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Parasite 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

intestinal nematode…not associated with eosinophilia (because no migrating larva)…especially prevalent in Southeaster US (due to humid/warm conditions and poor sanitation)

A

Trichuris trichiura

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2
Q

where do Trichuris trichiura attach and lay their eggs?

A

human cecum

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3
Q

how long does it take for Trichuris trichiura to become infective after being passed in the feces?

A

3-6 weeks

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4
Q

how long does it take larvae to penetrate villi of small intestine after ingestion of Trichuris trichiura egg?

A

3-10 days

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5
Q

where does Trichuris trichiura larvae go to after penetrating villi in cecum? how long does it take to develop into adult?

A

cecum; 1-3 months

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6
Q

what are some symptoms of Trichuris trichiura infection? how many worms are needed to be symptomatic?

A

ab pain, vomiting, diarrhea/dysentery, prolapsed rectum; more than 100

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7
Q

what population is most affected by Trichuris trichiura?

A

small children, Southeastern US

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8
Q

diagnosis for Trichuris trichiura

A

barrel-shaped egg in feces

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9
Q

what is treatment for Trichuris trichiura?

A

mebendazole (binds B-tubulin to prevent assembly)

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10
Q

intestinal nematode…up to 1 foot long…adults live in small intestine (largest and most common nematode)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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11
Q

where do Ascaris lumbricoides adults live (lay 200,000 eggs/day)?

A

small intestine

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12
Q

how long is embryonation time for Ascaris lumbricoides (eggs in stool)?

A

3 weeks

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13
Q

what is pattern of Ascaris lumbricoides development (starting with eggs hatching, ending with developing into adults)?

A

duodenum, mucosa, lymph, portal circulation/liver, heart, lungs, bronchioles, trachea, glottis, esophagus, small intestine

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14
Q

how long does it take Ascaris lumbricoides to go from ingestion to lungs? how long does it take to get to intestines (after being coughed up and swallowed back down)?

A

1-7 days; 2 months

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15
Q

this results from hemorrhages in lung due to larvae breaking out

A

pneumonia

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16
Q

where may Ascaris lumbricoides travel to?

A

gall bladder, liver, appendix (can also wander to anus or up to mouth)

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17
Q

age groups that Ascaris lumbricoides is most common

A

5-9 year olds

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18
Q

diagnosis for Ascaris lumbricoides

A

egg in stool or larva in sputum

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19
Q

what is treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

mebendazole/albendazole

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20
Q

how long are Ascaris lumbricoides viable for?

A

6 years

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21
Q

similar to Ascaris, infects dogs and cats…causes visceral larval migrans in humans (*high eosinophilia*)

A

Toxocara canis/cati

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22
Q

what is caused by Toxocara canis/cati infection?

A

visceral larval migrans, ocular larval migrans

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23
Q

major pathology of Toxocara canis/cati

A

tissue damage and strong immune response

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24
Q

what is age group most affected by Toxocara canis/cati?

