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Parasitology & Mycology > Parasite 3 > Flashcards

Parasite 3 Flashcards

1
Q

intestinal nematode…not associated with eosinophilia (because no migrating larva)…especially prevalent in Southeaster US (due to humid/warm conditions and poor sanitation)

A

Trichuris trichiura

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2
Q

where do Trichuris trichiura attach and lay their eggs?

A

human cecum

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3
Q

how long does it take for Trichuris trichiura to become infective after being passed in the feces?

A

3-6 weeks

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4
Q

how long does it take larvae to penetrate villi of small intestine after ingestion of Trichuris trichiura egg?

A

3-10 days

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5
Q

where does Trichuris trichiura larvae go to after penetrating villi in cecum? how long does it take to develop into adult?

A

cecum; 1-3 months

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6
Q

what are some symptoms of Trichuris trichiura infection? how many worms are needed to be symptomatic?

A

ab pain, vomiting, diarrhea/dysentery, prolapsed rectum; more than 100

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7
Q

what population is most affected by Trichuris trichiura?

A

small children, Southeastern US

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8
Q

diagnosis for Trichuris trichiura

A

barrel-shaped egg in feces

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9
Q

what is treatment for Trichuris trichiura?

A

mebendazole (binds B-tubulin to prevent assembly)

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10
Q

intestinal nematode…up to 1 foot long…adults live in small intestine (largest and most common nematode)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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11
Q

where do Ascaris lumbricoides adults live (lay 200,000 eggs/day)?

A

small intestine

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12
Q

how long is embryonation time for Ascaris lumbricoides (eggs in stool)?

A

3 weeks

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13
Q

what is pattern of Ascaris lumbricoides development (starting with eggs hatching, ending with developing into adults)?

A

duodenum, mucosa, lymph, portal circulation/liver, heart, lungs, bronchioles, trachea, glottis, esophagus, small intestine

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14
Q

how long does it take Ascaris lumbricoides to go from ingestion to lungs? how long does it take to get to intestines (after being coughed up and swallowed back down)?

A

1-7 days; 2 months

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15
Q

this results from hemorrhages in lung due to larvae breaking out

A

pneumonia

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16
Q

where may Ascaris lumbricoides travel to?

A

gall bladder, liver, appendix (can also wander to anus or up to mouth)

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17
Q

age groups that Ascaris lumbricoides is most common

A

5-9 year olds

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18
Q

diagnosis for Ascaris lumbricoides

A

egg in stool or larva in sputum

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19
Q

what is treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

mebendazole/albendazole

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20
Q

how long are Ascaris lumbricoides viable for?

A

6 years

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21
Q

similar to Ascaris, infects dogs and cats…causes visceral larval migrans in humans (*high eosinophilia*)

A

Toxocara canis/cati

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22
Q

what is caused by Toxocara canis/cati infection?

A

visceral larval migrans, ocular larval migrans

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23
Q

major pathology of Toxocara canis/cati

A

tissue damage and strong immune response

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24
Q

what is age group most affected by Toxocara canis/cati?

A

1-5 year olds

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25
Q

diagnosis of Toxocara canis/cati

A

ELISA for Toxocara antigen

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26
Q

this larva can travel to liver to cause lesions (encapsulated larva) or to eye (becomes trapped in tissue)

A

Toxocara canis/cati

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27
Q

possible treatment for Toxocara canis/cati (but mostly self limiting)

A

thiabendazole

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28
Q

aka pinworm…intestinal nematode…humans are only host and M/F live in cecum; cause anal itch

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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29
Q

where do Enterobius vermicularis females migrate to and deposit their eggs (5000-15000)

A

anus/perianal region

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30
Q

how long does it take Enterobius vermicularis eggs to become infective after being deposited in perianal region?

A

4-6 hours

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31
Q

how long is the life cycle for Enterobius vermicularis ?

A

2 weeks

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32
Q

where is it common to find Enterobius vermicularis (30-40 million infected in US and Canada)?

A

prisons/dorms, clothing and bedding

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33
Q

diagnosis for Enterobius vermicularis

A

scotch tape test

34
Q

what is treatment for Enterobius vermicularis (treat family simultaneously)?

A

pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole

35
Q

threadworm…intestinal nematode…larvae penetrate unbroken skin and can cause dysentery, bronchitis, damage to intestinal mucosa (*snake like rash around anus*)

A

Strongyloides sterocoralis

36
Q

intestinal larvae that can penetrate

A

filariform

37
Q

Strongyloides sterocoralis develops into filariform larvae in gut and invade mucosa

A

autoinfection

38
Q

path of Strongyloides sterocoralis infection (from penetration to residing in intestine)

A

penetrate unbroken skin, blood, heart, lungs, breakout air sacs, trachea, small intestines

39
Q

symptoms of heavy infection of Strongyloides sterocoralis

A

dysentery, bronchitis, damage intestinal mucosa, (bacterial invasion and enteritis)

40
Q

noninfective, feeding form of Strongyloides sterocoralis (eggs hatch into these in small intestine)

A

rhabditiform larvae

41
Q

diagnosis of Strongyloides sterocoralis (need multiple stool samples)

A

rhabditiform larvae or eggs in feces

42
Q

treatment for Strongyloides sterocoralis for hyperinfection (in immunocompromised patients); what is treatment option?

