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Haematology > Hodgkin's Lymphoma > Flashcards

Hodgkin's Lymphoma Flashcards

1
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

A group of cancers that affect the lymphocytes inside the lymphatic system.

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2
Q

What happens in the lymph nodes?

A

These cancerous cells proliferate within the lymph nodes and cause the lymph nodes to become abnormally large (lymphadenopathy).

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3
Q

What are the 2 main categories of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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4
Q

What type of disease is Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Specific disease

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5
Q

What type of disease is non-hogkins’s lymphoma?

A

It encompasses all other lymphomas

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6
Q

What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterised by?

A

The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

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7
Q

What are the age distributions of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Bimodal age distribution

Around 20 and 75 years

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8
Q

What are the main risk factors of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • HIV
  • Epstein-Barr Virus
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9
Q

What is the main presentation of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Painless lymphadenopathy- non-tender, rubbery, asymmetrical lump

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10
Q

Where does the painless lymphadenopathy tend to present in Hodkin’s lymphoma?

A

Cervical (main)
Axilla (armpit)
Inguinal (groin) region.

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11
Q

What is another term for the systemic symptoms?

A

Constitutional or B symptoms

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12
Q

What are the systemic symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Night sweats
  • Itching
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13
Q

What is the key diagnostic test for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Lymph node biopsy

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14
Q

What would you find in a lymph node biopsy with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

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15
Q

What are Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

Abnormally large B cells that have multiple nuclei that have nucleoli inside them.

This can give them the appearance of the face of an owl with large eyes.

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16
Q

What additional investigations could you do for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Blood test- Raised LDH

CT, MRI, PET for staging

17
Q

What staging system is used for Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Ann Arbor Staging

18
Q

What is stage 1 of Ann Arbor staging?

A

single lymph node affected

19
Q

What is stage 2 of Ann Arbor staging?

A

2 or more lymph nodes/regions on same side of diaphragm

20
Q

What is stage 3 of Ann Arbor staging?

A

nodes on both sides of diaphragm affected

21
Q

What is stage 4 of Ann Arbor staging?

A

Spread beyond lymph nodes

22
Q

How is end stage lymphoma classified?

A

Classified as either A or B

23
Q

What is subdivision A of end stage lymphoma?

A

No systemic symptoms other than pruritus

24
Q

What is subdivision B of end stage lymphoma?

A

Weight loss > 10% in last 6 months
Fever > 38c
Night sweats (poor prognosis)

25
Q

What is the main treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Chemotherapy

26
Q

What are the possible risks of chemotherapy?

A

Leukaemia

Infertility

27
Q

What are the possible risks of radiotherapy?

A

Damage to tissues

Hypothyroidism.

28
Q

What can cause pain in teh lymph node in someone with hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Alcohol induced lymph node pain

29
Q

What is the most common type of hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Nodular sclerosing

30
Q

Which form of hodgkin’s lymphoma has the best prognosis

A

Lymphocyte predominant

31
Q

Which form of hodgkin’s lyphoma has the worst prognosis?

A

Lymphocyte depleted

32
Q

Which form of hodgkin’s lymphoma is associated with a large number of reed-sternburg cells?

A

Mixed cellularity

33
Q

Which symptoms indicate a poor prognosis in someone with hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

B symptoms:
–weight loss > 10% in last 6 months
–fever > 38ºC
–night sweats

34
Q

What other features would indicate a poor prognosis in soemone with hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

age > 45 years
stage IV disease
Male

35
Q

What is another possibel symptom of hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Mediastinal mass

36
Q

What chemotherapy regime is used for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

ABVD
or
BEACOPP

Haematology (36 decks)

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