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Parasitology & Mycology > Mycology 1 > Flashcards

Mycology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is structure of fungi capsule? what is the function of this?

A

polysaccharide; antiphagocytic and virulence factor

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2
Q

aka encapsulated yeast

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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3
Q

what makes up cell wall of fungi

A

polysaccharides (hexose and hexosamine polymer), proteins and glycoproteins

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4
Q

energy source for fungi

A

heterotrophs or chemotrophs

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5
Q

fungi grow best at pH less than this

A

5

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6
Q

are yeast or molds aerobes?

A

molds

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7
Q

this protects most fungi from osmotic shock

A

cell wall

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8
Q

formed by fragmentation of septate hyphae into single, slightly thickened cells

A

arthrospore

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9
Q

formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphae segment

A

chlamydospore

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10
Q

this if formed within a sac (sporangium) at the end of an aerial hyphae (sporangiophore)

A

sporangiospore

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11
Q

what are asexual spores?

A

arthrospore, chlamydospore, sporangiospore, conidiospore, blastospore

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12
Q

unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac…produced at chain at end of conidiophore

A

conidiospore

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13
Q

formed by a bud coming off the parent cell

A

blastospore

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14
Q

what does lactophenol cotton blue stain? what structures will stain as a result?

A

chitin and cellulose; yeast cells, mycelia, fruiting structures

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15
Q

what is mounting fluid for lactophenol cotton blue?

A

phenol

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16
Q

three antimicrobial agents used in Dermatophytes test medium (DTM)

A

cycloheximide, chlortetracycline, gentamicin

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17
Q

this is produced by dermatophytes…changes phenol red indicator from yellow, to pink, to red (in DTM test)

A

alkaline metabolites

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18
Q

used for isolation/cultivation of path and non-pathogenic yeasts and molds; what enriches this growth? what inhibits?

A

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar; carbohydrate, low pH

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19
Q

metabolism for fungi

A

aerobic or facultative anaerobic

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20
Q

Blue-gree mold that makes Raquefort cheese

A

Penicillium roqueforti

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21
Q

how yeast can divide

A

binary fission, budding, sexual

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22
Q

extend below the surface of the medium for food collection (root structure)

A

vegetative mycelium

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23
Q

part of mycelium above the surface, fleshy fungi (like mushrooms)

A

reproductive/aerial mycelium

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24
Q

the vegetative body of a fungus

A

mycelium

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25
Q

polymers found in polysaccharides of fungal cell wall

A

chitin, chitosan, cellulose, a-Glucan, B-Glucan, mannan

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26
Q

sterols in cell membrane of fungi (instead of cholesterol)

A

ergosterol and zymosterol

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27
Q

enzyme necessary for ergosterol synthesis (lanosterol to 1 4-demethyl lanosterol)

A

cyto p450 1 4a demethylase

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28
Q

typical reproductive unit of fungi

A

spore

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29
Q

sexual spores

A

ascospore, basidiospore, zygospore

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30
Q

asexual spores

A

arthrospore, chlamydospore, sporangiospore, conidiospore, blastospore

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31
Q

formed within saclike cells (after cellular and nuclear union); sexual spore

A

acospore

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32
Q

formed at end of club shaped structures, sexual spore)

A

basidiospore

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33
Q

sexual spore…formed after cellular and nuclear fusion, large thick walled single structure

A

zygospore

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34
Q

this is used to detect fungi by dissolving human cells in a culture (denatures proteins in human cell but not fungus wall)

A

KOH

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35
Q

what is added in KOH test procedure to make structures more clear

A

lactophenol cotton blue

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36
Q

this relies on oxidation of carbohydrates w/in fungus to form aldehyde groups…fungus stains black

A

methenamine silver stain

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37
Q

carbs and glycogen oxidized to aldehydes…Reagent colors them a bright magenta color (*polysaccharides are strongly stained*)

A

PAS stain

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38
Q

india ink is used to detect these kinds of fungi (specificity is limited)

A

encapsulated fungi

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39
Q

makes brown colonies on growth medium containing extract of seeds of Indian thistle plant (caffeic acid in seed, oxidized by phenol oxidase)

A

Cyptococcus neoformans

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40
Q

what do polyenes bind to in fungi to increase membrane permeability?

A

ergosterol (increase membrane permeability)

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41
Q

used as oral or topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis

A

Nystatin

42
Q

polyene used for disseminated fungal infections (given IV)…have severe side effects

A

amphotericin B

43
Q

what makes polyenes nystatin and amphotericin B?

A

Streptomyces bacteria

44
Q

azoles applied topically for superficial infections

A

miconazole, ketoconzaole, clotrimazole

45
Q

azoles that treat systematic infections (such as cadidiasis, cryptococcus, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis)

A

itraconzaole, fluconazole, voriconazole

46
Q

what do azoles inhibit?

A

cytochrome P450 (block ergosterol synthesis)

47
Q

first step in synthesis of ergosterol (catalyzed by cytochrome P450…inhibited by azoles)

A

demethylation of lanosterol

48
Q

what does flucytosine inhibit?

A

DNA synthesis

49
Q

used for dermatophytes infection…binds to tubulins involved in MT formation…prevenst separation chromosomes at mitosis

A

Griseofulvin

50
Q

used for dermatophyte infection…inhibits squalene eposixdase (in ergosterol synthesis)…as tables or cream

A

Terbinafine

51
Q

used to treat aspergillosis, candida spp….inhibits glucan synthesis (block cell way synthesis)

A

Caspofungin

52
Q

what does Caspofungin inhibit?

A

glucan synthesis (block cell wall synthesis)

53
Q

what does Terbinafine inhibit?