A

invermectin; thiabendazole

43
Q

where is Strongyloides sterocoralis found?

A

warm, moist areas (South especially…400K infected in USA, 200 million worldwide)

44
Q

aka hookworm…intestinal nematode…attach to mucosa of small intestine and suck blood (.1 ml blood/day/worm)

A

Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus

45
Q

what is life span of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (10-30,000 eggs/day)

A

2-5 years

46
Q

length of embryonate period for Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (eggs in feces)

A

1-2 days

47
Q

free living larvae that feeds…forms after 1-2 embryonic period of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus

A

rhabditiform larvae

48
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus rhabditiform larvae develop into this…how long do these live?

A

filariform larvae; 4-6 weeks

49
Q

where does Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus commonly penetrate skin?

A

in between toes

50
Q

need more than this many Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus worms to become symptomatic (500=serious infection)

A

50

51
Q

this characterizes cutaneous phase of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus infection

A

ground itch

52
Q

this can occur during pulmonary phase of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus infection if large numbers of larvae are present

A

bronchitis

53
Q

how much blood is sucked per day for Ancylostoma duodenale hookworm? how much for Necator americanus hookworm?

A

.2 ml/day; .02 ml/day

54
Q

symptoms of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus infection

A

anemia, weakness, N/V, diarrhea

55
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus in infant children can cause these symptoms

A

physical, mental, sexual retardation

56
Q

infection rate of Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus in USA

A

4%

57
Q

these factors favor transmission of Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus

A

improper disposal, sandy soil, warm/moisture, no shoes

58
Q

diagnosis of Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus

A

hookworm in stool/occult blood

59
Q

treatment for Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus

A

mebendazole, supplement with iron, vitamins

60
Q

how many are infected in USA with Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

1 million

61
Q

how many in USA are infected with Trichuris trichiura?

A

2 million

62
Q

how many in USA are infected with Strongyloides sterocoralis

A

400k

63
Q

aka hookworm….of dogs and cats, humans are accidental host; cutaneous larvae migrans

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

64
Q

where does Ancylostoma braziliense larvae migrate? how far do they migrate?

A

subcutaneous area; inch/day

65
Q

infection rate of Ancylostoma braziliense in South?

A

20%

66
Q

max life expectancy of Ancylostoma braziliense

A

1 year

67
Q

characterizes Ancylostoma braziliense cutaneous larvae migrans…

A

creeping eruptions (move along subcu because can’t penetrate)

68
Q

diagnosis of Ancylostoma braziliense

A

lesion on hands/feet/buttocks (due to tunnels larvae is making)

69
Q

treatment for Ancylostoma braziliense

A

thiabendazole or ivermectin

70
Q

tissue nematode…infect swine (7/1000); invades mucosa, larva migrate, penetrates skeletal muscle

A

Trichinella spiralis

71
Q

how do we acquire Trichinella spiralis

A

cysts in raw pork

72
Q

where do adult Trichinella spiralis live?

A

small intestine

73
Q

how long does female Trichinella spiralis invade mucosa/lymph nodes? then produces live larvae that carried by blood/lymphatics

A

5-10 days

74
Q

where do Trichinella spiralis larvae encyst?

A

skeletal muscle (esp. tongue and diaphragm)

75
Q

what is host’s reaction to Trichinella spiralis encysting in skeletal muscle? how long does it take for host to do this?

A

calcify cyst; 6 months - 2 years

76
Q

this amount of Trichinella spiralis will be asymptomatic

A

1-10 larvae

77
Q

symptoms of Trichinella spiralis invading intestinal mucosal (stage 1)

A

diarrhea, N/V, ab. pain

78
Q

symptoms of Trichinella spiralis larvae migrating (stage 2)

A

edema, fever, eosinophilia, inflammation heart

79
Q

how long does it take intense muscular pain to subside after Trichinella spiralis larvae penetrate skeletal muscle (stage 3)?

A

several months

80
Q

infection rate of Trichinella spiralis (2/3 reported cases involved USDA pork)

A

4%

81
Q

diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis

A

larvae in muscle

82
Q

treatment for Trichinella spiralis

A

mebendazole, pain relievers, albandazole (not completely effective, bc can’t get all tissue larva)

Parasitology & Mycology (8 decks)

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