form of plasmodium that is present in salivary glands
sporozoites
symptoms of plasmodium infection
recurrent chills and fever, anemia
what is classic sign of diagnosis of plasmodium infection?
ring stage
causes benign tertian malaria (43% all cases)…high fever, down for 2 days, high fever again (lasts for weeks) *relapse can occur*
Plasmodium vivax
how often does merozoites break out of RBC in Plasmodium vivax infection?
every 48 hours
causes Quartan malaria (7% all cases)…no relapse can occur
Plasmodium malariae
how often does merozoites break out of RBC in Plasmodium malariae infection?
every 72 hours
causes Malignant tertian malaria (50% all cases)…98% die…no relapse
Plasmodium falciparum
when are merozoites released from RBC in Plasmodium falciparum infection? (will spike a fever almost all the time)
asynchronous and continuous
plasmodium that has no preference for RBC…causes blackwater fever due to massive lysis though (dark red urine..mahogany color)
Plasmodium falciparum
plasmodium that is 90% cases in Western Hemisphere (especially Brazil)
Plasmodium ovale
diagnosis of plasmodium infection
parasite in blood smear
drug of choice for plasmodium vivax, malariae, and ovale
Chloroquine
what can be given for Chloroquine resistant plasmodium parasites…both expensive but effective
(Atouaquone/Proguamil), Malarone or Quinine sulfate
clears the parasite from the liver (*works only in Plasmodium vivax and ovale*)
Primaquine
prevention from Plasmodium infection; what can be given if resistant?
Chloroquine phosphate; Mefloquine, Malarone, Doxycycline, Artemether