A

squalene epoxidase (ergosterol synthesis)

54
Q

infection caused by fungi

A

mycose

55
Q

how is superficial dermatophytes transmitted?

A

direct contact with spores

56
Q

infect most superficial area of skin…adhere to keratinized tissue…secrete keratinase…invade and grow (*little or no host immune response*)

A

superficial dermatophytes

57
Q

two superficial dermatophytes that involved hair of scalp

A

black and white piedra

58
Q

two superficial dermatophytes that involve hairless skin

A

Tinea versicolor and Tinea nigra

59
Q

superficial dermatophyte that has mild to chronic colonization of stratum corneum…Tinea infection of hairless skin

A

Pityriasis versicolor

60
Q

causes Pityriasis versicolor…yeast is lipophilic (needs oil)

A

Malassezia furfur

61
Q

what is infected by Tinea nigra/Pityriasis nigra (*Exophiala werneckii*)

A

stratum corneum

62
Q

presents with brown/black nonscaly macules with well defined borders; what part of body is most affected?

A

Tinea nigra; palms

63
Q

treatment for Tinea nigra

A

oral azoles

64
Q

diagnosis for Tinea nigra

A

scraping mounted in 10% KOH

65
Q

where is Tinea nigra commonly found?

A

tropical climates (contact with decaying vegetation, wood, soil)

66
Q

transmission of cutaneous dermatophytes (dermatophytosis) by these routes are easily treated

A

soil and animales

67
Q

will see this on skin for diagnosis of dermatophytosis (cutaneous dermatophytes)

A

septate, branching hyphae or chain of arthroconidia

68
Q

cutaneous dermatophyte genera…form dense sheath of spores around the hair (*ectothrix*)

A

microsporum

69
Q

cutaneous dermatophyte genera…produce arthrocondidia inside hair shaft (*endothrix*)

A

trichophyton

70
Q

cutaneous dermatophyte genera…produce thin-walled macroconidia, banana bunches

A

Epiermophyton

71
Q

dermatophyte infection that infects nails

A

Tinea Ungulum

72
Q

dermatophyte infection that infects fingers and palms

A

Tinea manus

73
Q

these cause Tinea capitis (ringworm of scalp, hair of head, eyebrows, eyelashes)

A

Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum audouinii, M. canis, T. verrucosum

74
Q

age group affected by Tinea capitis (scaly scalp presentation)

A

4/14/2015

75
Q

responsible for more than 90% of Tinea capitis in North America and UK

A

Trichophyton tonsurans

76
Q

treatments for Tinea capitis

A

Griseofulvin and Ketoconazole

77
Q

what causes Tinea Cruris (aka Jock Itch)…ringworm of groing, perineum, perianal region

A

E. floccuosum and T. rubrum

78
Q

sharp demarcated lesions w/ raised erthematous margin, thin dry epidermal scaling (in groin, perineum, perianal region)

A

Tinea cruris

79
Q

what areas of body are typically affected by Tenia superficial dermatomycoses (brown/red de-pigmented lesions, scaly patches of skin)

A

back, chest, abdomen, neck, upper limb

80
Q

diagnosis of Tinea (Pityriasis versicolor)

A

yellow-green fluorescence under Wood’s lamp

81
Q

what are systemic therapy options for Tinea (Pityriasis versicolor)

A

ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole

82
Q

shampoos that can treat Tinea (Pityriasis versicolor)

A

selenium sulfide, zinc pyrithione

83
Q

what are other topicals that can treat Tinea (Pityriasis versicolor)

A

ciclopirox olamine, propylene glycol lotions, topical terbinafine (LAMISIL), benzoyl peroxide

84
Q

only contagious fungal infections

A

cutaneous dermatomycoses/Ringworm

85
Q

Trichophyton that cause cutaneous dermatomycoses

A

Rubrum, tonsurans, mentagrophytes, schoenleinii

86
Q

Epidermophyton that causes cutaneous dermatomycoses

A

E. floccuosum

87
Q

Microsporum that causes cutaneous dermatomycoses

A

M. audouinii

88
Q

ringworm of the beard (bearded region of face and neck)

A

Tinea barbae

89
Q

fungi that cause Tinea barbae

A

T. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum

90
Q

characterized by diffuse erythema, perifollicular papules and pustules (*endothrix*)…nodular lesions convered with crusts, hairs become loose and brittle

A

Tinea barbae

91
Q

treatment for Tinea barbae

A

systemic antifungal agents

92
Q

causes for Tinea corporis and Tinea faciei (ringworm of body, infection hairless region of skin and face)

A

Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, T. verrucosum, M. audouinii

93
Q

characterstic lesions of Tinea corporis and Tinea faciei

A

active erythematous and spreading borders (central clearing…usually noninflammatory)

94
Q

systemic therapy for inflammatory lesions of Tinea corporis and Tinea faciei

A

griseofulvin, terbinafine, ketoconazole, itraconazole

95
Q

aka athlete’s foot…infection of feet, especially the toe web soles

A

Tinea pedis

96
Q

what causes athlete’s foot (aka Tinea pedis)

A

E. floccosum, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes

97
Q

what causes Tinea manus (dry scaly lesions of hand)

A

T. rubrum

98
Q

what causes Tinea unguium (infection of nail plate…disfigured and distorted)

A

T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, E. floccosum

99
Q

Tinea unguium epidemiology…more likely to happen if have these factors

A

older population, poor hygiene, immunodeficient, chronic water exposure

100
Q

treatment for Tinea unguium

A

systemic antifungal

Parasitology & Mycology (8 decks)

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