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Haematology > Paraproteins > Flashcards

Paraproteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are paraproteins?

A

Monoclonal immunoglobulins present in the blood or urine

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2
Q

What is the primary role of immunoglobulins?

A

Recognise and bind to pathogens

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3
Q

What shape are immunoglobulins?

A

Y shaped

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4
Q

What do immunoglobulins consist of?

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

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5
Q

What are the 2 portions of an immunoglobulin?

A

Fc portion

Fab region

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6
Q

How is the Fab region described?

A

Variable

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7
Q

What does the Fab region define?

A

The target binding

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8
Q

How is the Fc portion described?

A

Constant

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9
Q

What does the Fc portion define?

A

The subclass

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10
Q

What is the Fc portion defined by?

A

The heavy chains

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11
Q

Which part of the immunoglobulin recognises the antibody?

A

The Fc portion

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12
Q

How many main types of heavy chains are there?

A

5 main types of heavy chains

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13
Q

How many main types of immunoglobulins are there?

A

5 main types of immunoglobulins

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14
Q

What does IgG stand for?

A

Gamma

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15
Q

What is the most prevalent immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

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16
Q

What is IgA?

A

Alpha

17
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Mucus membrane immunity

18
Q

What is IgM?

A

Mu

19
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

Initial phase of antibody production

20
Q

What is IgD?

A

Delta

21
Q

What is IgE?

A

Epsilon

22
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Parasite immunity

Hypersensitivity

23
Q

What are the 2 types of light chains?

A

Kappa

Lambda

24
Q

What determines whether the light chain will be kappa or lambda?

A

The B cell randomly selects

25
Q

Where can free light chains be found at low levels?

A

In the blood

26
Q

What are light chains made in excess to?

A

Heavy chains

27
Q

How can you detect paraproteins?

A

With serum protein electrophoresis

28
Q

How does serum electrophoresis separate proteins?

A

Based on size and charge

29
Q

What are IgM paraproteins associated with?

A

Lymphoma

30
Q

When and by what are IgM antibodies made?

A

Made at the start of the immune response by maturing B-lymphocytes

31
Q

What are IgG and IgA associated with?

A

Myeloma

32
Q

What makes IgG and IgA?

A

Mature plasma cells generate these immunoglobulins after isotype switching

Haematology (36 decks)

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