A

1-5 year olds

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25
diagnosis of Toxocara canis/cati
ELISA for Toxocara antigen
26
this larva can travel to liver to cause lesions (encapsulated larva) or to eye (becomes trapped in tissue)
Toxocara canis/cati
27
possible treatment for Toxocara canis/cati (but mostly self limiting)
thiabendazole
28
aka pinworm...intestinal nematode...humans are only host and M/F live in cecum; cause anal itch
Enterobius vermicularis
29
where do Enterobius vermicularis females migrate to and deposit their eggs (5000-15000)
anus/perianal region
30
how long does it take Enterobius vermicularis eggs to become infective after being deposited in perianal region?
4-6 hours
31
how long is the life cycle for Enterobius vermicularis ?
2 weeks
32
where is it common to find Enterobius vermicularis (30-40 million infected in US and Canada)?
prisons/dorms, clothing and bedding
33
diagnosis for Enterobius vermicularis
scotch tape test
34
what is treatment for Enterobius vermicularis (treat family simultaneously)?
pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole
35
threadworm...intestinal nematode...larvae penetrate unbroken skin and can cause dysentery, bronchitis, damage to intestinal mucosa (\*snake like rash around anus\*)
Strongyloides sterocoralis
36
intestinal larvae that can penetrate
filariform
37
Strongyloides sterocoralis develops into filariform larvae in gut and invade mucosa
autoinfection
38
path of Strongyloides sterocoralis infection (from penetration to residing in intestine)
penetrate unbroken skin, blood, heart, lungs, breakout air sacs, trachea, small intestines
39
symptoms of heavy infection of Strongyloides sterocoralis
dysentery, bronchitis, damage intestinal mucosa, (bacterial invasion and enteritis)
40
noninfective, feeding form of Strongyloides sterocoralis (eggs hatch into these in small intestine)
rhabditiform larvae
41
diagnosis of Strongyloides sterocoralis (need multiple stool samples)
rhabditiform larvae or eggs in feces
42
treatment for Strongyloides sterocoralis for hyperinfection (in immunocompromised patients); what is treatment option?
invermectin; thiabendazole
43
where is Strongyloides sterocoralis found?
warm, moist areas (South especially...400K infected in USA, 200 million worldwide)
44
aka hookworm...intestinal nematode...attach to mucosa of small intestine and suck blood (.1 ml blood/day/worm)
Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus
45
what is life span of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (10-30,000 eggs/day)
2-5 years
46
length of embryonate period for Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (eggs in feces)
1-2 days
47
free living larvae that feeds...forms after 1-2 embryonic period of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus
rhabditiform larvae
48
Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus rhabditiform larvae develop into this...how long do these live?
filariform larvae; 4-6 weeks
49
where does Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus commonly penetrate skin?
in between toes
50
need more than this many Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus worms to become symptomatic (500=serious infection)
50
51
this characterizes cutaneous phase of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus infection
ground itch
52
this can occur during pulmonary phase of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus infection if large numbers of larvae are present
bronchitis
53
how much blood is sucked per day for Ancylostoma duodenale hookworm? how much for Necator americanus hookworm?
.2 ml/day; .02 ml/day
54
symptoms of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus infection
anemia, weakness, N/V, diarrhea
55
Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus in infant children can cause these symptoms
physical, mental, sexual retardation
56
infection rate of Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus in USA
4%
57
these factors favor transmission of Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus
improper disposal, sandy soil, warm/moisture, no shoes
58
diagnosis of Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus
hookworm in stool/occult blood
59
treatment for Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus
mebendazole, supplement with iron, vitamins
60
how many are infected in USA with Ascaris lumbricoides?
1 million
61
how many in USA are infected with Trichuris trichiura?
2 million
62
how many in USA are infected with Strongyloides sterocoralis
400k
63
aka hookworm....of dogs and cats, humans are accidental host; cutaneous larvae migrans
Ancylostoma braziliense
64
where does Ancylostoma braziliense larvae migrate? how far do they migrate?
subcutaneous area; inch/day
65
infection rate of Ancylostoma braziliense in South?
20%
66
max life expectancy of Ancylostoma braziliense
1 year
67
characterizes Ancylostoma braziliense cutaneous larvae migrans...
creeping eruptions (move along subcu because can't penetrate)
68
diagnosis of Ancylostoma braziliense
lesion on hands/feet/buttocks (due to tunnels larvae is making)
69
treatment for Ancylostoma braziliense
thiabendazole or ivermectin
70
tissue nematode...infect swine (7/1000); invades mucosa, larva migrate, penetrates skeletal muscle
Trichinella spiralis
71
how do we acquire Trichinella spiralis
cysts in raw pork
72
where do adult Trichinella spiralis live?
small intestine
73
how long does female Trichinella spiralis invade mucosa/lymph nodes? then produces live larvae that carried by blood/lymphatics
5-10 days
74
where do Trichinella spiralis larvae encyst?
skeletal muscle (esp. tongue and diaphragm)
75
what is host's reaction to Trichinella spiralis encysting in skeletal muscle? how long does it take for host to do this?
calcify cyst; 6 months - 2 years
76
this amount of Trichinella spiralis will be asymptomatic
1-10 larvae
77
symptoms of Trichinella spiralis invading intestinal mucosal (stage 1)
diarrhea, N/V, ab. pain
78
symptoms of Trichinella spiralis larvae migrating (stage 2)
edema, fever, eosinophilia, inflammation heart
79
how long does it take intense muscular pain to subside after Trichinella spiralis larvae penetrate skeletal muscle (stage 3)?
several months
80
infection rate of Trichinella spiralis (2/3 reported cases involved USDA pork)
4%
81
diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis
larvae in muscle
82
treatment for Trichinella spiralis
mebendazole, pain relievers, albandazole (not completely effective, bc can't get all tissue larva)

Parasitology & Mycology (8 decks)

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