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Parasite 1 Flashcards

1
Q

reproduce in the vertebrate host (i.e Protozoans)

A

microparasites

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2
Q

do not reproduce in the body (i.e Helminths)

A

macroparasites

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3
Q

performs asexual reproduction

A

trophozoite

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4
Q

characterizes transmission stage of parasite

A

cyst

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5
Q

site of sexual reproduction

A

definitive host

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6
Q

site of asexual reproduction

A

intermediate host

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7
Q

what is transmission for Entamoeba histolytica

A

fecal contamination/food/drink

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8
Q

causes dysentery…from contaminated food/drink

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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9
Q

mobile stage of Entamoeba histolytica (located in large intestine)…colonizes mucosa of large intestine; where can these also enter (to cause abscess)?

A

trophozoites; liver (R lobe typically…‘chocolatey center’)

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10
Q

stage of Entamoeba histolytica in small intestine

A

metacyst

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11
Q

pathogenesis: invade/erode cells, button-like ulcer, flask like ulcer, submucosa, blood vessels, liver/lungs

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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12
Q

are cysts produced in symptomatic or asymptomatic infection of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

asymptomatic (90% of infections)

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13
Q

how many days is Entamoeba histolytica cyst viable in cool conditions? how long in water?

A

12; 30

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14
Q

what is incubation period for Entamoeba histolytica

A

2-4 weeks

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15
Q

severe case of Entamoeba histolytica is due to these…causes fever, RUQ pain, enlarged liver (extra-intestinal)

A

ectopic lesions

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16
Q

modes of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica

A

night soil, venereal spread, poor plumbing, low chlorination, food handlers

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17
Q

where will cyst be found in Entamoeba histolytica? where will troph be found?

A

stool; diarrhea

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18
Q

what is treatment for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Metronidazole (tetracycline if bad side effects)

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19
Q

inhibitors of protein synthesis…could be given to treat all infections associated with Entamoeba histolytica

A

Iodoquinol or Paromomycin

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20
Q

characterized by flagella…two eyes looking back at you (8 flagella with 2 nuclei = troph)

A

Giardia lamblia

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21
Q

how do you acquire Giardia lamblia?

A

eating/drinking cyst

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22
Q

where do Giardia lamblia live?

A

surface of villi small intestine

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23
Q

what does Giardia lamblia interfere with?

A

absorption vitamin A and fat

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24
Q

are trophs or cysts found in feces of Giardia lamblia infection?

A

cysts

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25
Q

what is typical length of symptoms of Giardia lamblia (50% asymptomatic)?

A

3 days -3 months

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26
Q

what are some of the most common symptoms of Giardia lamblia?

A

belching, diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, intestinal cramps

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27
Q

what is incubation of Giardia lamblia?

A

1-3 weeks

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28
Q

these are reservoir hosts for Giardia lamblia (contaminate mountain stream…why skiers in Vermont/Colorado are more susceptible)

A

dogs and muskrats

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29
Q

what is treatment for Giardia lamblia (should treat whole family and dog)?

A

Flagyl, Nitazoxanide (children), or Tinidazole

30
Q

what is diagnosis of Giardia lamblia (with fluorescent Ab tag)?

A

troph/cyst in stool or diarrhea

31
Q

how is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

A

sexual intercourse

32
Q

intestinal flagellate…no cyst form, has toxic metabolites, degenerates vaginal epithelium and alkalizes vagina

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

33
Q

what are symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis in females (50% females and all males are asymptomatic?

A

vaginitis, whitish discharge, reddish area (Strawberry cervix)

34
Q

how do you diagnose Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

troph in UG secretion

35
Q

what is treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Metronidazole, Tinidazole, vinegar douche

36
Q

what is ingested in Cryptosporidium parvum transmission?

37
Q

where does Cryptosporidium parvum replicate?

A

epithelial cells intestine (respiratory in immunocompromised)

38
Q

pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

coat microvilli (reduce absorptive surface)

39
Q

how long does Cryptosporidium parvum symptoms (diarrhea) last?

40
Q

major cause of water borne diarrhea…*intestinal sporozoan*…multiples in epithelial cells of intestine and secreted as oocysts in feces

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

41
Q

what are the intestinal flagellates?

A

Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis

42
Q

parasite (similar to Cryptosporidium parvum) that causes watery diarrhea…was outbreak in Guatemalan raspberries; what is treatment?

A

Cyclospora; bactrim

43
Q

how diagnose Cryptosporidium parvum

A

oocyst in feces (concentrated)

44
Q

what is treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Nitazoxanide (children), tx diarrhea (hydration, water/salt balance)

45
Q

causes sleeping sickness; flagella with undulating membrane

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense

46
Q

what transmits Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; what is infective form that is injected into host (25-58 days later)?

A

Tsetse fly; Metacyclic Trypomastigote

47
Q

where does Metacyclic Trypomastigote undergo binary fission?

48
Q

how does Metacyclic Trypomastigote evade the host immune system?

A

antigenic variation (100 variations GP), immuno privileged site (CNS), suppress immune system

49
Q

unique symptom to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense

A

Winterbottom’s sign (swollen lymph nodes at base of neck)

50
Q

how long does parasitemia (increase and decrease or parasites in blood) occur in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense before sleeping sickness?

51
Q

how long does it take Trypanosoma brucei gambiense to move to CNS? how long does whole sequence (infection-fever-apathy-sleep-death) take?

A

1 year; 2-3 years

52
Q

how long does it take Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to move to CNS? how long does whole sequence take (infection-coma-death)?

A

1 month; 6-9 months

53
Q

what is typical host for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

54
Q

sleeping sickness in cattle

55
Q

how to diagnose Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense

A

parasite in blood/lymph/CSF

56
Q

what is treatment for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense (*but only before CNS affected…chemolymphatic stage*); treatment after CNS if affected?

A

Suramin; Melarsoprol/Eflornithine (extremely toxic)

57
Q

vector for Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatoma (kissing bugs)

58
Q

blood/tissue flagellate…causes Chagas disease in South/Central America

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

59
Q

what is infective form of Trypanosoma cruzi? how long does it take to reach this stage after vector infection?

A

metacyclic trypomastgote; 8-10 days

60
Q

transmitted when vector defecates on skin….scratching at site will then spread/infect

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

61
Q

what cells does Trypanosoma cruzi parasite get into? what is it transformed into once it enters cells?

A

spleen, liver, muscle/heart; amastigote

62
Q

what does amastigote transform into in Trypanosoma cruzi infection (can then reproduce asexually)?

A

pseudocyst

63
Q

how long does it take for Trypanosoma cruzi to enter tissue?

A

1-3 months

64
Q

symptom of Trypanosoma cruzi (only 1/3 develop clinical disease)

A

Romanas sign (swelling around eye)

65
Q

how long does acute stage of Trypanosoma cruzi last (fever, swollen glands, invading of many cells…potentially mortal in children)

66
Q

what do most people with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection die from (20-30 years after infection)?

A

cardiac insufficiency (ruptures heart cells)

67
Q

what are potential effects of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in GI?

A

megacolon, megaesophagus, flaccid/lose function

68
Q

why isn’t Chagas disease as important/prevalent in USA?

A

late defecating flies

69
Q

diagnosis for Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)

A

Xenodiagnosis (parasite in blood..lab engineered bugs bite human, pick up parasite and concentrate, smush blood 3 weeks later to see if parasite present)

70
Q

possible treatments for blood stage of Trypanosoma cruzi (not amastigotes…no effective drug treatment)

A

Benznidazole or Nifurtimox

Parasitology & Mycology (8 decks)

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